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Final Exam - Chemical Senses
Chemical Senses
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2012

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Cards

Term
What are chemical senses?
Definition
Gustation (taste) & Olfaction (smell)
Term
Their chemoreceptors respond to chemcials in an ______ ________.
Definition
aqueous solution.
Term
Taste = substances are _______ in ________.
Definition
dissolved/saliva.
Term
Smell = substances ________ in fluids of the _________ membranes.
Definition
dissolve/nasal
Term
What is the organ of smell?
Definition
Olfactory Epithelium
Term
What does the olfactory epithelium cover?
Definition
Superior nasal concha.
Term
Are olfactory receptor cells unipolar or bipolar neurons?
Definition
BIPOLAR neurons with radiating olfactory cilia.
Term
What are olfactory receptors surrounded by?
Definition
Supporting cells.
Term
How does signal transduction of smell work? 5 steps.
Definition
1.)Odorant binds to it's receptor.
2.)Receptor activates G protein.
3.)G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
4.)Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
5.)cAMP opens a cation channel that allows Na+ and Ca2+ to influx and depolarize.
Term
What do olfactory receptor cells synapse with?
Definition
Mitral cells.
Term
Where to mitral cells send the impulse?
Definition
the hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic system.
Term
What brain structure causes the emotional connection between smells?
Definition
the amygdala and limbic system.
Term
Where are taste buds found?
Definition
The papillae of the tongue mucosa.
Term
What are the three types of papillae and which contain taste buds?
Definition
1.)Filiform - no
2.)Fungiform - yes
3.)Circumvallate - yes
Term
What are the 5 basic taste sensations and what causes them?
Definition
1.)Sweet - Sugars, saccharin, alcohol.
2.)Salt - Metal ions.
3.)Sour - Hydrogen ions.
4.)Bitter - Alkaloids. (Nicotine)
5.)Umami - Glutamate (Protein)
Term
Where are the taste sensations located?
Definition
From top left going counter clockwise -
-Bitter
-Sour
-#2 Salt
-Sweet
- #1 Salt
- Sour
Term
What two things must occur for a something to be tasted?
Definition
1.) Must be dissolved in saliva.
2.) Must contact gustatory hairs.
Term
How does binding of a food chemical occur? 3 things.
Definition
1.)Depolarizes the taste cell -> releases neurotransmitter.
2.)Neurotransmitter -> sensory nerve
3.)This initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential.
Term
What are the steps of taste transduction? 4 steps/tastes.
Definition
1.)Na+ influx in salty tastes act to depolarize the membrane.
2.)H+ in sour tastes directly enters the cell by opening cation chennels or by blockading K+ channels.
4.)Gustducin in sweet and bitter tastes cause ATP secretion from receptor cells which stimulate gustatory afferent nerve fibers. ATP is also exciting presynaptic cells which release serotonin and norepinephrine.
Term
Which cranial nerves are considered the gustatory pathway?
Definition
VII - vestibulochochlear
IX - glossopharyngeal
Term
Where do taste impulses travel to?
Definition
thalamus -> gustatory complex -> hypothalamus -> limbic system (appreciation)
Term
Taste is ___% smell.
Definition
80
Term
What three receptors also influence taste?
Definition
thermo, mechano, nocio.
Term
_______ and ________ enhance or detract from taste.
Definition
temperature and texture.
Term
Where are 70% of all sensory receptors?
Definition
In the eye.
Term
What is the eye protected by?
Definition
Cushion of fat and the bony orbit.
Term
What are accessory structures of the eye?
Definition
eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscle.
Term
What are the functions of the eyebrows?
Definition
1.)Shading the eye
2.)Preventing perspiration from reaching the eye.
Term
What are the palpebrae?
Definition
Eyelids.
Term
What is the palpebral fissure?
Definition
Separates the eyelids.
Term
What is the canthi?
Definition
Medial and lateral angles of the eye. (commissures)
Term
What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of and what does it secrete?
Definition
the lacrimal gland and associated ducts. secretes tears.
Term
what is the wall of the eye composed of?
Definition
1.)Fibrous
2.)Vascular
3.)Sensory
Tunics
Term
What does the fibrous tunic form?
Definition
The outermost coat of the eye.
Term
What is the fibrous tunic composed of?
Definition
Opaque sclera (p) and clear cornea (a).
Term
What is the function of the sclera?
Definition
-Protects the eye
-anchors extrinsic muslces
Term
What is the function of the cornea?
Definition
Lets light enter and leave the eye.
Term
What is the vascular tunics three regions?
Definition
Choroid, cilliary body, iris.
Term
What is the choroid region and it's function?
Definition
Dark brown membrane, forms posterior part of vascular tunic. Supplies blood to all eye tunics.
Term
What is the ciliary body and it's function?
Definition
A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens. Composed of smooth muscle bundles.
Anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place.
Term
What is the sensory tunic, two layers, and it's function?
Definition
The retina.
Pigmented layer - outer layer that absorbs light and prevents it from scattering.
Neural layer - contains photoreceptors that tranduce light energy, bipolar cells and ganglion cells, amacrine and horozontal cells.
Term
What is the pathway of light entering the eye? In order.
Definition
1.)cornea
2.)aqueous humor
3.)lens
4.)vitreous humor
5.)neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors
Term
Where is light refracted?
Definition
The cornea. Entering the lens and leaving the lens.
Term
What allows for the focusing of an image?
Definition
The lens curvature.
Term
What does emmetropic mean?
Definition
normal eye with light focused properly
Term
What does myopic mean and how is it corrected?
Definition
The focal point is in front of the retina. NEARSIGHTED.

Corrected w/ concave lens.
Term
What does hyperopic mean and how is it corrected?
Definition
The focal point is behind the retina. FARSIGHTED.

Corrected w/ convex lens.
Term
Where is the bony labyrinth located and what structures are in it?
Definition
The inner ear. Contains the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals.
Term
What is it filled with?
Definition
Perilymph.
Term
What is the membranous labyrinth?
Definition
series of membranous sacs within the bony labyrinth that are filled with potassium-rich fluid.
Term
What is the vestibule and what else does it contain?
Definition
The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth. Contains the saccule and utricle.
Term
What are the semicircular canals?
Definition
They are receptors that respond to angular movements of the head.
Term
What is the cochlea and what does it contain?
Definition
Sprial, conical, bony chamber that extends from the anterior vestibule. Contains the organ of the corti.
Term
What is the cochlea divided into?
Definition
Scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani.
Term
How does transmission of sound to the inner ear work?
Definition
1.)Stapes vibrate against oval window.
2.)Pressure wave pushes on scala vestibuli.
3.)Spiral organ stimulated; stereocilia move.
4.)Potasstium and calcium channels open depolarizing the cells.
5.)Sterocilia release glutamate.
Term
What are Eustachian tubes and what do they do?
Definition
Regulate air pressure in the middle ear, refresh air in ear, drain normal secretions from middle ear.
Term
What are the 2 types of ear aches?
Definition
Otitis externa - inflammation of our outer ear and ear canal. Swells and becomes painful to touch.
Otitis Media - bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear.
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