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Final Exam Review
Study Guide Review for Final
190
Anatomy
12th Grade
06/10/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
muscle cell
Term
Myofibril
Definition
made of myofilaments
Term
Myofilament
Definition
actin and myosin which cause striations in the muscle cells
Term
Motor unit
Definition
all of the muscle fibers stimulated by one motor neuron, strength of a contraction depends on the number of motor units activated
Term
Epimysium
Definition
surrounds the whole muscle
Term
Perimysium
Definition
surrounds fascicles of muscle cells
Term
Endomysium
Definition
surrounds each muscle fiber
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane that's electrically polarized
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
proper term for muscle cell cytoplasm
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
contractile unit, 2 microns long, between two Z discs
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
smooth ER, surround each myofibril, stores Ca ions, releases upon stimulation for contraction, regulates the intracellular levels of Ca ions
Term
T tubules
Definition
continuation of the sarcolemma that allows impulses to be conducted to the deep regions of the muscle cell
Term
I bands
Definition
thin filaments of actin, appear light in color
Term
A bands
Definition
thick filaments of myosin, appear dark in color
Term
desmin
Definition
What protein holds thick filaments together, located near the M line
Term
H zone
Definition
this area in the sarcomere is made up of only myosin
Term
actin
Definition
myofilament that makes up the I band
Term
myosin
Definition
myofilament that causes the A band to appear darker
Term
titin
Definition
protein that makes up the elastic filaments connecting myosin to the Z disc
Term
glycogen
Definition
storage form of glucose, starch
Term
lactic acid
Definition
lowers the blood pH, releases O2 from hemoglobin, carried by blood to liver to become glucose
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
the neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles of the neuron
Term
isometric exercise
Definition
muscle tension increases but no load is moved, no shortening of muscle, force of muscle met by an equal opposing force, causes greater hypertrophy and increase in strength, increase muscle size
Term
isotonic exercise
Definition
muscle shortens and moves a load, muscles shorten, not much increase in tension, better for cardiovascular workout, increases the vascularity of skeletal and cardiac muscles
Term
insertion
Definition
attaches to the movable bone
Term
origin
Definition
attachment to the less movable bone, anchoring side
Term
lactic acid (during contraction use)
Definition
waste product that causes muscle fatigue and cramps
Term
Abduction
Definition
movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body along the frontal plane
Term
Adduction
Definition
movement of a limb toward the body or midline or toward the midline of the hand or foot
Term
Flexion
Definition
bending movement, decreases the angle of a joint, usually occurs along the sagittal plane
Term
Extension
Definition
increasing the angle between two articulating bones
Term
Rotation
Definition
turning of a bone around its own long axis
Term
circumduction
Definition
moving a limb so that its distal end draws a circle
Term
Synergist
Definition
help prime movers by adding a little extra force in the same direction or act as joint stabilizers
Term
Antagonist
Definition
muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement, prime movers and antagonists are located on opposite sides of a joint
Term
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
two subdivisions of the nervous system
Term
hyperextension
Definition
when an angle exceeds 180 degrees between two articulating bones
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
depressing the foot, pointing the toes downward
Term
opposition
Definition
touching the thumb to the tips of other fingers
Term
inversion
Definition
sole of foot moves medially (faces inward)
Term
eversion
Definition
sole of foot move laterally (faces outward)
Term
supinate
Definition
rotate the forearm laterally so that the palm faces superiorly or anteriorly
Term
pronate
Definition
the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces posteriorly or interiorly
Term
protract
Definition
jut out the jaw
Term
CNS
Definition
division of nervous system with brain stem and spinal cord
Term
PNS
Definition
division of nervous system with nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
Term
sensory
Definition
part of the PNS that carries information from sensory receptors to the CNS, towards CNS
Term
motor
Definition
part of the PNS that transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, muscles or glands; away from CNS
Term
afferent
Definition
the sensory division of the PNS is also known as the ____ division
Term
efferent
Definition
the motor division of the PNS is also known as the _____ division
Term
cell body, axon, axon terminal
Definition
neuron structure contains three things...
Term
12 cranial, 31 spinal
Definition
___ pairs of cranial nerves, ___ pairs of spinal nerves
Term
sympathetic
Definition
division of the ANS that readies body for emergencies, uses energy, "fight or flight"
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
division of the ANS that runs day to day activities, energy conserving
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
part of the motor division that conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Term
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Definition
part of the motor division that contains visceral motor nerves and regulates the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
Term
RIGHT
Definition
part of the brain responsible for... visual-spacial skills, intuition, identifying objects, artistic and musical skills, creative abilities, recognizing faces, emotion
Term
LEFT
Definition
part of the brain responsible for... language abilities, math, logic, speaking, intellectual functions with language, reading
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
largest part of the brain with a conscious mind, awareness of self and sensations, communication, remembering and understanding, initiates voluntary movement
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
these supporting cells of the CNS form the insulating myelin sheath around neurons
Term
myelinated
Definition
white matter is myelinated or unmyelinated
Term
multipolar neuron
Definition
type of neuron we draw, major neuron in the CNS, many dendrites on one axon
Term
-70 mV
Definition
resting membrane potential for a polarized membrane
Term
3 Na+ out of cell
2 K+ into cell
Definition
how does the sodium potassium pump work? (# into/out of)
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
largest commisure fiber, connects the two hemispheres
Term
sulcus/ sulci
Definition
shallow grooves, separate the lobes
Term
gyrus/gyri
Definition
elevated ridges on a brain
Term
fissure
Definition
the deep groves, separate large regions of the brain
Term
frontal
Definition
area of lobe that runs conscious intellect and judgement, olfactory bulbs underneath
Term
occipital
Definition
lobe of brain involved in sight
Term
parietal
Definition
lobe of brain that is an area for somatosensory association (receiving information to then understanding), taste
Term
temporal
Definition
lobe of brain that allows hearing
Term
insula
Definition
lobe of brain that is deep within the lateral sulcus
Term
precentral gyrus
Definition
gyrus for the primary motor area
Term
postcentral gyrus
Definition
gyrus for the primary somatosensory area
Term
occipito-parietal
Definition
sulcus that separates the occipital and parietal lobes
Term
longitudinal
Definition
fissure between the hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
transverse
Definition
fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
midbrain
Definition
cerebral aqueduct runs through it, area of pain suppression, “fight or flight”, eye movements, contains corpora quadrigemina
Term
pons
Definition
links motor cortex and the cerebellum, regulates respiration, normal rhythm of breathing, cranial nerves V (sensations of head and face, chewing), VI (eye movements), and VII (expressions, taste)
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
all tracts between the spinal cord and the brain passes here, decussation of the pyramids, autonomic reflex center, maintains homeostasis, force and rate of heart contraction, vasomotor center for blood pressure, rate and depth of breathing, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulate food intake, regulates water balance and thirst, regulate sleep and wake cycles, control of endocrine functioning
Term
thalamus
Definition
major relay center for all sensory information (except smell) to the cerebrum, sorts out information and relays to the appropriate areas of sensory and assoc. cortex, mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
Term
pineal gland
Definition
secretes melatonin (induces sleep)
Term
cerebellum
Definition
makes muscles movements smooth, maintains muscle tone and posture, uses feedback control to compare movement instructions from the cerebrum to actual performance and compensates for errors, needs constant input from muscles, tendons, inner ear and cerebrum, doesn’t store information, alcoholism can damage it
Term
order of the meninges from superficial to deep
Definition
dura mater - arachnoid layer - pia mater
Term
amnesia
Definition
lack or loss of memory, can’t recall experiences
Term
Alzheimers
Definition
presenile dementia, degenerative, loss of memory or recent events
Term
Aphasia
Definition
loss of language function, injury to language areas
Term
ataxia
Definition
loss of ability to coordinate voluntary movement
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
motor disorders from CNS damage at birth
Term
Stroke (CVA)
Definition
ischemia, or hemorrhagic injury to brain from vascular disorder, results from a blood clot
Term
ischemia
Definition
(blocked blood vessels)
Term
coma
Definition
unconsciousness, patient can’t be aroused
Term
concussion
Definition
loss of consciousness due to a blow to the head, temporary impairment of higher mental functions; causes “dizziness” and “seeing stars”
Term
contusion
Definition
bruised brain from head trauma, loss of consciousness
Term
dementia
Definition
mental deterioration
Term
Encephalitis
Definition
viral inflammation of the brain
Term
Hemiplegia
Definition
paralysis on one side of the body
Term
Huntington’s Disease
Definition
hereditary, begins in adulthood and causes mental deterioration; rapid, jerky, involuntary movements
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
person frequently falls asleep at inappropriate times
Term
Poliomyelitis
Definition
acute viral infection, may cause lesions resulting in paralysis
Term
plasma
Definition
blood term made of 90% water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
scientific term for red blood cells, carry O2, biconcave discs, no nucleus or organelles, hemoglobin
Term
hematocrit
Definition
packed red blood cell volume that measures anemia
Term
men 42 +/- 5
men 47 +/- 5
Definition
hematocrit number for men and women
Term
anemia
Definition
low RBC count, low hemoglobin, or abnormal hemoglobin
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
bright red, in arteries, oxygenated type of hemoglobin
Term
reduced hemoglobin
Definition
dark red, veins, no oxygen type of hemoglobin
Term
carbamino hemoglobin
Definition
CO2 combines with reduced hemoglobin
Term
7.35-7.45
Definition
pH of blood
Term
5.5 liters
Definition
average amount of blood in a person (liters)
Term
100-120
Definition
cycle for a RBC lasts how many days
Term
carboxyhemoglobin
Definition
CO binds to hemoglobin strongly, normal level is 0.5%, in smokers it's 5-16%
Term
reticulocyte
Definition
remnants of ribosomes left used for diagnostics, last cycle of a RBC before it becomes a erythrocyte
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
increase in RBC (bone marrow cancer, blood doping, low O2 availability)
Term
kidneys
Definition
where is erythropoietin released from
Term
erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
hormones that work in response to low RBC or O2 (hypoxia), encourages erythropoiesis
Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
Definition
3 granular leukocytes
Term
monocytes, lymphocytes
Definition
2 agranular leukocytes
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
increase in infectious mono, viral infections; large, dark-purple nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm
Term
monocyte
Definition
increase in Tuberculosis, fungal infections, monocytic leukemias; nucleus shaped like a U or kidney
Term
basophil
Definition
involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions; large coarse purple-black granules
Term
eosinophil
Definition
increase during allergic reactions, parasitic infections; red, phone receiver nucleus
Term
neutrophil
Definition
increase may indicate bacterial infection, inflammation; cytoplasm pale lilac
Term
platelets
Definition
fragments of megakaryocytes, help blood clot
Term
Megakaryocytes
Definition
cell that creates blood
Term
acute leukemia
Definition
fast acting leukemia seen in children
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
term when WBC amount is greater than 11,00 and usually indicates infection
Term
chronic leukemia
Definition
leukemia in later stages in cells, slow acting, found in elderly
Term
leukopenia
Definition
decrease in WBC
Term
leukemia
Definition
causes reduced immunity, RBC count, and/or platelets; causes bleeding problems
Term
leukopenia
Definition
viral infections, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver, exposure to radiation causes
Term
mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+, needs RhoGAM
Definition
Rh situation in erythroblastosis fetalis
Term
anti D antibodies with IgM medicine
Definition
what is RhoGAM
Term
Rh+ -> Rh+
Rh- -> Rh+/-
Definition
Rh- can donate to ____
Rh+ can donate to ____
Term
AB+
Definition
universal recipient
Term
O-
Definition
universal donor
Term
Lansteiner and Wiener
Definition
men who discovered Rh system
Term
atria (atrium)
Definition
upper chambers in a heart called
Term
ventricles
Definition
lower chambers in a heart called
Term
deoxygenated
Definition
right side of a heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated
Term
oxygenated
Definition
left side of a heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
left and right side of hearts act together in a _________ (type of system)
Term
epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Definition
3 layers of the walls in a heart (superficial to deep)
Term
Superior and inferior vena cavas
Definition
blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from upper and lower body back to heart (right atrium)
Term
aorta
Definition
largest artery, carries oxygenated blood from left ventricles to body
Term
pulmonary arteries
Definition
blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
blood vessels that return oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Term
Atrioventricular valves
Definition
located between atria and ventricles, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract,
Term
right AV valve- tricuspid valve
left AV valve- biscuspid/ mitral valve
Definition
right AV valve that carries deoxygenated blood
left AV valve that carries oxygenated blood
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition
located at the base of the two large arteries leaving the ventricles
Term
Pulmonary semilunar valves
Definition
valves located at the right ventricle/pulmonary arteries
Term
Aortic semilunar valves
Definition
valves located at the left ventricle/aorta
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
heart rate the exceeds the normal resting rate
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
heart rate that is lower than the normal resting heart rate
Term
defibrillation
Definition
stops the pacemaker of the heart in order to try to start the normal heartbeat again
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
heart attack, sudden decrease in blood supply to the heart, caused by block blood vessels
Term
cardiac arrest
Definition
heart stops beating completely, may be restarted with external cardiac massage
Term
cardiac aneurism
Definition
ballooning out of the heart wall caused by a weakened myocardium
Term
cardiac tampanade
Definition
heart ruptures and blood pours into the pericardial cavity, leads to death
Term
blood pressure
Definition
force that blood exerts in all directions in any given area, maintains a stable movement of blood
Term
Parotid glands
Definition
salivary glands inferior/anterior to ears, superficial to masseter muscle,releases salivary amylase
Term
submandibular glands
Definition
salivary gland near base of tongue within mandible
Term
Sublingual glands
Definition
smallest salivary gland located under the tongue
Term
teeth, mouth, salivary glands
Definition
three organs responsible for masticating food, form it into a bolus
Term
systole
-----------
diastole
Definition
what is blood pressure in terms of systole and diastole
Term
120/80
Definition
normal blood pressure
Term
arrythmia
Definition
any alteration in normal rhythm
Term
oropharynx (back of throat)
Definition
organ responsible for the process of swallowing
Term
deglutition
Definition
process of swallowing is called
Term
larynx
Definition
voicebox
Term
esophagus
Definition
25 cm long organ, circular/longitudinal muscle, responsible for peristalsis
Term
serosa - muscularis - submucosa - mucosa
Definition
4 layers of tissues of the walls of the digestive tract (superficial to deep)
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
organ where the epiglottis closes off trachea so food cannot enter, closes off epiglottis so air can travel down the trachea
Term
gastrointestinal tract
Definition
alimentary canal where food travels down is known as the
Term
peristalsis
Definition
contraction and relaxation of muscles which propels the food down the esophagus
Term
superior - gastroesophageal sphincter
inferior - pyloric sphincter
Definition
superior and inferior opening of the stomach
Term
Stomach
Definition
organ that breaks down food, gastric juice made of: mucus, HCl, gastric lipase, pepsinogen
Term
pancreas
Definition
organ that secretes: sodium bicarbonate=raises pH to make neutral, pancreatic amylase=breaks down starch, pancreatic lipase=breaks down fats
Term
liver
Definition
organ that removes excess nutrients from blood, glyconeogenesis, synthesizes plasma proteins and blood clotting factors; stores iron, copper, vitamins D, D, E, K, B12; detoxifies harmful substances, phagoctizes old blood cells, activation of vitamin D
Term
small intestines
Definition
food remains in this organ for 3-5 hours and is responsible for most digestion and absorption, about 18-20 ft long
Term
duodenum - jejunum - ileum
Definition
sections of the small intestines (in order of passage)
Term
large intestine
Definition
the function of this organ is to absorb water, vitamins, Na, Cl and form feces
Term
hypthalamus
Definition
section of the brain that regulates food intake
Term
ileocecal sphincter
Definition
the opening of the large intestine is called the
Term
cecum
Definition
pouch in the beginning of the large intestine that receives fecal matter from the ileum and connects to the ascending colon
Term
ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon
Definition
four colons in the large intestines (in order of passage)
Term
defecation
Definition
elimination of feces is called
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