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Anatomy Finals Test
1st semester
142
Anatomy
11th Grade
12/17/2013

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Cards

Term
What are bones cells called?
Definition
osteocytes
Term
what do bone cells do?
Definition
pass gas and nutrients into boney matrix
Term
What are bone cells organized into?
Definition
they are organized into osteons
Term
what do bone cells begin their lives as?
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
How do intramembraneous bones for?
Definition
Develop directly from a soft connective tissue membrane
Term
How do endochondral bones form?
Definition
the derive from pre-existing cartilage
Term
what are the 5 bones classifications
Definition
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
Term
Describe a long bone
Definition
long axis

ex. Femur
Term
describe a short bone
Definition
lengths and widths equal

ex. Tarsals and Carpals
Term
describe a flat bone
Definition
plate like

ex. scapula
Term
describe a sesamoid bone
Definition
round

ex. Patella
Term
Describe an irregular bone
Definition
variety of shapes connected to several bones

ex. Vertebral Column
Term
What is the importance of the femur?
Definition
its the longest and strongest bone
Term
what are at the ends of the femur?
Definition
epiphysis
Term
what is in between the ends of the femur?
Definition
diaphysis
Term
what is periosteum?
Definition
tough covering that forms and repairs bone tissue
Term
what are processes?
Definition
projections
Term
what are the two types of marrow?
Definition
yellow and red
Term
describe yellow and red marrow?
Definition
yellow: stores fat

red: helps blood cell formation and binds with the pigment of hemoglobin
Term
what are the four parts that make up the axial skeleton
Definition
1 skull
2 Hyoid
3 Vertebral Column
4 Thoracic cage
Term
Describe the skull
Definition
the brain case (cranium)
facial bones
Term
describe hyoid
Definition
below jaw, in the neck
Term
describe vertebral column
Definition
(backbone) sacrum; part of the pelvic and coccy; tail bone
Term
describe the thoracic cage
Definition
protects thoracic cavity; include all 12 pairs of ribs, sternum; breast bone where ribs attach anteriorly
Term
what are the four parts that make up the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
Term
describe the pectoral girdle
Definition
support and attach upper limbs; scapula and clavicle
Term
describe the upper limbs
Definition
humerus, forearm, wrist, palm, finger
Term
describe pelvic girdle
Definition
two hip bones, sacrum, coccy
Term
describe the lower limbs
Definition
thigh; femur, knee cap; patella, leg bones; tibia and fibula, ankle; tarsals, sole of foot; metatarsal, toes; phalanges
Term
how many bones are in the skull?
Definition
22
Term
how many bones are cranial?
Definition
8
Term
how many bones are facial?
Definition
13
1 mandible
Term
what does the cranial do?
Definition
enclose and protect the brain
Term
which cranial bone is wedged between several bones of the anterior skull?
Definition
sphenoid
Term
which cranial bone is in front of the sphenoid?
Definition
ethmoid
Term
which bones are on each side where the temples are located?
Definition
temple
Term
which cranial bone is found right behind the temple?
Definition
occipital (parietal)
Term
which bone forms the base of the cranium?
Definition
occipital
Term
how many facial bones are immovable? Movable?
Definition
13 immovable
1 movable
Term
where is the maxilla located?
Definition
upper jaw
Term
which bone forms the lower jaw?
Definition
mandible
Term
name the cheek bones
Definition
zygomatic
Term
which bone gets its name for being towards the feet
Definition
inferior nasal conchae
Term
which bones is horse show shaped?
Definition
mandible
Term
describe the nasal bone
Definition
long, thin, rectangular; top of the nose
Term
what are three types of joints?
Definition
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
Term
describe the fibrous joint
Definition
lies between bone, in close contact, has limited movement
Term
describe the cartilaginous joint
Definition
hyaline cartilage separates vertebrae of column; limited movement
Term
describe the synovial joint
Definition
most common in free movement
Term
what are the six synovial joints
Definition
ball and socket
condyloid
gliding
saddle
pivot
hinge
Term
describe the ball and socket joint
Definition
bone with egg shaped head, joints with cup shaped ends; good movement

ex. shoulder, hips
Term
describe the condyloid joint
Definition
metacarpals meet phalanges; no rotation movement

ex: metacarpals to phalanges
Term
describe the gliding joint
Definition
nearly flat, sliding and twisting

ex: carpals and tarsals
Term
describe the saddle joint
Definition
two cups

ex: between metacarpals and carpals
Term
describe the pivot joint
Definition
rotates within ring

ex: vertebral column
Term
describe the hinge joint
Definition
one movement, convex part meets concave

ex: elbow, knee, and finger
Term
what is the basal nuclei?
Definition
the area of the brain that is responsible for body movement, coordination... masses of gray matter
Term
what are some symptoms of parkinsons disease?
Definition
basal nuclei becomes overactive, persistent tremor, slow to initiate movement
Term
what are symptoms and causes of huntingtons disease?
Definition
basal nuclei deteriorates; wild jerky, flappy movements. eventually leads to dementia
Term
where is the thalamus and hypothalamus located?
Definition
diencephalan
Term
what are 4 roles of the the thalamus?
Definition
sensory (all but olfactory)
motor
emotion/memory
vegetative
Term
which sense does the thalamus not regulate?
Definition
smell
Term
what is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Definition
heart rate, blood pressure, electrolytes
Term
what is found int the epithalamus?
Definition
pineal gland
Term
what is melatonin and what does it cause? Where is it found?
Definition
hormone induces sleep

found in epithalamus (pineal gland)
Term
what is larger is children and gets smaller during puberty?
Definition
pineal gland
Term
decipher whether its REM or SLOW WAVE

1.Restful
2. some areas of brain active
3. dreaming occurs
4. reduces blood pressure
Definition
Slow wave
REM
REM
Slow wave
Term
what is the midbrain and where is it located?
Definition
auditory and visual reflexes; above the pons, brainstem
Term
whats do the pons regulate? where are they found?
Definition
breathing; below midbrain, bulge on brainstem
Term
what does the medulla oblongata? where is it located?
Definition
controls coughing, sneezing, and vomiting; located in pons
Term
what is the reticular formation? located?
Definition
controls wakefulness, found on side of brainstem
Term
what does the cerebellum integrate, coordinate, and maintain?
Definition
A. sensory info.
B. skeletal muscles
C. posture
Term
what does the pituitary gland regulate?
Definition
hormones
Term
name and describe 2 ridges in the brain?
Definition
gyri (out) ridges
sulci (in) furrow
Term
what part of the brain controls memory?
Definition
hippocampus
Term
list function of frontal
Definition
memory, emotions, planning actions and movement
Term
list function of occipital
Definition
visual interpretation
Term
list function of parietal
Definition
auditory, orientation, and space
Term
list function of temporal
Definition
sound and spoken language
Term
list two typed of aphasia
Definition
Brocas and Wernickes
Term
Describe brocas
Definition
motor speech; stuttering, silence
Term
describe wernickes
Definition
comprehension of speech; word salad
Term
what are three types of muscles?
Definition
Skeletal
Smoot
cardiac
Term
describe the two connective tissue coverings
Definition
fascia: separates skeletal muscle from adjacent muscle

aponeurosis: broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue that attach to muscle or bone
Term
what do skeletal muscle fibers look like?
Definition
thin, long cylinder, with rounded ends
Term
what are myofibrils? what types of protein filaments make it up?
Definition
fibers and muscle cells that lay parallel to one another

myosin (thick)
actin (thin)
Term
what are sacromeres? what 2 bands make it up
Definition
repeating patterns of striations

light bands and dark bands
Term
what are skeletal muscle fibers connected to?
Definition
bones
Term
describe what myosin and actin look like
Definition
myosin: thick, two twisted protein strands with cross bridges

actin: thin, has binding sites where myosin cross bridges attach
Term
what is ATPase? what does it do?
Definition
an enzyme in myosin that breaks down ATP

release energy when you breaks a phosphate bond, make sure cross brings of myosin of cross bridges are in correct position
Term
what is the process of a muscle contraction?
Definition
acetylcholine is released into motor neuron ends and diffuses rapidly

binds to protein receptor

Increases sodium ions

positive ions stimulate muscle impulse

calcium ions increase and binding sites are exposed

now actin and myosin combine
Term
how do muscles relax? what happens to calcium?
Definition
acetylcholinesterase is broken down, calcium decreases
Term
what is the energy source of a contraction? how is it creates?
Definition
ATP

created by phosphate creatine
Term
name and describe two oxygen sources?
Definition
hemoglobin: red blood cells combine with oxygen

myoglobin:muscle cells binds with oxygen
Term
what causes the reddish brown color of skeletal tissue?
Definition
myoglobin
Term
what causes muscle fatigue?
Definition
lactic acid build up and Ph lowers and muscle fibers no longer respond to sodium and calcium
Term
what leads to a cramp?
Definition
too much acetylcholine and calcium. too much sodium and not enough potassium
Term
what do smooth muscle fibers look like?
Definition
elongated with tapered ends organized randomly
Term
describe a multi unit smooth muscle
Definition
fibers in separate strands rather than sheets , found in iris and walls of blood cells
Term
describe visceral smooth muscle
Definition
spindle shaped cells, in close contact with one another, found in stomach, intestine, uterus, and bladder
Term
what is peristalsis? what makes it possible?
Definition
wavelike motion, transmission of impulses because cells are in close contact
Term
what are the 2 neurotransmitters responsible for contraction of the smooth muscle>
Definition
acetylcholine and nepinephrine
Term
where is the cardiac muscle found
Definition
heart
Term
why does the cardiac muscle contain extra calcium?
Definition
for stronger and longer contractions
Term
cite evidence about how the skeletal organizations are named
Definition
Axial: Everything else
Appendicular: upper and lower limbs; Appendages
Term
What mechanisms do not require energy. How can they effectively work without energy?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, diffusion

they can work effectively if its permeable to substance and concentration gradient exists
Term
Compare the stages for mitosis. Where is this occurring in cell?
Definition
1. Prophase: centrosomes migrate to poles
2: Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to centrosomes
3. Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten
4. Telephase: Chromosomes separate into 2 identical groups

it occurs in cell
Term
Compare Active transport to facilitated diffusion. Prove that both mechanisms are needed even though they serve similar purposes
Definition
Active transport uses protein just like facilitated but Active is from low to high, and facilitated is high to low. Without both there is equilibrium is not maintained
Term
compare passive and active mechanisms
Definition
Passive: doesn't need energy, hight to low, equilibrium
Both: movement through cell membrane
Active: Energy, low to high, goes against gradient, no equilibrium
Term
What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? why are they needed?
Definition
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclasts: Tear down bone

they are needed to control homeostasis of the bone
Term
Which active mechanisms allow muscles not to cramp?
Definition
sodium/ potassium pumps; sodium increases so the muscle can flex but if sodium remains to long the muscle cramps this potassium comes into help to relieve the cramp
Term
Structurally compare the 3 types of muscle. How does their structure directly influence their function?
Definition
Smooth: elongated ends, long, tapered

Skeletal: long rounded ends, randomly organized. (I and A bands, voluntary)

Cardiac: Contract in whole unit
Term
List the 3 basic cell parts and their function
Definition
Cell membrane: Encloses the cell
Nucleus: houses genetic material
Cytoplasm: fills the cell
Term
What makes up the cell membrane?
Definition
phospholipid bilayer
Term
describe 2 parts of phospholipid bilayer
Definition
Head: phosphate, polar (water soluble)
Tail: lipids, nonpolar
Term
What does selectively permeable mean considering the phospholipid bilayer and what are it characteristics?
Definition
Proteins allow items to enter and leave

thin and, elastic, flexible
Term
What is the gel like and has suspended organelles?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
What is cytosol?
Definition
liquid suspension in cytoplasm
Term
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Definition
has protein rods to hold cell together
Term
What are 2 types of ER?
Definition
rough and smooth
Term
Describe rough ER and smooth
Definition
Rough: has attached ribosomes (makes proteins)
Smooth: no attached ribosomes (makes lipids)
Term
Describe Ribosomes
Definition
Attach to rough Er or floating in cytoplasm; made in the nucleus (protein synthesis)
Term
Describe the Golgi Apparatus
Definition
" UPS" of the cell. Has 6 Flattened membranes. Packages and ships proteins
Term
Describe the Mitochondria
Definition
"Edison" of the cell. Energy(ATP); inner layer folded, Cristae. Has its own DNA; resembles bacteria because it reproduces by dividing
Term
Describe Lysosomes
Definition
"Garabage disposal" in the stomach enzymes that break down nutrients and foreign particles
Term
Describe Peroxisomes
Definition
"Catalyst". Contains enzymes to speed up reaction. Liver and kidney cells have abundant amount of them
Term
Describe microfibris and microtubules
Definition
Protien rods of ctytoskeleton to hold cell together
Term
Describe Centrosome and Centrioles
Definition
2 hollow cylinders used durning mitosis to ensure proper cell division
Term
Describe Cila and Flagella
Definition
Cilia (hair): More abundant in cells and body
Ex: in uterus to move eggs in wave of motion

Flagella (tail): Less common, movement
ex: sperm cells
Term
Describe vesicle
Definition
" UPS box"; Stores material (protein), membrane folds, pinches, bubble forms
Term
What are the 2 movements through cell membrane?
Definition
Passive and Active
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
Spread of high concentration to low (concentration gradient)
Term
What are the 2 occasions where diffusion occurs
Definition
If permeable to substance and concentration gradient exists
Term
What will diffusion eventually reach
Definition
equilibrium (equal distribution)
Term
What is facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Diffusion with the help of proteins for items too large (glucose, amino acids); Glucose combines with protein, protein changes shape, drops off glucose and returns to original shape
Term
what is osmosis?
Definition
diffusion of water
Term
How does tissue fluid form?
Definition
H20 + small substances forced out through capillary walls but large particles (blood protein) left inside
Term
What is the fluid accumulation with in tissue?
Definition
edema
Term
what fuels edema?
Definition
Blood pressure
Term
What does endocytosis travel?
Definition
exocytosis; enters through vesicle, exits through vesicle
Term
what are 2 types of endocytosis?
Definition
Pinocytosis: "cell drinking"
Phagocytosis: "cell eating"
Ex: white blood cells attack bacteria
Term
what an example of exocytosis?
Definition
hormones secretion
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