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Final Lab Exam
Lab Final
100
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/01/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Compare appearance of tongue papillae in cats and humans.
Definition
-Cat has numerous sharp, bristly filiform papillae.
-Human papillae are less numerous, blunted, and softer
Term
Compare number of lobes of liver in cats and humans.
Definition
-Cat liver has 5 lobes
-Human liver has 4
Term
Does that have a uvula or an appendix?
Definition
No.
Term
Explain different adult dental formulas in cats and humans.
Definition
-Cats are carnivores and need extra incisors for biting. They have a reduced need for grinding and thus have fewer molars.
Term
How does the position of the kidneys in the cat differ from their position in humans?
Definition
-Cat kidneys are located at the same level or the right kidney is more anterior
-Human kidneys, the left is more superior
-Both are retroperitoneal
Term
Distinguish between a ureter and urethra.
Definition
-Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
-Urethra carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior
Term
How does the site of urethral emptying in the female cat differ from its termination point in the human female?
Definition
Human: empties to the body exterior
Cat: empties into the urogenital sinus along with the vagina
Term
What is a urogenital sinus?
Definition
It is a common chamber into which the urethra and vagina enter
Term
What gland encircles the neck of the bladder in the male? Is it part of the urinary system? What is it's function?
Definition
Prostate; No, part of the male reproductive system; Produces a secretion which contributes to seminal fluid
Term
Compare the location of the adrenal glands in the cat to the location in humans.
Definition
Humans: Sits atop the kidneys
Cats: Superior, separate, and medial to the kidneys
Term
Loc. Axillary Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Armpit
Term
Loc. Bone Marrow (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
within bone
Term
Loc. Cervical Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys)
Definition
Neck
Term
Loc. Cistema Chyli (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Epigastric region (inferior to heart)
Term
Loc. nguinal Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Pelvic Region (Left Side)
Term
Loc. Lymphatic Vessels (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Run down legs
Term
Loc. Peyer's Patches (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
In intestine
Term
Loc. Right Lymphatic Duct (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Right side below neck
Term
Loc. Spleen (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Left side; Left of heart and lower
Term
Thoracic Duct (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Below neck; almost middle
Term
Thymus (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
Situated right above heart
Term
Tonsils (Lym. Sys.)
Definition
"Face"
Term
Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood vascular system is a two-way system.
Definition
Lymphatic System lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries; "Return" system only

Blood vessels form a complete circuit to and from the heart.
Term
How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?
Definition
They are thin walled and have valves.
Term
Difference between Lymphatic Capillaries and Blood Capillaries.
Definition
Lymph Capillaries are more permeable and are blind-ended.
Term
What is the name given to the terminal duct draining most of the body?
Definition
Thoracic Duct.
Term
What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid?
Definition
-"Milking" action of skeletal muscles
-Pressure changes in the thorax
Term
What is the cisterna chyli?
Definition
-Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct
-Receives lymph from the digestive viscera
Term
Lymph in Cisterna Chyli vs General Lymph Stream.
Definition
-Same, except that lymph in the cisterna chyli is very FAT RICH
Term
Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct?
Definition
Right half of upper torso, head, and arm
Term
Note three areas where lymph noes are densely clustered.
Definition
-Axillary Region
-Cervical Region
-Inguinal Region (groin)
Term
Loc. Middle Concha (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Middle Face (behind nose)
Term
Loc. Hard Palate (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Roof of Mouth
Term
Epiglottis (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Below mouth towards throat
Term
Thyroid Gland (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Lump close to skin on throat
Term
Trachea (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Below thyroid gland and farther back towards middle of throat
Term
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Back of mouth and throat
Above mouth
Term
Uvula (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
Below pharyngeal tonsil
-back of mouth
Term
Oropharynx (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
below uvula
-back of throat
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
voice box below oropharynx
Term
Vocal Fold (True Vocal Cord) (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
middle of throat halfway down
Term
Esophagus (Resp. Sys.)
Definition
tube going down middle of throat
Term
Upper and Lower Respiratory System Structures: Front (Mouth) and Back (Throat)
Definition
Mouth Side (Top to Bottom)
-Middle Concha
-Hard Palate
-Epiglottis
-Thyroid Gland
-Trachea

Throat Side (Right side)
-Pharyngeal Tonsil
-Uvula
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
-Vocal Fold
-Esophagus
Term
Lymphatic System Structures (Anatomical View)
Definition
Right Side (Top to Bottom)
-Right Lymphatic Duct
-Axillary Lymph Nodes
-Cisterna Chyli
-Bone Marrow

Left Side (Top to Bottom)
-Tonsils
-Cervical Lymph Nodes
-Thoracic Duct
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Peyer's Patches (Intenstine)
-Inguinal Lymph Nodes
-Lymphatic Vessels
Term
Which pair of vocal cords are the true vocal cords found in the larynx?
Definition
Inferior pair
Term
Larynx cartilage that forms the Adam's Apple?
Definition
Thyroid
Term
Larynx cartilage that is shaped like a signet ring?
Definition
Cricoid
Term
Larynx cartilage that is a "lid" for the larynx?
Definition
Epiglottis
Term
Larynx cartilage that is a vocal cord attachment?
Definition
Arytenoid
Term
What is the significance of the fact that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?
Definition
Prevents its collapse during pressure changes occurring during breathing.
Term
Name two functions of the nasa cavity mucosa.
Definition
-Warms incoming air
-Moistens incoming air
Term
Structures of Lungs (Anatomical View) Right and Left Sides and MIddle
Definition
Between Lungs (Top to Bottom)
-Trachea
-Main (primary) Bronchi

Right Lung (Top to Bottom)
-Superior Lobe of Right Lung
-Inferior Lobe
-Middle Lobe

Left Lung (top to bottom)
-superior lobe of left lung
-lobar (secondary) bronchus
-segmental (tertiary) bronchus
-inferior lobe
Term
Trachea (Des.)
Definition
-connects the larynx to the primary bronchi
Term
Pharynx (Des.)
Definition
-site of tonsils
Term
Esophagus (Des.)
Definition
-food passageway posterior to the trachea
Term
Epiglottis (Des.)
Definition
-covers the glottis during swallowing of food
Term
Larynx (Des.)
Definition
-contains the vocal cords
Term
Alveolus (Des.)
Definition
-site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood
Term
Opening of the Pharyngotympanic Tube (Des.)
Definition
-connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Term
Concha (Des.)
Definition
-increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity
Term
Palate (Des.)
Definition
-separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Term
External Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Oxygen-using cellular processes (that produce energy) with tissue cells
Term
The tubelike digestive canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the _____
Definition
Alimentary canal or the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Term
What transition in epithelial type exists at the grastroesophageal junction?
Definition
Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach)
Term
Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine.
Definition
-large intestine includes the colon, but also the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal
Term
Digestive System Structures (Anatomical View)
Definition
Right Side (top to bottom)
-vestibule
-sublingual gland and ducts
-gallbladder

Left Side
-parotid gland and duct
-pharynx
-esophagus
-pyloric portion of the stomach
-pancreas with duct
-transverse colon
-descending colon
Term
Histological Structure of Stomach
Definition
-looks like a very long strand that takes up almost whole slide (like snake game)
Term
Histological Structure of the Ileum (distal small intestine)
Definition
-looks like reef on top
-has two balls (peyer's patches) at the bottom of slide
Term
Histological Structure of the Duodenum (proximal small intestine)
Definition
-has like snake strand at top then space
-small clusters at the bottom of slide
Term
Duodenal Glands (Produce)
Definition
-produce mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine
Term
Gastric Glands (Produce)
Definition
-produce HCl and Pepsinogen
Term
Intestinal Crypts (Produce)
Definition
-intestinal juice
-found in the mucosa of the small intestine
Term
Liver (Produce)
Definition
-Produces bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct
Term
Pancreas (Produces)
Definition
-Produces a whole spectrum of enzymes that an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum
Term
Salivary Glands (Produce)
Definition
-Produces a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth
Term
What is the role of the gallbladder?
Definition
To store and concentrate bile made by the liver
Term
Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver.
Definition
-Branch of the Bile Duct
-Branch of Hepatic Artery
-Branch of Hepatic Portal Vein
Term
At what pH did you see the highest activity of salivary amylase? Why? (Carbohydrate Digestion)
Definition
-7
-Salivary amylase is active in the mouth, which has a pH of 7
Term
What effect did boiling have on enzyme activity? Why? (Carbohydrate Digestion)
Definition
-Boiling caused the protein salivary amylase to be denatured, thus inactivating the enzyme
Term
Describe the substrate and the subunit product of amylase. (Carbohydrate Digestion)
Definition
The substrate is starch; the product is maltose
Term
Does amylase use cellulose as a substrate? Explain. (Carbohydrate Digestion)
Definition
No; amylase is an enzyme that does not digest cellulose, only starch
Term
At what pH did you see the highest activity of pepsin? How does this correlate to the location of pepsin in the body?
Definition
-2
-Pepsin is found in the stomach where the pH is 2
Term
What was the significance of using 37 C for the incubation?
Definition
37 C is body temperature
Term
Describe the effect of increasing the afferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System)
Definition
Both increase
Term
Describe the effect of decreasing the efferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System)
Definition
Both Increase
Term
Describe the effect of increasing the efferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System)
Definition
Both Decrease
Term
Describe the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular filtration rate. (Renal System)
Definition
GFR Increases
Term
Describe the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular pressure. (Renal System)
Definition
GP Increases
Term
As you increased the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, what happened to the concentration of the urine? (Renal System)
Definition
When ADH is present, urine concentration increases
Term
What happened to the volume of the urine as you increased the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid?
Definition
When ADH is present, urine volume is decreased
Term
What effect does the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid have on the maximum urine concentration? (Renal System)
Definition
When ADH is present, urine concentration equals the interstitial fluid concentration.
Term
Describe how the pH of the blood changes with an increase in the level of CO2. (Acid-Base)
Definition
Blood pH decreases with an increase in the level of CO2
Term
What happened to the level of H+ in the urine as the level of CO2 decreased? (Acid-Base)
Definition
As the level of CO2 decreased, the amount of H+ in the urine decreased
Term
Which type of breathing results in respiratory alkalosis? (Acid-Base)
Definition
Hyperventilation
Term
Explain how the renal system compensates for respiratory acidosis. (Acid-Base)
Definition
The renal system releases H+ and retains HCO3- to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
Term
Which type of breathing results in respiratory acidosis? (Acid-Base)
Definition
Rebreathing and holding
Term
List some other potential causes of metabolic acidosis. (Acid-Base)
Definition
-Ketoacidosis
-Salicylate Poisoning
-Ingestion of too much alcohol
-Diarrhea
-Strenuous exercise
Term
List some other potential causes of metabolic alkalosis. (Acid-Base)
Definition
-Alkali Ingestion (antacids/bicarbonate)
-vomiting
-constipation
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