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| Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, believed scientists should |
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| According to the Ptolemaic system, |
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| the universe is a series of concentric spheres with Earth fixed at the center. |
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| Which British head of cabinet acquired Canada and India? |
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| The American nation’s first constitution was called the |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| What were the two major reasons that Napoleon’s Grand Empire collapsed? |
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| the survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism |
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| The effect of the Crimean War was to |
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| destroy the Concert of Europe and leave Austria without friends among the great powers. |
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| What was the name of the legislative assemble created by Czar Nicholas II? |
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| The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France was known as the |
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| In the early 1900s, how much of the European population belonged to the working class? |
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| The principle of ministerial responsibility is the idea that |
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| the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the executive officer. |
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| According to Sigmund Freud, human behavior was |
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| strongly determined by repressed experiences. |
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| ____ set up a nonviolent movement with the aim to force the British to aid the poor and grant independence to India. |
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| The policy of ____ called for China to adopt Western technology while retaining their Confucian values and institutions. |
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| The daimyo governed ____ after the Meiji government seized their lands. |
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| The Tai Ping Rebellion appealed to many people because it |
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| called for reforms, like giving land to peasants and treating women as equals. |
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| Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire became known as |
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| The Red secret police, known as the Cheka, began |
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| a Red Terror campaign to destroy all those who opposed the new regime. |
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| The Treaty of Versailles was |
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| the treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace. |
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| What caused the United States to join the Allies in fighting World War I? |
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| the Germans’ use of unrestricted submarine warfare |
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| Germany was especially unhappy with Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles because it |
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| declared that Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war. |
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| Hitler’s blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” was |
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| a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks. |
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| The slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by the Nazis became known as what? |
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| Frederick the Great is credited with making ____________________ a great European power. |
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| When Louis XVI began to lose power, Austria and ____________________ threatened to use force to restore his power. |
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| In its policy of dechristianization, the National Convention designated the cathedral of Notre Dame a ____________________ of ____________________. |
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| After the Reign of Terror, the Council of Elders selected five men to serve on an executive committee called the ____________________. |
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| ____________________ were those men who owned or rented property of a certain value and were thus qualified to vote for members of the legislative assemblies. |
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| The Bourbon monarchy was restored to France when ____________________ ascended the throne. |
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| The most important factor in the development of an American transportation system was the ____________________. |
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| Liberals in Europe believed in the protection of ____________________ liberties. |
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| One of the leaders of the Italian unification effort was ____________________. |
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| Hungary was made independent of Austria in domestic affairs by the ____________________ of 1867. |
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| Two conditions driving colonization by major European countries were the search for markets for manufactured goods and the need to obtain ____________________. |
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| As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States acquired the ____________________. |
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| In 1869, the ____________________ was completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. |
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| General ____________________ was killed when he tried to reestablish Egyptian authority over Sudan. |
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| A general distrust of the British by Indian soldiers, plus specific rumors that their religious beliefs were being deliberately disrespected, led to the ____________________. |
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| By 1800, Europeans traded wtih China through a small trading outlet at ____________________. |
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| During the period of time called the ____________________ of Reform, the Qing emperor called for major political, administrative, and educational reforms. |
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| The leader of the revolutionary movement that overthrew the Qing dynasty was ____________________. |
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| Women in Japan were expected to adhere to the “____________________” : child to father, wife to husband, and widow to son. |
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| The terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary was the ____________________. |
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| Britain declared war against Germany in August, 1914, officially, because Germany violated the neutrality of ____________________. |
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| Early in the war, Germany defeated the Russians at the Battle of ____________________ and the Battle of Masurian Lakes. |
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| An event that caused American anger towards Germany was the sinking of the ____________________. |
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| Because the Allies would not negotiate with the imperial government of Germany, ____________________ was forced to step down and leave the country. |
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| One of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles was that Germany must return ____________________ and ____________________ to France. |
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| Napoleon’s plan to weaken the British economy |
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| storming of this began the French Revolution |
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| government overthrown by Napoleon’s coup d’état |
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| democratic nation composed of good citizens, which the Committee of Public Safety tried to establish |
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| island to which Napoleon was exiled after his final defeat |
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| used by the revolutionaries to execute opponents |
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| prominent critic of Napoleon’s rule |
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| mandated that clergy were to be elected by the people |
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| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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| Great Britain, France, and Russia |
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| written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
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| Russian legislative assembly created by Nicholas II |
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| developed the special theory of relativity |
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| created the style of painting called cubism |
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| made up 5 percent of the population, but controlled 30 to 40 percent of the wealth |
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| applied to human society in a radical way by nationalists and racists |
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| formed a nonviolent movement to force improvements for the Indian poor and gain Indian independence |
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| held all the important positions in colonial Latin America |
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| man who set British policy in South Africa in the 1880s |
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| ruled by military force, supported by the landed elites |
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| promoted Western learning in Thailand |
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| spent 30 years exploring uncharted regions of Africa |
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| guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations and warned against any European intervention |
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| Describe Descartes’s principle of the separation of mind and matter and explain its significance. |
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| René Descartes emphasized the importance of his own mind and asserted that he would accept only those things that his reason said were true. From his first principle—“I think, therefore I am”—Descartes used his reason to arrive at a second principle. Descartes’s idea that mind and matter were completely separate allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert—as something that was totally detached from themselves and that could be investigated independently by reason. |
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| Describe the impact of Diderot’s Encyclopedia on the society of the Enlightenment period. |
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| Diderot’s Encyclopedia became a major weapon in the philosophes’ crusade against the old French society. Many of its articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration. Others called for social, legal, and political improvements that would lead to a society that was more tolerant and more humane. The Encyclopedia was sold to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers, thus spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment. |
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| What are Napoleon’s ideas about characteristics of great men? |
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| Napoleon describes how the actions of great men are the result of “planning and genius,” never “chance and luck.” He goes on to state that great men rarely fail in their enterprises and that they achieve greatness not by luck, but by mastering luck. |
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| Explain the failure of Czar Alexander II’s emancipation edict to help Russian peasants. |
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| As a result of Czar Alexander II’s emancipation edict, Russian peasants were freed from serfdom and could own property and marry as they chose. The government even provided land for the peasants by buying it from the landlords. The new land system, however, was not that helpful to the peasants. The landowners kept the best lands for themselves. The peasants soon found that they did not have enough good land to support themselves. Thus, instead of creating a free, landowning peasantry, Alexander II’s emancipation edict led to an unhappy, land-starved peasantry that largely followed old ways of farming. |
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| After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers met at the Congress of Vienna to rearrange territories in Europe, as shown on the map. What did they hope to gain by this rearrangement? |
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| They hoped to create a new balance of power in Europe. They believed that rearranging territories would help to keep any one country from dominating Europe. |
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| What are the values of electricity as a form of energy? |
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| Electricity can be easily converted into heat, light, and motion. Once it is generated, transportation through space by means of wires makes it available to homes and factories. Produced in hydroelectric or coal-fired steam plants, electricity became a common source of power. |
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| Describe the effect of Westerners on the Chinese economy and society. |
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| The coming of Westerners to China affected the Chinese economy in three ways. Westerners introduced modern means of transportation and communication, created an export market, and integrated the Chinese market into the nineteenth-century world economy. To some, these changes were beneficial. Shaking China out of its old ways quickened a process of change that had already begun in Chinese society. Western influences forced the Chinese to adopt new ways of thinking and acting. At the same time, local industry was largely destroyed and many of the profits in the new economy went to foreign countries. |
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| Explain the purpose of the Nazi Einsatzgruppen. |
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| The Einsatzgruppen were created by Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SS’s Security Service. Their purpose was the administration of the Nazi’s Final Solution—the extermination of the Jewish people. After the defeat of Poland, the Einsatzgruppen rounded up all Polish Jews and put them in ghettos, where living conditions were horrible. In June 1941, the Einsatzgruppen were given the new job of acting as mobile killing units. These SS death squads followed the regular army’s advance into the Soviet Union. Their job was to round up Jews, execute them, and bury them in mass graves. Although the Einsatzgruppen were responsible for killing an estimated one million Jews, they were too slow by Nazi standards, which led the Nazis to build death camps. |
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