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final exam
ap 2 final
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1In a multipolar neuron in the brain, where would the protein neurotransmitter be synthesized?
Definition
Nissl substance
Term

Which is not a component of the PNS?

somatic sensory nerve, enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, somatic motor nerve,or cerebellum

Definition
cerebellum
Term
what cell of the immune system is primarily responsible for an antibody mediated immune response?
Definition
b lymphocyte
Term
what is the major function of interferons?
Definition
they inhibit the replication of viruses in cells and help reduce the severity of viral infection
Term
what is this type of antigen presenting cell that can display antigen epitopes to MHC-II molecules on its cell membrane?
Definition
macrophage
Term
a group of autonomic neurons outside of the central nervous system would be found in ;
Definition
ganglion
Term
How does GABA induce hyperpolarization?
Definition
opening ligand gated Cl- channels
Term
what is the primary function of interleuken cytokines
Definition
they activate or stimulate b cells and t cells
Term
a patient is diagnosed with a brain tumor derived from the cells that normally form the myelin sheath in axons in the CNS, what type of cells would be in this tumor
Definition
oligodendrocytes
Term
what class of immunoglobulins cross the placenta, that can provide passive immunity for the infant?
Definition
IgG
Term
Binding of an antigen to an IgA molecule can lead to what?
Definition
lysis of microorganism with certain antigenic epitopes, attraction of phagocytic cells,
Term
when shown a histological section you see lymphatic nodules underneath stratified squamous epithelium. what are you likely looking at?
Definition
palatine tonsil
Term
what type of immunoglobulin is produced in response to antigens related with allergens and stimulate mast cells?
Definition
IgE
Term
after the very first exposure to an antigen this is normally the first type of immunoglobulin made by bcells during the primary response
Definition
IgM
Term
this type of immunoglobulin acts as an antigen receptor in the cell membrane of b lymphocytes
Definition
IgD
Term
this type of immunoglobulin is normally found in glands and secretions, ie saliva, tears milk
Definition
IgA
Term
the most prevalant immunoglobulin circulating in the blood
Definition
IgG
Term
a tumor in a patients mediastinum is blocking a major lymphatic vessel bringing lymph back to the blood. what structure has likely been blocked?
Definition
the thoracic duct
Term
signs and symptoms of inflammation
Definition
elevated temperature at site, pain at site, swelling, redness
Term
what cells are responsible for forming the blood brain barrier?
Definition
astrocytes
Term
some autoimmune diseases are treated by by surgically removing the thymus. what is the purpose for this surgery?
Definition
reduce the number of killer t lymphocytes
Term
what is Wallerian degeneration
Definition
histological changes that occur in neuron perikaryon, axon, and schwann cells after an axon is cut
Term
what specific cellin the spleen normally makes immunoglobulins?
Definition
b lymphocyte
Term
groups of cells that display the CD-4 membrane receptors are most likely?
Definition
helper t lymphocutes
Term
after you have been vaccinated against a specific microorganism what cell is responsible for the imediate production of immunoglobulins used during a later exposure?
Definition
memory b lymphocyte
Term
what is the membrane attack complex formed out of?
Definition
complement proteins
Term
what type of connective tissue would normally have the highest number of IgE receptors in its cell membrane?
Definition
mast cells
Term
what type of nerve fiber transmits information the fastest?
Definition
type a myelinated
Term
a deep knife wound in the right side of the neck, a patient has difficulty breathing because the right half of his diapram is paralyzed. branches from which group of spinal nerves were likely damaged in this injury?
Definition
C3, C4, C5
Term
what branch of any spinal nerves that contains sensory and motor nerve fibers supplying the skin and muscles of the back?
Definition
posterior primary ramus
Term
what are association tracks in the brain?
Definition
bundles of axons running between funtionally related areas in one cerebral hemisphere
Term
of the following what represents an ascending sensory tract in the spinal chord? anterior spinocerebellar, lateral corticospinal tract, lateral spinothalmic tract, anterior corticospinal?
Definition
anterior corticospinal tract
Term
venous blood passes through what in the brain?
Definition
superior sagittal dural sinus
Term
which important nerve to the lower extremity is formed from the spinal nerves that form the sacral plexus?
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
a patient exhibiting wrist drop implies damage to which branch of the brachial plexus?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
where do you insert the needle when performing a spinal tap?
Definition
between L4 and L5
Term
the bundle of all spinal nerve roots and spinal nerves that extend beyond the bottom of the spinal cord is known as?
Definition
cauda equina
Term
all neurons and neuroglia of the central and peripheral nervous system are derived from the embyonic tissue that forms the neural tube?
Definition
ectoderm
Term
what space is found within a cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
lateral ventricle
Term
the entire area of skin innervated by sensory axons from a specific pair of spinal nerves is called?
Definition
dermatome
Term
which of these structures or tissues are responsible for forming cerebral spinal fluid?
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
when a light is shined in a patients right eye, the right pupil does not constrict. what nerve is likely damaged?
Definition
oculomotor
Term
a patient has been complaining of dizziness and some loss of hearing and it is determined he has a tumor within the temporal bone. the tumor is likely compressing what nerve?
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
a patient is in extreme pain from an abscess in a molar tooth in the mandible. the pain is being conducted to the brain from what nerve?
Definition
trigeminal
Term
a patient diagnosed with bells palsy is likely due to the inflammation of what nerve?
Definition
facial nerve
Term
a patient is complaining of double vision, it is determined they cannot contract their eye muscle. which nerve is likely involved?
Definition
trochlear
Term
a patient cannot move her eye in a lateral direction. this suggest damage to what nerve?
Definition
abducens
Term
after a fractured skull, including a fracture through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, a patient has lost some sense of smell. what nerve is likely damged?
Definition
olfactory
Term
what nerve can be massaged in the neck to control tachycardia?
Definition
vagus
Term
after a stroke a patient is asked to stick out their tongue, when they do it bends abnormally to one side. what nerve has been damaged?
Definition
hypoglossal
Term
a benign pituitary tumor has been found in a patient complaining of some loss of vision. what nerve is likely being compressed by this tumor?
Definition
optic
Term
where are unmyelinated nerve fibers found?
Definition
in post ganglionic sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion
Term
this neurotransmitter normally binds to muscarinic receptors after being released from postganglionic parasympathetic axons?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
what metabolic processes can be carried out by a hepatocyte?
Definition
secrete bile, synthesize and secrete the plasma protein albumin, absorb bilirubin from hepatic portal vein blood, absorb glucose and convert it to glycogen
Term
what should blood in the superior and inferior mesenteric veins contain?
Definition
sodium, glucose, amino acids, and calcium
Term
what kind of receptor can norepinephrine bind to?
Definition
a1 adrenergic receptor, or b2 adrenergic
Term
what parasympatheic ganglion contains the post ganglionic neurons that innervate the smooth muscles responsible for focusing the lens of the eye?
Definition
ciliary ganglion
Term
what happens after sympathetic stimulation?
Definition
dilation of the pupils, decrease in saliva, increase in blood pressure, increase in heart rate
Term
what structure is responsible for nerve impulses associated with proprioception?
Definition
muscle spindles
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