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Final Review
Unit 3
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the purpose of the rectus sheath?
Definition
serves to prevent the abdominal muscles from "bow stringing" or protruding when the group of muscles contract
Term
What is the superficial inguinal ring?
Definition
medial edge of external oblique forms superficial ring to allow descent of the testes
Term
Describe the descent of the testes.
Definition
-testes are located internally
-peritoneum separated from inguinal canal and testes are completely separated from inside
Term
Describe inguinal hernias.
Definition
-visceral structure protrudes enough through a normal, or abnormal, opening in the abdominal wall
-90% of hernias are in inguinal region
-75% are through the superficial inguinal ring
-20x more common in males
-repaired with mesh plug
Term
What is the function of the deep back muscles?
Definition
-maintain posture and control movements of vertebral column
-extends from skull to pelvis
Term
How are the limbs developed?
Definition
-limb buds grow with:
dorsal side facing up
ventral side facing down
-limb rotation
upper limb rotates 90 degrees laterally
lower limb rotates 90 degrees medially
elbow faces posteriorly and knee
anteriorly
Term
What is iliotibial band syndrome?
Definition
-2nd most common knee injury in runners
-TFL becomes tight and transfers tension into ITB
-repetitive stress could produce friction at the lateral knee
-lateral knee becomes painful due to irritation of distal ITB
Term
What is the function of all the muscles that insert into the pes anserinus?
Definition
flex the knee and provide stability to the medial knee joint against lateral blows
Term
What role do the gluteus medius and minimus have in gait?
Definition
-keeps the pelvis level
-prevents pelvic obliquity
-right muscles weak=left pelvic drop
Term
What are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen formed by?
Definition
-sacrotuberous ligament
-sacrospinous ligament
Term
What is an avulsion?
Definition
-tendon tears away from bone (taking bone with)
-surgical repair is required
Term
What is foot drop?
Definition
-peripheral nerve injury
-foot cannot be dorsiflexed
-makes walking very difficult
Term
What is the peroneal retinacula?
Definition
-superior and inferior
-holds tendons together, posterior to lateral malleoulus
Term
What is the "ankle stirrup"?
Definition
-fibularis longus (everter)
-tibialis anterior (inverter)
-both form a "sling" around the bottom of foot
-purpose if to keep balance
Term
What is the "screw home" mechanism?
Definition
-femur medially rotates to "lock" on the tibia to maximally fit the joint with slight medial rotation
-femur laterally rotates to "unlock" knee joint
Term
What is the flexor retinaculum?
Definition
fibrous band of connective tissue that hold the TP, FDL, and FHL together
Term
What is the fallen arch?
Definition
excessive pronation drives medial bony arch down into the ground
Term
What is plantar fasciitis?
Definition
inflammation of the plantar fascia
Term
What's the difference between afferent and efferent?
Definition
afferent: bring sensory info TO the brain
efferent: take messages FROM brain
Term
What are spinal enlargements?
Definition
widening of SC regions due to presence of peripheral nerve cell bodies
Term
What is the cervical and lumbar enlargement?
Definition
cervical: forms the brachial plexus
lumbar: forms lumbosacral plexus
Term
What is the conus medullaris?
Definition
pointed cone-shaped end of spinal cord at L1-2
Term
What is the cauda equina?
Definition
-dorsal and ventral nerve roots at caudal end of SC
-fills in vertebral canal with "horses tail"
Term
What is the dura mater?
Definition
-outer meninge
-outermost fibrous layer of dense connective tissue
-protective outer meningeal covering that extends over the nerve roots as well
Term
What is the epidural space?
Definition
-space between the vertebrae and dura mater
-contains fat
-between the bony arch and the dura mater
-fat acts as cushion around vital nerve system
Term
What is the lumbar cistern?
Definition
-pouch formed by dura mater, inferior to conus medullaris
-contains the cauda equina
-used for lumbar punctures
Term
What is the arachnoid mater?
Definition
-middle meninge
-delicate membrane which contains numerous fibers that give it a spider web like appearance
Term
What is the subarachnoid space?
Definition
-between the arachnoid and pia mater
-contains the cerebrospinal fluid, same fluid in the lumbar cistern, which is circulated through the CNS in this space
-provides a hydraulic barrier between the spinal cord and the bony arch, which helps absorb shock
Term
What is the pia mater?
Definition
-innermost meninge
-very thin and adherant to the spinal cord
-has yellowed appearance
Term
What are the denticulate ligaments?
Definition
-toothlike extension of pia mater which attach the spinal cord to the arachnoid and dura
-20-22 pairs along the length of the cord
-seen as little white teeth on each side of cord
Term
What is the filum terminale?
Definition
thin, threadlike extension of the pia mater which anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum
Term
Why are there 8 cervical spinal nerve roots instead of 7?
Definition
-the nerves exit above the cervical vertebrae while everywhere else they exit below
-C8 exits above T1
Term
Where do the ventral and dorsal rami go?
Definition
ventral: anterior and lateral trunk and extremities
dorsal: goes to deep back
Term
What are dermatomes?
Definition
-areas of skin innervated by the cutaneous branch of a single spinal nerve
-lateral forearm=C6
-L3 to the knee, L4 to the floor
Term
What is a lumbar puncture?
Definition
-obtaining CSF from lumbar cistern
-diagnostic tool used for evaluating nervous system disorders
-penetrates the ligamentum flavum in order to enter the spinal cord
Term
What are the Rami of the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5-C8
T1
Term
What are the Trunks of the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5-6=upper
C7=middle
C8-T1=lower
Term
What are the Divisions of the brachial plexus?
Definition
all trunks divide into anterior and posterior
Term
What are the Cords of the brachial plexus?
Definition
anterior divisions of upper and lower=lateral
anterior division of middle=medial
all posterior divisions=posterior
Term
What are the Branches of the brachial plexus?
Definition
musculotaneous from lateral cord
median from lateral and medial cord
ulnar from medial cord
radial from posterior cord
axillary from posterior cord
Term
What happens if the musculotaneous nerve is injured?
Definition
weak flexion and supination of forearm
Term
What happens if the radial nerve is injured?
Definition
weak extension of forearm and wrist (wrist drop)
Term
What happens if the median nerve is injured?
Definition
inability to flex 2nd and 3rd digits (pope's hand) and thenar weakness
Term
What happens if the ulnar nerve is injured?
Definition
loss of hand muscle strength except thenar group (claw hand)
Term
What rami does the sciatic nerve originate from? Obturator? Femoral? Tibial? Common Fibular?
Definition
sciatic: L4-S3
Obturator: L2-L4
Femoral: L2-L4
Tibial: L4-S3
Common Fibular: L4-S2
Term
What is the sciatic nerve?
Definition
-supplies entire lower extremity except for anterior and medial thigh
-divides in the posterior thigh
Term
What is the tibial nerve?
Definition
-larger, medial component of the sciatic nerve
-supplies most of the hamstrings and the posterior leg
-goes posterior to medial malleolus
-supplies all foot muscles as it bifricates into medial/lateral plantars
Term
What are the medial/lateral plantar nerves?
Definition
-terminal branches of the tibial nerve
-arise at the medial posterior foot
-innervate the 4 plantar muscle layers
Term
What is the common fibular nerve?
Definition
-smaller lateral division of sciatic nerve
-wraps around head of fibula and splits into:
superficial fibular nerve (lateral leg)
deep fibular nerve (anterior leg)
Term
What happens if the femoral nerve is injured?
Definition
loss of leg extension
Term
What happens if the obturator nerve is injured?
Definition
loss of thigh adduction
Term
What happens if the tibial nerve is injured?
Definition
-loss of plantar flexion and weak foot inversion
-weakness in hamstring actions: knee flexion and thigh extension
Term
What happens if the superficial fibular nerve is injured?
Definition
loss of foot eversion
Term
What happens if the deep fibular nerve is injured?
Definition
loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop) and weak foot inversion
Term
What is a herniated disk?
Definition
-rupture of annulus fibrous rings
-allows protrusion of the viscous nucleus pulposus out into intervertebral foramen space
-painfully compresses nerve root exiting from cord
Term
What is the cell body?
Definition
region with multiple small extensions coming off of it
Term
What are dendrites?
Definition
-extensions coming off of body
-receive information from other neurons and deliver that info into the body
Term
What are Nissl Bodies?
Definition
-rough ER
-chromatophillic--> accept stains very well, reason why grey matter stains dark
Term
What is the axon hillock?
Definition
action potentials are initiated here
Term
What is the axon?
Definition
runs the length of the cell and propogates the action potential
Term
What is the difference between a bipolar, psuedo-unipolar, and multipolar neuron?
Definition
bipolar: cell body in between dendrite and axon
pseudo-unipolar: bulbous, sac-like body with dendrite on one side and axon on other
multipolar: body with dendrites coming off and then long axon coming off of it
Term
What is an astrocyte?
Definition
-CNS support cell
-exchange between capillaries and neurons
-control chemical environment
-take up neurotransmitters
Term
What is a microglia?
Definition
-CNS support cell
-monitor the health of neurons
-phagocytic
Term
What are ependymal cells?
Definition
-CNS support cells
-help form CSF
-help circulate CSF
Term
What are oligodendrocytes?
Definition
-CNS support cells
-form the myelin sheath in the CNS
Term
What are satellite cells?
Definition
-PNS support cells
-surround the cell bodies of neuron in ganglia
-supportive to neurons
Term
What are Schwann cells?
Definition
-PNS support cells
-form the myelin sheath in the PNS
Term
What factors affect conduction velocity?
Definition
-axon diameter: larger the diameter, faster it will conduct a curent
-myelin sheath: myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons
Term
What are nodes of ranvier?
Definition
-spaces between adjacent schwann cells
Term
What is a group A nerve fiber?
Definition
-largest diameter and degree of myelination=fasted conducting
-somatic motor and sensory innervation
-fast (sharp) pain
Term
What is a group B nerve fiber?
Definition
-lightly myelinated
-autonomic motor and sensory and light touch/pain
-sense from skin
Term
What is a group C nerve fiber?
Definition
-smallest diameter and unmyelinated=slowest conducting
-visceral, some touch
-slow (dull/achy) pain
Term
What is the structure of a nerve?
Definition
-endoneurium: surrounds individual processes of neurons
-perineurium: covers fascicles
-epineurium: covers nerve
Term
What happens in multiple sclerosis?
Definition
-myelin sheaths in CNS are destroyed and sclerotic
-autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks myelin
-symptoms: cycles of relapse and remission, visual & speech disturbance, weaness, urinary incontinence, heat intolerance
Term
What is continuous conduction?
Definition
-propagation in an unmyelinated cell
-propagation from one specific area to another
-Na+-K+ channels open and close sequntially along the membrane
-voltage-gated channels are located all along the length of the membrane
Term
What is saltatory conduction?
Definition
-propagation of AP in myelinated nerves
1. Na+ enters axon through voltage gated channels and flows along to node 2
2. Na+ depolarizes voltage gated channels at node 2 so Na+ starts to enter there, while at node 1 K+ is leaving
3. Na+ ions move to node 3 and there they depolarize the membrane, while at node 3 K+ is leaving the membrane
Term
What is an axo-dendritic synapse?
Definition
B-----B-----
AP-->
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