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| Ocoacer Germanic Emperor of Rome |
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Period of Persecution (Date)
(Early Christian) |
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Edict of Milan (Date)
(Early Christian) |
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| 313 AD (begins period of Recognition) |
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Council of Nicea (Date)
(Early Christian) |
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| Old St. Peter's Basilica - Early Christian (Date) |
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| Battle of Tours - Middle Ages (Date) |
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| Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans - Early Christian (Date) |
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| Treaty of Verdun - Early Christian (Date) |
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| Rome was founded in year.....when....happened |
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| 509BC when the king was overthrown |
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| The Romans had the very first ....(Type of Government) |
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| Constitution had three main divisions... |
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| Two counsels: citizens and military, senate, assemblies: two classes |
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| Plebeians began to rise up convinced particians to write law code |
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| Law of Twelve Tables "Happy Days", Plebs had lots of rights |
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| Rome versus Carthage (North Africa) |
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| Cartharage means....in Phonecian |
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| The cause of the Punic Wars.... |
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| According to Virgils Aeneid the cause was Aeneas(Trojan) and Dido (Carthage)...After Troy was destroyed went to find a new city falls in love, has an affair, Dido threatens the people |
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| The Real cause of the Punic Wars |
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| was Trade from East to West |
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| Three wars did what to rome economically |
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| Changed economic course....Went from an Agrarian Economy to a Welfare State |
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| Changing the course of Rome |
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| Commericial farms worked by slaves from Hanniblas army, there was lots of land because soliders who owned land couoldn't keep it while fighting |
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| Asking for Farmers land back |
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| Both assisnated by promoting Land Reform |
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| Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus |
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| Abolished Land requirment, Payed salary for those who fought with him, and soliders were allowed to keep the land that they conquered, TOOK OVER ROME |
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| HAd a personal army, a list of people that needed to be assisnated, called himself a dictator |
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| First Triumvirate...what?...who? |
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| Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, ...three men sharing power |
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| Dictator of Rome, the other two died, and were being cowards! Reformed Roman Calendar, ASSISNATED |
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| Antony, Ledpidus, Octavain |
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| Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra... |
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| Battle of Actium, they committed suicide..., End of last Hellenistic Kingdom, End of Roman Republic, Octavian = Augustus |
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Princeps - first among equals, Imperator - victorious commander, Pontifex Maximus - Cheif Priest, Imperium - GODS selected him....
HEAD OF STATE AND RELIGION |
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| Father's tell their sons to be like Augustus |
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| Duty to the state, duty to family...Everything you do is for the GLORY OF ROME |
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| Gods said to beirng order through gov, law, etc |
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| Armor, Symbolism, Venus, Pointing. etc. etc. |
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| Talks about accomplishments that Augustus did for Rome, copies in Marble and Bronze all over room |
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| politics, law, economics, religion as reflected in its monuments |
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Julius Caesar (Temple of Venus)
Augustus (Temple of Mars) |
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| children are the future, wife, family, ....passed law you have to marry a wife that could have kids, |
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| look at pictures in notes! |
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| Romanization and Urbanization benefits |
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| Food distribution, cities, sanitization, police, fire departments, water |
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| The Roman roads were built by who |
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Via Sacra (Road)
Harbor Street (Ephesus) |
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sacred road, leads to the roman forum
In asia minor, elegant, lined with colums |
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| sidewalks, stepping stones so you wouldn't have to walk in the shit, roads were very straight and orderly |
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| used to bring water into the city, Pont du Gard, Nimes |
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| Cloaca Maxima, Rome - drained marshes to get ride of Malaria |
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| There were also ........facilities |
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| City Planning...they used the right angle method |
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| They would model the palace after the Roman army camp, castrum plan |
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| They were scupted and waxed and placed in the family room |
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| Serious. The people were serious, simple and direct...NO STORIES |
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| Manly, they would kill every ten man in an army |
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| Good of the state over Personal desire |
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| Apartment buildings where poor lived, no cooking, no bathrooms, no toilets, no running water |
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| Bath complexes, caldarium - hot room, tepidarium - room temp, frigidarium- cold room, |
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| One in three days there were a holiday, people had too much time on their hands! |
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| Avoid uprising, keeping people feed and entertained |
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| Flavian Ampitheater, built by Vespasian, Flavian Dynasty |
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| Wealthy lived in ROman Villas |
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| focused away from the stresst, centered around atrium (room with pool), wealthy also had gardens (peristyle) |
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| Polytheistic, when Christianity came about they weren't threatened by it, because they thought it was just another mystery religion |
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| Jesus was born in Judea, came to Rome, word Spread quickly and then Christians began to be persecuted...brought them closer together |
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| Christians worshipped in secret, in the Atrium of their house |
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| cremation vs. inhumation (burying). THis is where the Christians buried the bodies underneath the city |
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| Tufa, Loculi, and Cubiculae |
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| Little private family burial areas - Cubiculae, tufa - volcanic rock, loculi - crevases where bodies where placed, |
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| Christ as the Good Shepard |
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| Christ as Apollo/Christ as the Unconquered Sun |
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| Adapting what they knew to the new religion, |
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| First to Legalize Christianity |
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| went to battle saying that he would legalize Christianity if he won, and HE WON |
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| Paganism was state religion, but Christians could practice religion |
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| Council of Nicea Athanasius vs. Arius |
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Arius - said Christ was created by god so he was less than god
Athanasius - said that Christ was equal to god, so he was divine
ATHANASIUS WON! |
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| Made Christianity the state religion |
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| Christian Art and Architecture |
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| Old St. Peter's Basilica, |
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| Mausoleum for Constantine's daughter, burial place, circular shape to symbol of jesus being the beginning and end |
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| Good Shepherd Sarcophagus |
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| St. Michael the Archangel: otherworldliness, dematerialization |
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| focusing on the spiritual aspect not the perfect body, angels - roman symbol of victory |
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| Sarcophagus of Archbishop Theodore: Chrismon (chi rho), alpha and omega |
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| Peacocks: Symbol of eternity, grapevines, symbol of the blood of christ, alpha and omega, showing that CHrist is that beginning and end, first and last letters! |
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| Theory of Petrin SUpremacy: ROme and PAPal Authority (Papa = Pope) |
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| Peter was supreme in Christianity |
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| Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire |
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Emperor Diocletian, Division of the Roman Empire....To keep the Roman Empire
Two Capitals Byzantine and Rome |
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| administering the sections of rome |
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| Germanic tribes overran the Western Empire, Goths sacked Rome |
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| Germany Tribes take over, German Ruler takes over |
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| Changed the name of Byzantium to COntantinople in now called (Istanbul) |
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| Western Capital was moved to where by who? |
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| By Emperor HOnorius to Italy |
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| Byzantine Art and Architecture |
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| Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna - She is the daughter of Theodocius |
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| Christian CHurches, christ represented as a cross, god as a hand |
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| Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora |
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| Jusinian expaned Byzantine Empire, reclaimed much of the West, JUSTINIAN's LAW CODE |
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| Early Middle Ages what happens? |
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People from the North move to the South
Climate Change
Unable to maintain borders |
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| Huns, Bisigoths, Osthrogoths, Vandals (destruction), Vikings (ships) |
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| Fall of Strong Central Government and a decline in living |
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| decline in minted coins, trade, communication, roads, cities, housing |
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people flee cities and they don't take highways so things will not get stolen...
little monumental art or architecture (only valualbe portable art) |
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| pattern that goes around in a circle, represents migration |
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| Type of art form, example hair pins |
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Up and down quickly, no privacy, low life expectancy, knowledge was lost, animals used to help heat the house
3 GALLONS of BEER a Day |
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| Benedictine Rule - asceticism, giving up pleasures in Earthly life for Heaven, vows of poverty, chastity, obedience |
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minuscules - lowercase letters
spaces
left to right
Illuminated manuscripts
Books! (velum parchment) |
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| Who preserved the literature |
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| Settling of Germanic Tribes led to |
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| Charlemagne and the Caroligian Renaissance |
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| Charlemagne and the Caroligian Renaissance |
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| Europe: rise of aristocracy, aristocracy warfare, and competition among rival states |
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| Charles Martel (The Hammer) |
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| Frankish, devot Christian, supported Pope at Rome (Papacy), Gained support of Pope, Church and State, Defeated Muslim at Tours Battle |
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| Charles son, King of the Franks, By Pope's representative |
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| "Charles the Great" Pepin's Son, expanded Carolingian empire, crowned by the Pope to be Emperor of the Romans |
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| Charlemagne assigned counts and missi dominici |
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| counts - were in charge of certain areas, and missi dominici were supposed to watch over counts |
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| Charlemagne wanted to help ....Rome |
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| REVIVE under Christianity |
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| had three sons, battle of sons who would get inheritance |
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| Divided the kingdom into three areas |
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Lathair I
Louis the German
Charles the Bald |
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North Sea to Central Italy
Germany
France |
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| no slavery...so they have to make advancements, three field system, improved yokes and plows |
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| King --> Lord --> Vassals |
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| inherited, offered military protection, tracts of land |
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| Worked for lord, courts, ransoms, hospitality, gifts, etc. |
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| people who worked the land and got to keep some of the land in the end, made a lot of technological advancements |
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economica arrangement on land, manor houses (Lords), Castles (defense)
Lords and Ladies, women had a higher position |
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| kept order, but when they were unemployed that led to the Crusades (fighting eachother), Pope decided to keep them busy by tring to free the Holy Land from the Muslims |
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