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Final Review
Historical Inquiry 2011
56
History
9th Grade
06/12/2011

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Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
A conference of Ambassadors of Europe, led by Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814-June 1815. It was aimed to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolution, Napoleanic War, and dissolution of the Holy Roman empire. It was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe.
Term
Concert of Europe
Definition
A series of alliances that ensured the European nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out.
Term
Holy Alliance
Definition
An agreement of Russia, Austria, and Prussia to act with Christian principles against revolutionaries.
Term
Klemens Von Metternich
Definition
The Austrian foreign minister who distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution, led the Congress of Vienna
Term
Continental System
Definition
Napoleon's policy to blockade to isolated Great Britain from all other nations
Term
Jacobin
Definition
A member of the radical political club that made many of the government changes in September 1792
Term
Coup d'etat
Definition
Napoleon's seizure of power in 1799, a sudden overthrow of government
Term
Colony
Definition
A country of a territory governed internally by a foreign power.
Term
Protectorate
Definition
A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
Term
Sphere of Influence
Definition
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
Term
Economic Imperialism
Definition
An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other government
Term
Imperialism
Definition
A policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries
Term
Conservative
Definition
Usually wealthy property owners and nobility, and they argues for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe
Term
Nationalism 1815-1848
Definition
The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a kind or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe.
Term
Liberal
Definition
mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
Term
Radical
Definition
Favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution--Liberty, equality, and brotherhood
Term
Positive Results of Nationalism
Definition
People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good, The overthrow of colonial rule, Democratic governments in nations throughout the world, Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances
Term
Negative Results of Nationalism
Definition
Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation's majority culture, Ethnic cleansing, extreme nationalist moves like nazism, and competition between nations leading to warfare
Term
Louis-Napoleon
Definition
Later to become Emperor Napoleon III, 1848 took power, strong leader to bring the country together in the midst of chaos. Encouraged industrialization
Term
Unification
Definition
Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands, 19th century Germany, 19th Century Italy
Term
Separation
Definition
Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away, Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
Term
State Building
Definition
Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture, The United States
Term
Russification
Definition
forcing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire, this policy actually strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunity Russia, 19th Century
Term
Camillo Di Cavour
Definition
Italian Prime Minister, he aimed to annex Northern Italy from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, enlisted the help of the French emperor Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces
Term
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Definition
Garibaldi helped nationalists rebels in southern Italy as Cavour was uniting northern Italy. IN 1860, he led a small army of Italian nationalists ( The Red Shirts) to the north and stepped aside for the Sardinian king to rule
Term
German Confederation
Definition
1815- 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation.
Term
Otto von Bismarck
Definition
Conservative Junker (Prussia's Wealthy Landowning Class), became prime minister. Practiced Realpolitik, tough power politics with no room for idealism. Ruled without the consent of Parliament and expanded in all directions, turned Prussia against the French and sparked nationalism in South Germany
Term
Failed Revolution of 1848
Definition
The German Revolutions of 1848 swept across 50 countries in Europe, and had a major impact on the German-speaking states. The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation and Austria which sought to challenge the status quo. The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism, emphasised popular discontent with the traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, they demonstrated the popular desire for increased political freedom, liberal state policies, democracy, and nationalism. The middle class elements were committed to liberal principles while the working class sought radical change. However, the middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, and in the end the conservative aristocracy defeated it, forcing many liberals into exile.
Term
Industrial Revolution
Definition
greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England and in the middle 1700s. It soon spread to other countries.
Term
Factory System
Definition
The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories.
Term
Factors of Production
Definition
Land, Capital, and Labor
Term
Laissez Faire
Definition
The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. Free market without the government.
Term
Capitalism
Definition
Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
professor at University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy. He created the three natural laws of economics: the law of self-interest--People work for their own good, the law of competition--Competition forces people to make a better product, the law of supply and demand--Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy
Term
Socialism
Definition
government must take action to improve people's lives.
Term
Utilitarianism
Definition
Jeremy Bentham argued that people should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their usefulness. He argues that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Term
Urbanization
Definition
city building and moving people to cities
Term
Working Conditions
Definition
Better working conditions and laws- In response to strikes/etc, laws/bills passed to shorten hours and give better pay. In GBR: Factory Act of 1833, said children under 9 couldnt work, kids 9-12 couldnt work +8 hrs, and kids 13-17 couldnt work +12 hrs, 1842 Mines Act prevented women/children from having to work underground, 1847 10 Hrs Act limited workday to at most 10 hrs for women/children. in US: 1904 NCLC banned child labor and set maximum working hrs
factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible to increase production
injuries increased with machinery because factories were seldom well lit or clean
machines were unsafe, no government aid in case of injury
many women and children were employed because the were the cheapest source of labor
Term
Social Groups during the industrial revolution
Definition
There was a growing middle class, and all of the new money being made was mostly going to them
middle class now held the power
middle class was split, upper middle had government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers, lower middle had skilled workers
working class was frustrated with bad conditions. The Luddites were a working class group that rebelled and broke machinery
Term
Labor unions
Definition
groups of workers who tried to bargain with employers for better pay and conditions; when no agreement was made, they went on strike- refusing to work in order to force employer to meet certain demands
Term
Communism
Definition
an economic system in which all means of production-land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses- are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally.
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Wrote the book Communist Manifesto, believed that the proletariet would one day break out of their chains and rise up, forming a proletariat dictatorship
Term
When and where did Hitler take over Europe?
Definition
936- invaded Rhineland, 1938- Czechoslovakia, 1939- Poland, 1940- Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, 1941- Yugoslavia and Greece, 1941 and 42- failed attempts to take over Russia
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
Social Darwinism: A social theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest.
Term
Berlin Conference
Definition
1884-1885 14 European nations met to prevent competition over African territory to lead to war. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims.
Term
Napoleon Bonaparte's Defeat against Russia
Definition
Continental System Blockade- A blockade against British trade set up by Napoleon
Napoleon ended up losing because he invaded Russia who was an ally. Russia won because of the scorched earth policy.
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Austrian psychology doctor--studied the unconscious mind and the cause of actions and desire, created psychoanalysis, how to deal with the subconscious
Term
Thomas Edison
Definition
invented the ligh bulb which opened the door for more electrical appliances
Term
Henry Ford
Definition
invented the assembly lie and created model T cars, started Ford company
Term
Sphere of Influence
Definition
A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities
Term
Henry Ford
Definition
invented the assembly lie and created model T cars, started Ford company
Term
Paternalism
Definition
A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving their rights
Term
Assimilation
Definition
The adoption of a conqueror's culture by a conquered people, a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs
Term
Location of the colonies
Definition
Africa: Europe
Ottoman Empire: Russia, Britain and France
India and Persia: Britain
Southeast Asia: Dutch, British and French
Caribbean Islands: US
Term
Motives for Imperialism
Definition
Money, colonies provided materials and goods, national pride, display of strength, racism, christian missionaries
Term
White Man's Burden
Definition
the idea that the white men should go to Africa and teach the barbarians black people living there what society is, how to worship god and jesus correctly
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