Term
| The content of the Client assessment should match the..... |
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Definition
| Content of the therapeutic recreation programs |
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Term
| List the Steps in the Therapeutic Recreation Process |
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Definition
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Documentation |
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Term
| Clients should be places in therapeutic recreation intervention programs based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| name and define the three types of Validity |
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Definition
Criterion-Related Validity
How accurate does the performance on the assessment predict the future performance.
Content Validity
How well does the content of this procedure constitute an adequate sample
Construct Validity
How well can performance on the assessment be explained in terms of psychological characteristics |
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Term
| Client assessment information helps the specialist to? |
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Definition
| Develop goals and objectives for the client |
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Term
| Difference between reliability and validity |
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Definition
Reliability- refers to the results obtained with an assessment instrument and not the instrument itself.
Validity-inferred from available evidence |
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Term
| Error Variance or error of measurement can be defined as? |
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Definition
| The difference between a person’s real ability and his or her obtained score |
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Term
| What are the steps to develop an assessment instrument |
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Definition
1. Determine the purpose of the assessment
2. Develop the test specifications
3. Select and prepare appropriate items
4. Validate items and the assessment |
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Term
| Stability of an assessments results over time can be tested by |
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Definition
| Administering both forms of the assessment to one group (Test-Retest) |
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Term
| Goals and objectives must be? |
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Definition
Observable
Measurable
Objective |
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Term
| Reviewing a client’s record before an assessment interview may help the specialist to? |
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Definition
| Establish rapport more quickly with the client |
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Term
| The three rationales for Therapeutic Recreation Services? |
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Definition
That everyone needs, wants, and deserves recreation
That people will experience barriers
Individuals with disabilities experience more frequent, sever, or lasting barriers. |
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Term
| As error increases, the _____ in the validity and reliability of results decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| Four reasons why Therapeutic Recreation is unique |
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Definition
1. Focus on ability rather dysfunction or pathology
2. Focus on leisure abilities as a major aspect of life functioning
3. Focus on use of skills in the community
4.Focus on a combination of cognitive understanding, physical abilities, and social and emotional skills. |
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Term
| How many items should a therapeutic recreation service assessment have |
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Definition
| Enough to cover the content |
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Term
| List the five steps in Assessment PLANNING |
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Definition
1. Analyze the environment
2. Define the parameters
3. Select/ Develop Assessment
4. Establish Protocols
5. Train Staff |
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Term
| Three steps in developing an Assessment |
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Definition
1. Planning the Assessment
2. Item Writing
3. Item Analysis and Item Testing |
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Term
| Difference between open ended questions and close-ended questions |
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Definition
Open ended- fill in the blank, short answer, they allow you to get more in-depth with the client
Close-ended- true false, matching, multiple choice. Easier to score and categorize and help you find out general information. |
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Term
| True/False question are what type of questions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the guidelines to selecting the appropriate item types in creating an agency specific assessment. |
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Definition
1. Purpose of the assessment
2. Client level of information about the topic at hand
3. Ease or difficulty with which the information can be communicated
4. Specialists insight into the clients situations and potential responses. |
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Term
| What is a direct approach in terms of Interviewing |
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Definition
| A series of questions targeted at a specific purpose. |
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Term
| In special case formats you have two different types? What are they and explain them |
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Definition
Contingency= coupling 2 types of questions
Matrix= looks consistent and is easy to score and for a participant to take if the directions are explained correctly. |
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Term
| What is Client-centered approach |
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Definition
| Less structure and the content and timing is left to the administer. |
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Term
| The 4 steps involved in assessing your assessment |
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Definition
1. Content
2. Question Writing
3. Question and Response Formats
4. Ethical Issues |
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Term
| Primary and Secondary Questions |
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Definition
Primary- used to introduce a question
Secondary-follow up questions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Information Giving
2. Information Gathering
3. Selection
4. Problems with interviewees behavior
5. Problems with interviewers behavior
6. Problem Solving
7. Persuasion |
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Term
| Neutral and Leading Questions |
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Definition
Neutral- What color is my hair?
Leading- What do you think about my hair today? |
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Term
| 5 factors used in Constructing Questions |
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Definition
1. Language
2. Relevance
3. Information Level
4. Complexity
5. Accessibility |
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Term
| Structure of an interview |
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Definition
| Opening, body and closing |
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Term
| What are the Recording Methods used in Observation |
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Definition
1. Checklists
2. Rating Scales
3. Anecdotal Records
4. Critical Incident Records |
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Term
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Definition
Leaves little room for interpretation
Easy to administer, score and interpret |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Rating Scales |
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Definition
More difficult to construct because of precision needed to reduce interpretations
Difficult to use one form for all clients if desired behaviors differ
Personal biases |
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Term
| Advantages of Anecdotal Records |
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Definition
Provides snapshots of the meaningful incidents and events in the lives of clients
Allows for recording behaviors in a nonstandardized format |
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Term
| What are the four Recording Techniques used in observations |
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Definition
1. Frequency/ Tally
2. Duration
3. Interval
4. Instantaneous Time Sampling |
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Term
| What does NCTRC stand for |
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Definition
| National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification |
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Term
| What are the 3 Levels of exchange? |
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Definition
Relatively safe?
More intimate and controversial
Highly intimate and controversial |
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Term
| Under what circumstances would a therapeutic recreation specialist develop an assessment rather than purchase one? |
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Definition
| If they can not find one that is appropriate for their assessment or does not fit the needs of their client. Also, they can be expensive so if the TR specialist doesn’t have the money to purchase, making one up would be beneficial. |
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Term
| What are the 3 purposes for Interviewing? |
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Definition
Gain Information
Develop a Relationship
Orient Client to program |
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Term
Client assessment information helps the specialist to:
Develop goals and objectives for the client
Create program protocol
Analyze which activities are best suited for client participation
Evaluate program or treatment protocols. |
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Definition
| C: Analyze which activities are best suited for client participation |
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Term
All of the following organizations have standards for therapeutic recreation assessment EXCEPT:
Joint Commission on Accreditation f Health Care Organizations.
National Recreation and Park Association.
American Therapeutic Recreation Association.
Rehabilitation Accreditation Commission. |
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Definition
| B: National Recreation and Park Association |
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Term
What areas are likely to be included in a therapeutic recreation client assessment?
Annual income and earning potential.
Functional abilities and leisure patterns.
Leisure theory and self-efficacy measures.
None of the above. |
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Definition
| Functional abilities and leisure patterns. |
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Term
| What factors may lower reliability of an assessment's results? |
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Definition
client attitude
setting of assessment
length of assessment
time of day |
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Term
Validity relates to which of the following questions?
How well does the assessment content match the program content?
Does each client recieve the same score?
Is the assessment administered the same way every time?
Are the two forms of this test similar? |
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Definition
| How well does the assessment content match the program content? |
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Term
One of the first steps in developing a client assessment for therapeutic recreation is to:
Question options:
Write questions for the interview.
Test the assessment on a small group of clients.
Specify the client outcomes upon which the assessment will be built.
Decide whether interviews or observations will be used. |
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Definition
| Specify the client outcomes upon which the assessment will be built. |
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Term
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps to develop an assessment instrument?
I. Determine the purpose of the assessment.
II. Develop the test specifications.
III. Select and prepare appropriate items.
IV. Validate items and the assessment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tess recieved the highest score on the Leisure Resources Knowledge Test. This statement uses which type of score interpretation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the difference between Norm-Referenced Results and Criterion-Referenced Results |
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Definition
| criterion referenced results are compared to a set of standards that were already made up. norm is how did the test score compare to that of the group |
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Term
All of the following are true statements EXCEPT:
Question options:
Validity is inferred by collecting evidence but is not directly measured.
A test that is valid for individuals with mental retardation is valid for individuals with brain injury.
A test instrument itself cannot be valid.
Validity is important to the credibility or confidence placed in the reults. |
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Definition
| A test that is valid for individuals with mental retardation is valid for individuals with brain injury. |
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Term
Stability of assessment results over time can be tested by:
Question options:
Giving the assessment to a wide variety of audiences.
Administering both forms of the assessment to one group.
Building a test blue print or table of specifications.
Performing a test-retest. |
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Definition
| Performing a test-retest. |
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Term
Measuring the internal consistency of an instrument is important when:
Question options:
The assessment has over 100 items.
The test-retest showed poor results.
People of various ethnic backgrounds will be taking the test.
One test will be given one time to one group. |
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Definition
| One test will be given one time to one group. |
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Term
The purpose of defining parameters of the assessment is to:
Analyze the characteristics of the agency, clients, and department.
Understand why and what the assessment should do.
Match client outcomes with treatment goals.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention programs. |
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Definition
| Understand why and what the assessment should do. |
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Term
Which of the following program titles would be most appropriate for the goal: "To provide programs that improve the clients' awareness of the need for leisure and its value in maintaining a healthy balance?"
Functional Intervention
Leisure attitudes.
Social interaction skills.
Recreation Participation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it important to analyze the environment as the first step to assessment planning |
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Definition
| You analyze the environment to have a better understanding of exactly what you have to work with (facility, staff, resources, etc.). Then you can find an assessment built off of similar circumstances or built to fit the needs your organization, community, or client have. |
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Term
When does the assessment planning process take place?
Question options:
Before the assessment is administered to clients.
During program evaluation.
Before activity analysis and modification.
After efficacy research |
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Definition
| Before the assessment is administered to clients. |
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Term
The four basic implementation strategies or ways to gather assessment data include all of the following EXCEPT:
Question options:
Interviews
Census Data
Observation
Self-Administered Instruments |
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Definition
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Term
What is the purpose of assessment protocols?
Question options:
To demonstrate the variance of different client groups.
To match the content of the assessment with the content of the program.
To improve the consistency of assessment administration, scoring, and interpretation.
To improve the intervention program delivery. |
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Definition
| To improve the consistency of assessment administration, scoring, and interpretation. |
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Term
If the therapeutic recreation program focuses on functional intervention, leisure awareness, social interaction skills, and leisure activity skills, the assessment should focus on:
Question options:
Leisure history, family structure, leisure interests, and leisure activity skills.
Functional intervention, pain management, social networks, and leisure activity skills.
Demographics, leisure history, leisure patterns, leisure interests, and leisure activity skills.
Functional intervention, leisure awareness, social interaction skills, and leisure activity skills. |
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Definition
| Functional intervention, leisure awareness, social interaction skills, and leisure activity skills. |
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Term
Reviewing a client's record before an assessment interview may help the specialist to:
Question options:
Observe dysfunctional family interactions.
Complete the treatment plan prior to the interview.
Establish rapport more quickly with the client.
Ask more open-ended questions. |
|
Definition
| Establish rapport more quickly with the client. |
|
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Term
A commercial assessment should be selected for use when it:
Question options:
Comes packaged with a test manual.
Includes directions for scoring and interpretation.
Is less expensive than an agency-specific assessment.
Has been validated for the proposed use and client group. |
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Definition
| Has been validated for the proposed use and client group. |
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Term
To use the same assessment to reassess a client for outcomes at the end of participation, the assessment must be:
Question options:
Widely used and accepted in therapeutic recreation.
Administered to several groups of clients.
Norm referenced.
Valid, reliable, and measure small changes in the client. |
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Definition
| Valid, reliable, and measure small changes in the client. |
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Term
| Why is selecting and implementing the right assessment just as important as selecting and implementing the right programs? |
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Definition
| So that you can make sure that the assessment is going to fit the clients needs and help to make the right placement for the client |
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Term
Which of the following is a possible source for locating therapeutic recreation assesments?
Question options:
Medical Journals.
Health care conferences
Therapeutic recreation journals
National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification |
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Definition
| Therapeutic recreation journals |
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Term
The purpose of the assessment directly affects:
Question options:
The type of items used
Its validity
The confidence in the consistency of results
The norm group |
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Definition
|
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Term
Improving the confidence in assessment results means that:
Question options:
Therapeutic recreation wukk achieve equal status with other professions.
Validity and reliability have been conducted.
Error has been increased beyond chance alone.
Clients are more likely to recieve the services to meet their needs. |
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Definition
| Clients are more likely to recieve the services to meet their needs. |
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Term
| In class we examined four tools used to aid in the evaluation for selection of a commercial assessment. Name three. |
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Definition
1) Assessment Selection Checklist
2) Guidelines for Using Published Assessment/Evaluation Instruments
3) Test Evaluation Form
4) Evaluation of an Assessment Instrument |
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Term
One of the practical considerations in evaluating a commercial assessment includes:
Question options:
Evidence of validity and reliability.
The availability of norm groups.
The internal consistency of the tool over time.
Required specialist qualifications, expertise, and training. |
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Definition
| Required specialist qualifications, expertise, and training. |
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Term
As error increases, the ___________ in the validity and reliability of results decreases.
Question options:
Confidence
Variance
Calculation
Evidence |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is an example of collecting evidence of content validity?
Question options:
Giving the assessment two weeks apart to one group.
Matching the content of the assessment with the content of the program.
Creating two forms of one assessment.
Calculating a correlation between an assessment score and a criterion score. |
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Definition
| Matching the content of the assessment with the content of the program. |
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Term
How many items should a therapeutic recreation services assessment have?
Question options:
More than 20 items but less than 100 items.
50 is an optimal number of items.
Enough to cover the content.
It does not matter. |
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Definition
| Enough to cover the content. |
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Term
If an assessment was validated on a sample of adolescents with mental retardation, the assessment can be used with confidence for which of the following groups?
Question options:
Adults with mental retardation.
Adults with cognitive impairments.
Children with mental illness.
None of the above. |
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Definition
Adults with mental retardation.
Adults with cognitive impairments.
Children with mental illness.
None of the above. |
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Term
In a table of specifications the number of items within wach cell represents the weight that content is given in the therapeutic recreation:
Question options:
Comprehensive program design.
Treatment plan.
Written plan operation.
Performance improvement plan. |
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Definition
| Comprehensive program design |
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Term
The content of the client assessment should match the:
Content of the therapeutic recreation programs.
Standards of the Joint Commission
Specialist's area of expertise.
Protocols for community reintegration programs. |
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Definition
| Content of the therapeutic recreation programs. |
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Term
Clients should be placed in therapeutic recreation intervention programs based on:
The standards of the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification.
Client Need.
Need to fill programs.
The mission of the agency. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What role do protocols play in client assessment? Why are they necessary? Why are they important? |
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Definition
| Protocols are vital to client assessment. They ensure that every client is getting the right assessment, as well as getting it given to them in the correct way. It also it very important that people follow protocol so that others can read the assessment and know exactly what the person is talking about so that everyone can be on the same page for the treatment plan |
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|
Term
Validity relates to which of the following questions?
How well does the assessment content match the program content?
Does each client recieve the same score?
Is the assessment administered the same way every time?
Are the two forms of this test similar? |
|
Definition
| How well does the assessment content match the program content? |
|
|
Term
One of the first steps in developing a client assessment for therapeutic recreation is to:
Write questions for the interview.
Test the assessment on a small group of clients.
Specify the client outcomes upon which the assessment will be built.
Decide whether interviews or observations will be used. |
|
Definition
| Specify the client outcomes upon which the assessment will be built. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between Norm-Referenced Results and Criterion-Referenced Results. |
|
Definition
| Norm- Referenced results are when the results of the persons assessment is matched with those around the same age or ability level to see where they stand. Criterion-Referenced results are when there is a set of standards made for the assessment which every person taking the assessment should know, such as the ACT. |
|
|
Term
The purpose of defining parameters of the assessment is to:
Analyze the characteristics of the agency, clients, and department.
Understand why and what the assessment should do.
Match client outcomes with treatment goals.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention programs. |
|
Definition
| Understand why and what the assessment should do. |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of assessment protocols?
To demonstrate the variance of different client groups.
To match the content of the assessment with the content of the program.
To improve the consistency of assessment administration, scoring, and interpretation.
To improve the intervention program delivery. |
|
Definition
| To improve the consistency of assessment administration, scoring, and interpretation |
|
|
Term
Reviewing a client's record before an assessment interview may help the specialist to:
Observe dysfunctional family interactions.
Complete the treatment plan prior to the interview.
Establish rapport more quickly with the client.
Ask more open-ended questions. |
|
Definition
| Establish rapport more quickly with the client. |
|
|
Term
When evaluating an assessment for use in a specific agency, which of the following best addresses the reliability of the assessment results?
The content of the assessment matches the content of the program.
The validation sample matches the population in the therapeutic recreation program.
The consistency of results for similar clients.
adequate protocols for assessment administration, scoring, interpreting, and reporting. |
|
Definition
| The content of the assessment matches the content of the program. |
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|
Term
When evaluating an assessment for use in a specific agency, which of the following is a major concern about the assessment implementation?
The content of the assessment matches the content of the program.
The validation sample matches the population in that therapeutic recreation program.
The consistency of results for similar clients.
Adequate protocols for assessment administration, scoring, interpretating, and reporting. |
|
Definition
| Adequate protocols for assessment administration, scoring, interpretating, and reporting. |
|
|
Term
The purpose of the assessment directly affects:
The type of items used
Its validity
The confidence in the consistency of results
The norm group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Please list two of the three purposes for interviewing. |
|
Definition
Develop Rapport
Orient Client to program
Gain Knowledge |
|
|
Term
| In discussing the seven Considerations to Interviewing, we went through the three Levels of Exchange. Please list the three levels. |
|
Definition
Relatively Safe
More intimate and complex
highly intimate and complex |
|
|
Term
| Please list 3 of the 5 Factors to Constructing Questions. |
|
Definition
Complexity
Language
Accessibility
Information level |
|
|
Term
To get the most representative behavior of the client, the specialist should make observations:
Question options:
When the client has the most energy and enthusiasm.
In the evening.
Whenever it is convenient.
In a natural setting whenever possible. |
|
Definition
| In a natural setting whenever possible. |
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|
Term
When antecedents, behavior, and consequences all need to be recorded, it is best to select _____________ as the recording method.
Question options:
Checklist
Rating Scales
Anecdotal Records
None of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When the number of times a behavior occurs within a given period is of interest, the best recording technique is:
Question options:
Frequency
Duration
Checklists
Interval Recording |
|
Definition
|
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