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| the domestication of animals that caused people to produce permanent settlements and food surpluses. |
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| A powerful coalition made up of many different groups operating separately that originated the tidal wave of violence in 1200 BC. |
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| Written law code that focused on the principles of truth and equity. "an eye for an eye" |
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| an independent community of citizens inhabiting a city and the countryside around it. |
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| When Hebrews were captured and brought into slavery in Babylon. |
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| The alliance of Athens with city-states in northern Greece, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and along the Ionian coast - places most threatened by Persia. |
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| Athenian form of government; Balanced 2 goals: 1) Participation by as many ordinary male citizens as possible in direct democracy; 2)Selective leadership by elite citizens |
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| Conveys the most significant characteristic of the period; reintroduced monarchy to Greek culture for the first time in a thousand years. |
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| Third Century Crisis of Rome |
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| Military expenses provoked a financial crisis that fed a political crisis. Invasions on the northern and eastern frontiers forces Roman emperors to expand the army, but no new revenues came in to meet the extra costs. |
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| "The way of the ancestors;" their way was better |
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| The Hannibalic War - cut over the Alps to take Rome; tries to take elephants with him like the Gauls, and get them on his side. Battle of Cannae - last battle to get support from Rome's allies |
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| The earliest Roman law code; enacted 450's BC; guaranteed greater equality and social mobility. |
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| Enforced religious freedom; signed in by Constantine |
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| Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius; adopted each other instead of passing down through biological family; 96-180 |
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| Dictated the agreed upon beliefs of Christianity - mainly that the Father and the Son were "of one substance" and co-eternal. |
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| Signed into action by King John to restrict the king's power over the congress |
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| shrine to Allah that determines what tribe will control all religions |
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| Pippin's donation of land to the church in exchange for the title of power as King |
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| started the first crusade in 1095 |
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| "icon breaking" referring to the destruction of icons, or images of holy people. Byzantine emperors banned icons from 726-787; another ban was revived in 815-843 |
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| The long war between England and France, 1337-1453; produced numerous social upheavals yet left both states more powerful than before. |
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| the confrontation between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV that began in 1075 over the appointment of prelates in some Italian cities and grew into a dispute over the nature of church leadership. It ended in 1122 with the Concordat of Worms. |
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| literary and linguistic movement cultivated during the Renaissance (1350-1600) and founded on reviving classical Latin and Greek texts, styles, and values. |
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| military district of Byzantium; created in seventh century and served mainly defensive purposes. |
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| collective name for the wars waged by the Christian princes of Spain against the Muslim-ruled regions to the south |
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| the first born son is the heir to the throne |
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| the method of logical inquiry used by the scholastics, the scholars of the medieval universities; it applied Aristotelian logic to biblical and other authoritative texts in an attempt to summarize and reconcile all knowledge |
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| The caliphs who traced their ancestry to Umayyah, a member of Muhammad's tribe. The dynasty lasted from 661-750. |
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| the royal dynasty that ruled Gaul from 486-751 |
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| the ruling family of Florence during much of the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries |
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| Long-lasting dynasty of French kings, taking their name from Hugh Capet (r. 9987-996) |
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| took over the Umayyad dynasty |
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