Term
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Definition
| Periosteum, Compact Bone, Spongy Bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Head, vertebra, ribs, ears |
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Term
| Appendicular Skeleton Bones |
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Definition
| Shoulders, arms, pelvis, legs |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Medullary Cavity |
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Term
| Classification of joints and SAD |
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Definition
Fibrous - Connected by fibrous tissue
Cartilaginous - Has cartilage and limited movement
Synovial - Most common type, lots of mobility, fluid-filled cavity
SAD: Synarthrosis (immobile), amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile), diarthrosis (mobile) |
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Term
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Definition
Flat - Protection, sometimes movement (Skull, ribs)
Long - Movement (Femur, humerus)
Short - Stability and support (Wrist/Ankle)
Sesamoid - Protects tendons (Patella)
Irregular - Protection (Facial/Vertebra) |
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Term
| Functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
| Support movement, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection vs lower bone density |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forms bone marrow, breaks down bone, sends out signal for more |
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Term
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Definition
| Limbs/movement vs Protection/Support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All bones start as cartilage, ossification starts in diaphysis at 2-3 months, secondary ossification occurs and forms epiphysis (growth plate) |
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Term
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Definition
Closed - Simple
Open - Tears skin
Transverse - Across
Spiral - Twist
Comminuted - Pieces
Impacted - Pressure
Greenstick - Chip
Oblique - Diagonal |
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Term
| Scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis |
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Definition
| Side, Back, Hunch forward |
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Term
| Nursemaid's Elbow and Colles Fracture |
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Definition
| Pulling on arm and Fall on hand |
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Term
| Male vs Female Pelvis Anatomy |
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Definition
| Narrow/Heavy/Taller vs Wider/Lighter/Oval |
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Term
| Red vs Yellow Bone Marrow |
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Definition
| Creates RBCs/WBCs vs Stores fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pivot - Side to side
Hinge - Bend along one axis
Saddle - Flexion/extension and ab/adduction
Plane - Any direction, restricted by ligaments
Condyloid - Flexion/extension and ab/adduction
Ball and socket - Any movement |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| Large, found everywhere but skeletal/small, medium/beats together |
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Term
| Functions of muscular system |
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Definition
| Movement, stability, heat generation, protection, circulation |
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Term
| Layers of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| Epimysium, perimysium, muscle facicles, muscle fibers, endomysium, sacrolema, myofibrils, sarcomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles repair themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle fibers die with age and cannot use same amount of force |
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Term
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Definition
| In the SA Node, keep beat 70-80 bpm |
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Term
| O/I of Sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Definition
Origin: Sternum/Clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone |
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Term
| 5 Fascicular arrangements of muscles |
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Definition
Parallel (NF) - Long, large muscle body
Parallel (F) - Long, no muscle body
Convergent - Meet up to one
Circular - Sphincter
Pennation - Fibers in directions |
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Term
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Definition
| Tract/Nucleus vs Nerve/Ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
Epineurium - Surrounds whole nerve
Perineurium - Surrounds fascicles
Endoneurium - Surrounds individual axons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Supports and scaffolds for the CNS and supports blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune defense of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Wraps axons in myelin and supports several axons with one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients/waste removal of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulate axons with myelin |
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Term
| Ruffini (bulbous) corpuscle vs Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle spindle vs Golgi tendon |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| From the back out the front |
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Term
| Macula vs Semicircular canals |
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Definition
| Linear position of head vs Rotational movement of head |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid chambers under semicircular canals that sense rotation |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases everything, increases digestion |
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Term
| Dorsal tract injury vs Spinothalamic tract injury |
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Definition
Loss of fine touch vs Loss of pain
(Opposite sides) |
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Term
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Definition
Ischemic - Blockage to brain
Hemorrhagic - Bleeding in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of nuclei that leads to loss of motor function |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of motor neuron axons and cell bodies that lead to paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to neuron synapses in brain which leads to memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretching/twisting of brain axons causes symptoms |
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Term
| Types of neurological exams |
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Definition
Mental status - Draw a clock
Coordination - Finger to nose |
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Term
| Broca's area vs Wernicke's area |
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Definition
| Speech Production vs Speech Understanding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| So see, every superior snake loves red eggs, heads move, throats swallow, stop tongue |
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Definition
| Smell, sight, eye movement, superior eye muscles, sensation of face, lateral rectus, expression, head movement, throat, swallow/vagus, shrug/shoulder/sternocleidomastoid, tongue muscles |
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Term
| Functions of the Endocrine System |
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Definition
| Maintain homeostasis, signals via hormones, long-term physiological responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor in pituitary gland causes excess growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Turns on thyroid gland vs Turns on adrenal gland (stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates milk vs Contractions/milk down to chest |
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Term
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Definition
| Rising calcium levels in blood, stops with parathyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive gland releases gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive gland releases estrogen/testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Melatonin based on light (tanning) |
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Term
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Definition
Type I - Body doesn't produce insulin
Type II - Body doesn't react to insulin |
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Term
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Definition
Tunica Externa - Outer collagen layer
Tunica Media - Thick layer of smooth muscle
Tunica Intima - Inner elastic layer |
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Term
| Types of Capillaries (all allow exchanging O2 with tissues) |
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Definition
Continuous -Small gaps for O2 exchange
Fenestrations - Large molecules
Sinusoid - Intercellular gaps for WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins |
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Term
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Definition
- Large lumen to hold blood
- Valves
- Skeletal muscle to pump blood against gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| An arterial loop that provides redundancy within the brain in case of a blockage |
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Term
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Definition
| Vein that connects two capillary beds |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver |
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Term
| Zones of Respiratory System |
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Definition
Top: Conduction (Control air flow in and out)
Bottom: Respiratory (Gas exchange) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Primary Bronchi -> Secondary Bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal Bronchiole -> Alveolar Duct -> Alveolar Sac -> Alveolus |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased mucus causes inflamed walls and during attacks, the small airway tightens up even more |
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Term
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Definition
| Equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment, clogged when sick |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac Notch vs Middle Lobe |
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Term
| Parietal vs Visceral Pleura |
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Definition
| Superficial (outer layer lines diaphragm) vs deep (inner layer lines lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphragm contacts and moves down to increase space for more air |
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Term
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Definition
| Air trapped in pleura space so lungs cannot expand |
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Term
| Functions of the Digestive System |
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Definition
| Propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Digestive muscles contract in esophagus to move food to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tissue holding organs in place in abdomen vs 2 tissue layers holding digestive organs in place |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cardia -> Fundus -> Body -> Pyloric Canal |
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Term
|
Definition
Chief Cells - Protein/fat digestion
Parietal Cells - HCL acid to break down food
Enteroendocrine cells - Hormones that regulate digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases secretion of gastric glands/pooping |
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Term
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Definition
| Tums to neutralize acid or Pepcid to stop Parietal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle smashes food together |
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Term
|
Definition
Absorption through villi
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Meets LI at cecum |
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Term
|
Definition
No apparent purpose
When infected, needs to be surgically removed |
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Term
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Definition
Only has microvilli
Goblet cells protect intestine from bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Ostomy bag placed on stoma to allow waste to pass |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces bile and processes nutrients, can regrow lobes |
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Term
| Liver cirrhosis vs Jaundice |
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Definition
| Hepatitis/alcoholism vs Liver stops breaking down bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores bile until it needs to process fats |
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Term
| Structures of gallbladder |
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Definition
| Body -> Fundus -> Neck -> Cystic duct -> Common bile duct |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine functions for blood glucose, produces digestive enzymes |
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Term
| Pathway of pancreatic juices |
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Definition
| Pancreatic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
Acinar cells - Digestive enzymes
Islet cells - Hormones for blood glucose levels
Bile - Fat
Pancreatic juices - Sugars, fats, protein |
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Term
|
Definition
Incisors, cuspid, premolars, molars
Crown, root, enamel, dentin |
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Term
| Functions of the Urinary System |
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Definition
| Filter blood to remove waste, regulate water concentration, regulate blood pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
Renal Hilum - Renal vein
Renal Column - Connective tissue, splits lobes
Renal Pyramid - Collects urine
Renal Papilla - Urine to calyces
Major/Minor Calyxs - Urine to urter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functional unit of the kidney |
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Term
| Functional unit of the kidney |
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Definition
| Filters blood and removes water, small solutes, and glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reabsorb water and glucose to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| When broken down muscle tissues block the renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective outer layer that holds the kidney in its position |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive amounts of salt in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle layer surrounding the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Triangular region from urethral opening to urethra (carries urine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria travels up urethra to bladder (more common in women) |
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Term
| Increased stimulation from sympathetic renal nerve |
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Definition
| Lowered blood flow, filtration, and urine production |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex-specific reproductive cell vs Sex-specific organ that produces said cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Zygote - Conception -> Implantation
Embryo - Implantation -> 10 weeks
Fetus - 10 weeks -> Birth |
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Term
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Definition
Endometrium - Inner lining (Sheds/nutrients/endometriosis)
Myometrium -> Contractions (muscular)
Perimetrium - Outer protective layer (womb) |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg implants outside the uterus, life-threatening |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovary -> Fimbriae -> Infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Cilia (All a part of fallopian tubes) |
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Term
|
Definition
Mucosa - Inner surface
Muscularis - Smooth muscle layer
Adventitia - Outer fibrous layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Creates lactic acid (4.5) to prevent infections |
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Term
| Ligaments to support reproductive systems |
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Definition
Suspensory ligament: Pelvic wall -> Fallopian tube
Ovarian ligament: Ovary -> Uterus
Broad ligament: Uterus -> Pelvic wall
Round ligament: Uterus -> Labia Majora (Holds uterus in place) |
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Term
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Definition
IUDs - Acts on the uterus to turn it inhospitable to sperm, fertilization, and implantation
Hormonal methods (oral) - Alter normal reproductive hormonal signaling |
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Term
| Once the baby implants onto the endometrium... |
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Definition
| A placenta grows to nourish it with nutrients |
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Term
| How the baby breathes with no lungs: |
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Definition
Foramen Ovule - Opening between left and right atria
Ductus Arteriosus - Opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta (Shuts close when first breath is taken) |
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Term
|
Definition
Corpus Spongiosum - Houses urethra
Corpus Cavernosa - Fills with blood |
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Term
|
Definition
Tunica Vaginalis - Outer layer that reduces friction
Tunica Albuginea - Inner layer that splits into lobes
Scrotal Septum - Separates testes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes a pre-ejaculate lubricant into the urethra and makes sure inside is clean of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Testes -> Epididymis -> Vas deferens -> Ejaculatory ducts -> Prostate gland -> Urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| Semen: 70% (seminal vesicle), 25% (prostate), 5% (sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cutting of the vas deferens to prevent the transport of sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Spermatic cords twists and cuts off blood flow |
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Term
| Functions of Integumentary System |
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Definition
| Sensory, protection of internal organs, protection from sun, thermoregulation, largest organ |
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Term
|
Definition
Epidermis - Top layer for protection (made with keratin for hardness)
Dermis - Middle layer for support
Hypodermis - Bottom layer connects skin to tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
Stratum Corneum - Dead cells
Stratum Lucidum - Thick skin
Stratum Granulosum - Keratin produced
Stratum Spinosum - Forms strong base
Stratum Basale - Bottom layer |
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Term
|
Definition
Papillary Layer - Capillaries, sensory nerves
Reticular Layer - Collagen/elastic, highly vascular |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed between intersection of epidermis and dermis, unique |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moisture leaks through skin causing dry skin and allows pathogen to enter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory cells for light touch/texture |
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Term
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Definition
| Give skin/hair its pigmentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slower collagen production, slower keratinocyte turnover, diminished circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Sebum in the sebaceous glands, acutane reduces |
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Term
| Functions of the Lymphatic System |
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Definition
| Fluid balance, lipid absorption, immune support |
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Term
| Functions of the Immune System |
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Definition
| Defense against pathogens, removal of abnormal/damaged cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaked plasma because of blood pressure, lymphatic system helps move it back to the vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Absorbs fluid to turn it into lymph to lymph vessels then ducts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries -> Lymphatic vessels -> Lymph node -> Lymphatic ducts -> Veinous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produces and matures T-Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| In villi of the SI, absorbs fats |
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Term
|
Definition
Filter lymph, fight invaders, B/T-Cells
Mostly around armpits and groin |
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Term
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Definition
| Filters blood and catches pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Not attached to lymph vessels, houses immune cells |
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Term
| Organization of Immune System |
|
Definition
Barrier Defense - Hair, skin, mucosa
Innate Immune Response - WBCs
Adaptive Immune Response - Pathogen-specific lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| Granulocytes vs Lymphocytes (WBCs) |
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Definition
| Rapid, non specific vs Long, specific |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Flexible, kills foreign pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Present pieces of the virus to the body so B-Cells recognize |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gluten causes inflammation, villi in SI damaged |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immune cells attack synovial membrane, breakdown of cartilage/bone, causes stiffness/pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Infection triggers exaggerate immune response, cells target myelin sheath, patients lose motor/sensory functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune disorder where B-Cells cannot differentiate between "self cells", attacks own body |
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