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| Start of Islamic Calendar |
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| Brothers can be so difficult |
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| Angles and Saxons must be converted |
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| Unite to repel the invader |
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| If I do the work I should have the title |
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| The Danes must be expelled |
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| Tithes will help the church |
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| Work is important for salvation |
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| Your fate is already determined |
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| Religion can help unify the empire |
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| For early Germanic Society give two ways in which justice was determined. |
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Definition
1) Blood Feuds
2) Courts (seldomly) |
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| Upon what was the authority of early Germanic kings based? |
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Definition
| Military prowess/intimidation (gangs) |
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Term
| Monasteries developed initially for what reason? What became their other significant function besides providing some structure in an unstructured time? Name one famous monastery. |
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Definition
-To preserve the spiritual and physical parts of the church
-Education
-Monte Cassino |
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| How did St. Benedict contribute to the survival of monasteries? |
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Definition
| Created a structure w/ Abbot at top |
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| How did St. Boniface's contributions impact the survival of the Church? |
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Definition
| Made Christianity available in rural areas->built small churches |
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| What was Mohammad's relationship to God? What two religions are significant bases for the Islamic religion? What are the two basic beliefs of Islam? |
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Definition
-heard him through seizures, prophecy
-Christianity and Judaism
-Believe in God and Muhammed is His Prophet |
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| What one image was left in the Kaaba by Mohammed? Why did he do this? Where is the Kaaba located? |
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Definition
-Black Stone
-Abraham: unifying symbol
-Mecca |
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| How did early Franks view Christianity? What caused the Franks to become Catholic rather than Arian? |
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Definition
-As a way to win battles
-Catholic God helped Clovis win the Battle @ Almanni: took wife's Catholic symbols |
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Term
| Why did historians feel the need to alter the name of the Eastern Roman Empire? What was it changed to? |
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Definition
-The world wasn't very Roman anymore->different law, customs, gov't, language
-Byzantine |
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| What was the "Mayor of the Palace"? Why was Pippin frustrated with this title? What did he do to change this situation? |
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Definition
-assistant to the king
-he did all the work but didn't have the title
-asked Pope Zacharias to crown him King |
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| What were the responsibilities of a count during Charlemagne's time? |
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Definition
1) Bring freemen to war
2) Collect all tolls and taxes
3) Build necessary fortifications
4) Oversee local courts |
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| Give 2 areas where Vikings expanded. Give two areas where Moslems expanded. |
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Definition
1) Canada
2) Russia
1) Spain
2) North Africa |
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| How did Charlemagne actually make law when he believed that law was absolute and determined by God? |
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| How did Mohammed's teachings alter the social structure of the Arab world? |
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| Put in place new social rules which protected the poor, young and women |
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| What stimulated Odo and Alfred to unite their people? |
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| 1st English Prime Minister |
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| One Reign of Terror leader |
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| What was the major, underlying concept of the Age of Enlightment? |
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Definition
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| Define Enlightened Despot. Give an example. |
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Definition
An absolute ruler who leads using reason
Joseph of Austria |
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| Give three developments in either math or astronomy during the age of Enlightenment |
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Definition
1) Elliptical orbits of planets
2) Decimals
3) logarithms |
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Term
| Explain why increased wealth from commercial capitalization led to specialization |
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Definition
| -Creates capital->more $ available to spend on other things->teaching, writing, management |
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Term
| Give two consequences of the 7 years war. |
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Definition
1) France is off the N.A. continent
2) Spain gets Louisiana Territory |
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Term
| According to some historians what is a cause of the French Revolution |
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Definition
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Term
| What issue led to the Tennis Court Oath? |
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Definition
| Private voting in the Estates General |
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Term
| What was stated in the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens"? What document did it emulate? |
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Definition
-Basic rights of French citizens
-Declaration of Independence |
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Term
| HOw did Austria react to the French Revolution? |
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Definition
| -Leopold got scared, eliminated all reforms done by Joseph, tried to get together an army against France. |
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Term
| What was the legal reason for the execution of Louis XVI? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was destroyed in the "Great Fear"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was the Committee of Public Safety given such a wide range of power? |
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Definition
| To suppress violence w/ France so they could focus on foreign war |
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Term
| What was the Thermadorian Reaction? |
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Definition
| Reaction to the absence of the committee of Public Safety |
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Term
| Why did Austria, under the leadership of Metternick, make peace with France and even allow an Austrian princess to marry Napoleon? |
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Definition
| Because he saw a greater threat in Russia, needed allies |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Continental System according to Napoleon? |
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Definition
| to enhance the wealth of the continent and prevent England from trading w/ everyone, sanctions |
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Term
| What caused Napoleon's defeat? |
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Definition
| Pride, greed, and Russian weather and the preparedness of the Congress of Vienna's army |
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Term
| With the defeat of Napoleon, what type of government was established in France? Who was its head? |
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Definition
-Constitutional monarchy
-Louis XVIII |
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Term
| According to Alexander I, what was the function of the Holy Alliance? What ultimately became its function? |
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Definition
-to keep peace
-to eliminate any descent |
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Term
| Give 4 actions taken by the Congress of Vienna. |
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Definition
-Restored Kingdom of Sardinia
-Restored Bourbon family to power in Spain
-Russian Tzar becomes king of Poland
-Restored Holland as an independent country |
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Term
| What was a major ideology that developed as a reaction to the Internationalism of Napoleon? |
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| What was the theme or topic of Renaissance art and writing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give two reasons Italy took the lead in the Renaissance. |
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Definition
1) not as deeply entrenched in feudalism
2) centralized populations |
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Term
| What do historians believe to be the reason individualism developed as a key aspect of the italian renaissance? |
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Definition
| Plague reduced population so significantly that those left become important. New ideas coming from Ancient Greece and Rome |
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Term
| What is a Humanist in Renaissance terms? |
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Definition
| A person who is enthusiastic about classical antiquity |
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Term
| Name 3 renaissance artists and give one example of their work |
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Definition
1) Michelangelo: David
2) Raphael: School of Athens
3) Bramante: St. Peter's Cathedral |
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Term
| What technological development do you think was crtical to the development of the REnaissance and why? |
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Definition
| printing press-allowed for widespread distribution of knowledge such as the bible, w/o it the reformation wouldn't have been as successful |
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Term
| In 1408 at a meeting in Pisa to resolve the Schism, waht did church leaders do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a major problem that the church leadership could not yet solve even though it finally ended the schism? |
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Definition
| moral issues->indulgences |
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| What two developing kingdoms fought to control the Italian City States thus contributing to the end of the Renaissance in Italy? Who won? |
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| do not believe in trinity |
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| wall street of western europe |
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| creation of the russian orthodox church |
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| What political institution was used by monarchies to gain power over feudal lords? What is this institution called in Spain, France, and England? |
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Definition
-Courts
-Academia Real
-Conseil Prive
-star chamber |
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Term
| Name the political representative bodies in Spain, France, England. |
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Definition
Cortes
Estates General
Parliament |
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Term
| When did the Reformation start? What specific action taken by whom is credited with starting the Reformation? |
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Definition
10/31/1517
Martin Luther posting the 95 theses on the doors of the castle church |
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Term
| What were the 3 basic principles of Martin Luther's religious philosophy? |
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Definition
1) All men are priests
2) Man is saved by faith
3) Authority is in the Bible |
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Term
| What were the 2 characteristics of Calvinism that led to its spread? |
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Definition
1) Systematic theology
2) Church Structure |
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Term
| Name two other reform churches. |
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Definition
-Anabaptists
-Society of friends |
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Term
| Is the church of England a reform church in this time frame? Why? |
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Definition
| -No, the Church of england originally had the same doctrine as the catholic church, it simply changed the political head to the king of england |
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Term
| what was the purpose of the jesuits? who established this order? |
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Definition
missionaries, knights in honor of mary
-st. ignatius of loyola |
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Term
| Why is the year 1492 considered so significant in Spanish History? |
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Definition
Columbus traveled to the Americas wealth ^
jews and moors kicked out production down |
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Term
| How did the translation of the Bible into vernacular impact the Church? |
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Definition
| More people could read it, no longer dependent on church, thus could interpret for self |
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Term
| What were the 3 possible approaches for reforming the Catholic Church? |
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Definition
1) Treat Church like gov't
2) Go back to the basics
3) change the people within the church |
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Term
| Why did the Tsars decide to separate from the Greek Orthodox Church? What was created because of the separation? |
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Definition
| New political rulers in Constantinople had allegiance from Patriarch, didn't want to give political allegiance to Moslems, Russian Orthodox Church |
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Term
| Give 2 reasons centralized gov't did not develop in Italy or Germany |
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Definition
1) No Imperial Tax
2) No National Army |
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Term
| What was the main motive behind Henry VIII's defiance of the Catholic Church/ |
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Definition
| -political, wanted church $ and to divorce his wife |
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Definition
| leave empire in entirety to heirs |
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Definition
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Definition
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| defeat of the spanish armada |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Council of Troubles? What was this council ultimately called? Why did it earn this nickname? |
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Definition
-To fix the religious turmoil in the Netherlands
-council of blood
-ended up sentencing 1000's of protestants to death |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the English Poor law? What overall economic concept did it support? |
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Definition
-to make certain that people were employed, ultimately enhancing the wealth and power of the nation
-Mercantalism |
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Term
| What was the Edict of Nantes? Who issued it and why? |
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Definition
1) Gov't office holder is Huguenot can have Prot. service in home
2) If town is prot. can have a prot. church
3) Prot. have equal civil rights as catholics
-Henri IV b/c he was Protestant before becoming leader of France and he wanted to enforce religious toleration |
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Term
| What did Henri IV mean by "Paris is well worth the Mass?" |
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Definition
Paris=Catholic
Henri IV=Protestant->Becomes catholic for Paris
politics>religion |
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Term
| According to William III of Orange, what was meant by the Balance of Power? |
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Definition
| Countries need to maintain sovereignty in order to do this they must balance out the major powers-> France |
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Term
| Give 3 results of the Treaty of Utrecht |
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Definition
Duke of Savoy (gets Sardinia) and Duke of Brandenburg become kings
Britain gets Gibraltar, minorca, asiento, nova scotia, and newfoundland |
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Term
| Why did Parliament oppose Charles I? Why did Cromwell abolish Parliament? What title did Cromwell assume? |
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Definition
-Charles I wanted to move to a more modern type of gov't and was Anlican but more Catholic->Parliament liked gov't the way it was
-They wouldn't let him cut off the king's head
-He wanted to increase taxes and his tendency to support Catholicism
-Lord Protector |
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Term
| Why was the Glorious Revolution of 1688 considered "Glorious"? |
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Definition
| Change in monarchs without violence |
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Term
| What was the major policy of early Prussian rulers regarding their military? |
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Definition
| use it as a diplomatic tool only to gain allies |
|
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Term
| Give 3 changes instituted by Peter the Great in Russia. |
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Definition
-New book of Etiquette (men cut off beards->more western)
-Simplified Russian alphabet
-Upper Class must be educated |
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Term
| Give 2 parts of the English Bill of Rights. |
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Definition
1) King cannot renounce a law
2) King cannot impose a tax w/o consent of Parliament |
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Term
| What state disappeared in this unit? How was its elimination accomplished? |
|
Definition
-Poland
-Partitions of Poland |
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Term
| What became the major policy of early Prussian rulers? |
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Definition
| -to unite all of their land holdings into one |
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Term
| Name the four major groups of Austria. |
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Definition
1) Muscovites
2) Cassacks
3) Ukrainians
4) Bielorussians |
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Term
| Name the countries that are associated with the ruling families that were in power at the end of this unit. |
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Definition
Romanov-Russia
Hapsburg-Austria
Bourbon-France
Bourbon-Spain
Stuart-England
Hohenzollern-Prussia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Give three characteristics of feudalism |
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Definition
-Localism
-Public power in private hands
-Lord-Vassal relationship |
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Term
| Define "fief". In the long term what did it become? |
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Definition
-a piece of land given in exchange for service
-a lords home/country estate |
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Term
| when, where, and who successfully invaded England? (the last successful invasion) |
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Definition
| 1066, Hastings, William the Conqueror |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Domesday Book? |
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Definition
| Collect info for taxation |
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Term
| What contribution was made by St. Francis? What contribution was made by St. Dominic? What people intellectualized their teachings? |
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Definition
-Emphasis on the literal translation of the Bible; renunciation of worldly goods
-St. Bonaventure
-Preaching and teaching; poverty
-St. Thomas Aquinas |
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Term
| What was the Babylonian Captivity? What was the Great Schism? How did these impact the power of the church? |
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Definition
-Pope Clement V said Philip IV was right, fled to Avignon, papacy in France instead of Rome
-Great Schism Uran VI is Italian, tyrant, cardinals say his election was bad, new pope-Clement VII stays in France
-2 popes dimished the Power of the popes |
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Term
| Define "Crusade". What was your reward for participating in the crusades? |
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Definition
-an army created by the pope in order to destroy the enemies of the Church
-martyred |
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Term
| What was the major reason for the Hundred Year War? Who were the major powers involved? Who won? |
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Definition
-Henry III had nothing to do, wanted France who wanted Aquitaine and Flanders
-France and England
-France ended w/ everything except Port of Calais |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the War of Roses? How was it resolved? With what country is it associated? |
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Definition
-Who had rightful possession of the English crown
-The family wiped each other out leaving way for the "half alien" tudors to take the throne
-England |
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Term
| What was the Magna Carta? What is the origin of Parliament? What role did Parliament ultimately assume in English gov't? |
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Definition
-a document that says that the king must follow the law and consult nobility before taxing
-house of lords-> nobility that king consulted
-main republic governing body |
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Term
| What animal carried the black death bacteria? How did the plague impact Western Europe (give one specific and one general impact for the question)? |
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Definition
-flea
-made people fearful of new ideas
-significantly lowered the population |
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Term
| Why were the pope and patriarch unable to tolerate each other? When is the split between them official? |
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Definition
-Pope wanted Universal Control
-Patriarch wanted independence
-1054 |
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Term
| Why did the Japanese prohibit open trade between Japanese and Europeans? |
|
Definition
| Had just ended a series of wars and didn't want further disruptions to newly established peace |
|
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Term
| What major issue divides northern and southern India? When is this difference resolved? |
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Definition
-Religion: N. Muslims, S. Hindi
-1947+ |
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Term
| What led to the defeat of the Mongol invasion of Japan? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What action taken by the Chinese possibly contributed to the expansion of Europeans in the Pacific? |
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Definition
| decided not to keep ships in Pacific->wanted to avoid conflict |
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Term
| What were 3 problems faced by the Moslem and Byzantine Empire that contributed to their decline? |
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Definition
1) Upper class apathetic to civic duty
2) Crusades
3) Turks |
|
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Term
| What was the stimulus for the peasant rebellions in England and France? What was the long term outcome of these rebellions? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why did Russia have an Asian influence in its culture? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What three military developments contributed to the success of England in the Hundred Years war? |
|
Definition
1) dismounted cavalry
2) long-bow
3) $$ |
|
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Term
| What is meant by "scholar-gentry"? Where does this term apply? |
|
Definition
only landowners have money for education
only educated can be gov't worker
-tang dynasty-china |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| babylonian architectural style |
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Definition
|
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Definition
| collection of indian fables |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| mythological creators of Rome |
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Definition
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| military industrial complex |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| first group to invade Rome in 800 years |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| representative of the plebians |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| reformer killed in senate riot |
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Definition
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Definition
| emperor with largest empire |
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Definition
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Definition
| wrote about atoms and molecules |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Start of Diocletions reign |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Give 2 developments associated with the Paleolithic age and 2 developments associated with the Neolithic age |
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Definition
Paleo-Fire, hunting and gathering
Neo-wheel, agriculture |
|
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Term
| What is the significance of time to the development of mankind? What stimulus do some historians believe led to the development of civilization? |
|
Definition
Time to think-> inventing
-Drought |
|
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Term
| What are two factors upon which Hittite power was based? Why did Assyrian power collapse? |
|
Definition
-military, politics
-hated by conquered people |
|
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Term
| What were two basic concepts taught by Confucious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 3 contributions made by Indians in the area of mathematics. |
|
Definition
-Neg. numbers
-arabic numerals
-sqrt 2 |
|
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Term
| What is the Hindu trinity of gods? What do they signify? |
|
Definition
Brahma-birth, creator
Vishnu-life, preserver
Shiva-death, destroyer |
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Term
| What significant internal factor led to the collapse of both the Indian and Chinese civilizations at the end of this unit? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What discovery did Archimedes make that led him to shout "Eureka"? |
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Definition
| that he could measure displacement to find the amount of gold in the crown |
|
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Term
| Which historian felt that history should entertain and the facts were irrelevant? Which historian believed that the data should be checked and repeated accurately? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Give three problems that developed in Alexander's Empire after his death. Give two significant contributions of Alexander. |
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Definition
Problems: growing rich/poor gap, Greek self-confidence down, poli are solely administrative
Contributions: Spread greek poli model, spread greek culture |
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Term
| Give 3 changes put in place by Solon that contributed to the development or maintenance of democracy in Athens |
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Definition
-Forgave all debts
-Slavery cannot be a punishment for debt
-Limit amount of land one could own |
|
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Term
| What impact did coined money have upon the pace of trade and upon the accumulation of debt? |
|
Definition
sped up trade (except Sparta)
more debt |
|
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Term
| What caused the collapse of Alexander's empire? What were the major divisions? Who were the leaders of the major divisions? |
|
Definition
-His Death
-Egypt: Ptolomy
-Syria/Persia: Solenus
-Greece: Antigonias |
|
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Term
| Of the schools of Greek philosophy which one believed that we could know nothing becuase our sensory impressions were infalliable? Which one believed that duty was important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was Socrates sentenced to death? Why did he accept this decision? |
|
Definition
-treason: told people to question
-believed in justice |
|
|
Term
| Who made up the first triumverate? Who made up the second triumverate? |
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Definition
-Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
-Marc Antony, Octavius, Lepidus |
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| What contributions did Saul make that made Christianity more attractive to the Roman people? |
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Definition
1) made it more intellectually based
2) to be Christian, didn't need to be Jewish first |
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| Describe mathematically the crisis over the trinity? |
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Definition
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| Give 3 reasons Roman generals often lost the battle but Rome never lost the war |
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Definition
1) never accepted defeat
2) stoicism/patriotism
3) strong military leaders |
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Term
| What was ultimately done to Rome's major rival, Carthage? |
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Definition
-It is destroyed
-Land is salted
-Put people into slavery |
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Term
| What are 2 characteristics of Roman architecture that reflect its imperial nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Caesar "crossed the Rubicon". What is meant by this statement when used in today's world? |
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Definition
| -crossed the point of no return |
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Term
| What did Plebeians do to gain power? Why was it so effective? |
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Definition
-rebelled, went on strike
-they were the army and the workers |
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Term
| What major crisis did the small farmers of the Roman world face? |
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Definition
| transportation->one axeled wagon |
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Term
| Why were Romans distrustful of Jews and yet in many ways respectful of them? |
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Definition
-Didn't like being ruled by Romans
-Established, local autonomy |
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Term
| What is the Edict of Toleration? Why is it important? |
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Definition
-illegal to prosecute Christians
-signifies the power Christians have in pol. world., large amount of Christians in Roman Empire |
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Term
| List 3 of Caesar's accomplishments. |
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Definition
1) introduced new calendar
2) lessened gap b/w inhabitants of Rome and provinces
3) healed rift w/ senate |
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Term
| What were the three reasons the Eastern Empire survived? |
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Definition
1) Christianity linked to gov't
2) Geog. boundaries protected them from invaders
3) thriving economy and trade |
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Term
| What 3 reforms did Diocletian put in place to stop rebellions? |
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Definition
1) Smaller, more provinces
2) introduced co-emperor
3) attempted to narrow rich/poor gap |
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Term
| What is the function of Proconsuls? |
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Definition
| to protect provinces @ smallest price to rome |
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Term
| What elements of reform did the Gracchus brothers wish to instate? |
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Definition
| redistribute land, keep stoic values |
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Term
| What were two important developments the Huns made with horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What led to the development of castles? |
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Definition
| people abandoned poli for safety |
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Term
| What characteristic of Latin caused ideas to not be questioned to readily? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| An idea or concept that defines an era or group of people in opposition to another doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
| a community of some permanence that is defined by a communal destiny |
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Term
| Give 3 characteristics of the Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
1) Laissez Faire
2) Steam Engine/New Inventions
3) Unskilled labor/corporations |
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Term
| Give 3 isms of the 19th century |
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Definition
1) Radicalism
2) Humanism
3) Socialism |
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Term
| Give 3 inventions that contributed to the industrial revolution |
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Definition
1) Steam Engine
2) Spinning Jenny
3) Flying Shuttle |
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Term
| What is meant by Real politic? Name 2 politicians that practiced it. |
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Definition
-practical political actions
-Karl Marx
-Otto Von Bismarck |
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Term
| Explain how the value of a product was determined by early economists like Adam Smith. How is the value determined today |
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Definition
-Demand
-Smith: Demand, invisible hand regulates markets
-Others: Labor theory of value: labor adds $ to product |
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Term
| Pre 1853, what Japanese port was open to western merchants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is credited with opening Japan to the world? Do you agree that this person should be given this credit? Why? |
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Definition
-Admiral Perry
-No: the country's people needed change, outside forces were simply the stimuli |
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Term
| Name groups in Japan that supported Japan coming out of isolation? |
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Definition
-Business people
-Samurai
-Landowners |
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Term
| Name two groups of people that settled in Canada. |
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Definition
1) Loyalist descendants
2) French descendants |
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Term
| What one person is considered responsible for the creation of the German State? Would he have considered himself German? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the major cause of the Crimean War? Who were the major protagonists? |
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Definition
-Russia expanding to Black Sea, France and England don't want it to
-France and England (Italy) vs. Austria and Russia |
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Term
| Give 2 reasons the Industrial Revolution occurred in England. |
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Definition
1) Lots of capital
2) Available labor due to Agricultural Revolution |
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Term
| Explain the purpose of the Corn Laws and how they ultimately impacted Ireland during the Potato Famine |
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Definition
-to protect merchants, farmers, economy
-England grain was very expensive, starving peasants from Ireland couldn't afford it |
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Term
| What were 2 objectives of the instigators of the Revolution of 1848 |
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Definition
-Eliminate Serfdom
-Desire for constitutional gov'ts |
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Term
| What was Metternick's over reaching foreign policy? |
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Definition
| -to stop Russia from expanding or stop development of nationalism within boundaries |
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Term
| Once Japan opened its doors, what were two significant changes that were implemented. |
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Definition
1) Eliminated Feudalism
2)Created an army based on the Prussian model |
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Term
| What is another name for the Revolution of 1848? |
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Definition
| The Revolution that Misfired |
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Term
| What did England do to stabilize the value of their money? |
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Definition
| -Gold Standard: backed $$ w/ gold |
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Term
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Definition
-group wanting Jewish Nation
-anti-national Jewish felt comfortable in Germany
-Zionists work with England |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolution: Darwin
-Physics
-Anthropology
-Psychology |
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Term
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Definition
-Liberal voice quieting
-Imperialism going up: Japan, US, and Germany |
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Term
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Definition
-Dutch vs. British fighting over South Africa
-England creates Union of South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
-Manchu Dynasty in trouble
-Made concessions to Europe
-China produced tea and traded for opium
-Opium Wars: England won
-England gets Hong Kong Port |
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Definition
-Modern
-Wants more land
-Fights with China twice, wins both times |
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Definition
-Morroco is trying to break away from France
-Germany Supports
-David Lloyd George refers to Germany as a menance in a speech
-Balkan Peninsula |
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Term
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Definition
-Ottoman Empire
-Independent
-Austria wants control
-Russia wants control
-Nationalist groups that want independence
-Balkan Wars
-Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Serbia, assassinated by a Bosnian |
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Term
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Definition
-Slavs, Russia, France, Belgium, England, Us, Japan
-Austria, Germany, Italy |
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Term
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Definition
-Austria declares war on Serbia
-Russia protects Serbia, declares war on Austria, attacking Germany
-Germany declares war on Russia and France
-Germany attacks Belgium on way to France
-England protects Belgium |
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