Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Final Exam
Intro to Anatomy Final Exam
226
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Medial
Definition
Toward the midline
Term
Laeral
Definition
To the side
Term
Anterior
Definition
To the front
Term
Posterior
Definition
To the back
Term
Superior
Definition
above
Term
inferior
Definition
below
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
one with a nucelus and organelles
Term
nucleus
Definition
storehouse of a genome
Term
mitochondria
Definition
site of ATP production
Term
ribosomes
Definition
Where proteins get built
Term
lysosomes
Definition
bags of enzymes
Term
The job of the lysosome is to...
Definition
clean up and recycle things in the cell
Term
These 3 things do not require energy
Definition
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Like opening a perfume bottle or people leaving a bears game
Term
Molecules move from...
Definition
high concentration to low concentration (where they are less crowded) (requires cell energy)
Term
There is more __________ outside the cell than inside the cell.
Definition
Sodium
Term
The_______ of the cell has a ______ charge.
Definition
Inside & Negative
Term
By allowing sodium back into the cell we can...
Definition
excite muscle and nerve cells.
Term
_________ tissues are found on body surfaces and lining many structures.
Definition
Epithelial
Term
This epithelial tissue lines our lungs
Definition
Simple squamous
Term
This epithelial tissue lines our kidney tubules
Definition
Cuboidal cells
Term
This epithelial tissue forms our skin epidermis
Definition
stratified squamous
Term
Fat, tandons, hyaline cartilage and compact bone are examples of...
Definition
Connective Tissue
Term
Connective tissues help us...
Definition
with support
Term
Plasma contains...
Definition
hormones, wastes, proteins and antibodies
Term
The most numerous of the blood cells are
Definition
erythrocytes (red cells)
Term
Erythrocytes contain _______ that helps tansport ___________.
Definition
Hemoglobin & Oxygen
Term
Phagocytes are...
Definition
White blood cells
Term
These three phagocytes work to "eat" foreign materials...
Definition
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
Term
Lymphocytes include...
Definition
B cells and T cells
Term
B cells are important in _______ production.
Definition
antibody
Term
T lymphocytes job is to...
Definition
monitor for tumor and viral problems.
Term
Basophils and Eosinophils are........
Definition
White blood cells
Term
Like neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils have _______ in the cell.
Definition
Granules
Term
Eosinophils stain...
Definition
red
Term
Basophils stain...
Definition
blue
Term
Basophils and eosinophils are often involved with...
Definition
allergic responses.
Term
_______ are cell fragments that plug a leak.
Definition
Platelets
Term
Many _______ work together to produce a ________ net to stabilize a clot.
Definition
Proteins & Fibrin
Term
The key proteins needed for clotting are made in the....
Definition
Liver
Term
______ helps break up a clot.
Definition
Plasmin
Term
Plasmin can be helpful for...
Definition
early stages of a heart attack.
Term
Red cells can display ______ or a _______.
Definition
an A antigen or a B antigen
Term
Most of of has neither on our red cells and are termed...
Definition
type O blood
Term
________ blood can be considered a universal donor.
Definition
Type O
Term
Bone building cells are called...
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
Bone cells which chew up bone are called...
Definition
osteoclasts
Term
________ are constantly reshaping our bones.
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
______ bones retain the ability to grow in length.
Definition
Long
Term
Why do long bones retain the ability to grow in length?
Definition
the growth plates made of hyaline cartilage do not clacify until our late teens.
Term
_____ bone forms from the framework in the core of our bones.
Definition
Spongy
Term
The tiny beams are called...
Definition
trabeculae
Term
Between the trabeculae we find the ______ producing cells of our _____ ______.
Definition
blood producing cells of our bone marrow.
Term
The shoulder joint involves the ___________________ and the ________ of the __________.
Definition
head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Term
The ______ strengthens the shoulder joint.
Definition
Rotator cuff
Term
The muscles of the rotator cuff are...
Definition
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
Term
The knee joint is stabilized by_____ rather than muscles and their tendons.
Definition
Ligaments
Term
The ________ ligaments keep anterior and posterior motion in check. (femur stays in place over tibia)
Definition
cruciate
Term
The _____ & _______ _______ ligaments keep side to side motion in check.
Definition
medial and lateral collateral
Term
the shoulder and knee are examples of mobile joints we call...
Definition
synovial joints
Term
These joints are characterized by having a fluid secreting membrane lining the joint...
Definition
synovial joints
Term
origin
Definition
bone which does not move
Term
insertion
Definition
bone which moves
Term
The working unit of a muscle is known as a
Definition
sarcomere
Term
Myosin is associated with
Definition
Thick Filaments
Term
Actin is associated with
Definition
thin filaments
Term
As thick and thin filaments increase their degree of overlap, the muscle....
Definition
shortens
Term
What regulates the rowing of thick and thin filaments?
Definition
Troponin and tropomyosin
Term
Troponin and tropomyosin are found on...
Definition
thin filament
Term
The A band includes
Definition
thick filaments and overlap areas
Term
the I band includes
Definition
only thin filaments
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
muscle oxygen storage molecule
Term
Marathon runners desire
Definition
more myoglobin
Term
our immune system is divided up into
Definition
nonspecific and specific
Term
Nonspecific responders include _______ and the _______ system.
Definition
Phagocytes and the complement system.
Term
Specific responders are the ..
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
Cell surfaces have markers which identify a cell as "self". We call these...
Definition
MHC antigens
Term
What are MHC antigens important for?
Definition
important to match in transplant procedures
Term
Antibodies made by excited B lymphocytes are called...
Definition
plasma cells
Term
Antibodies that are made first
Definition
IgM
Term
Antibodies that are made later and last for a longer time.
Definition
IgG
Term
An attempt to stimulate antibody production and to "teach" lymphocytes is called a
Definition
Vaccine
Term
Vaccnines produce...
Definition
active immunity
Term
HIV is a
Definition
retrovirus
Term
The upper airway is protected by the
Definition
epiglottis
Term
The larynx houses the
Definition
vocal chords
Term
The trachea or wind pipe leads to the
Definition
two main bronchial tubes
Term
The two main bronchial tubes lead air to gas exchange areas called
Definition
alveoli
Term
Gases are exchanged with blood by
Definition
diffusion of molecules
Term
The right lung has
Definition
3 lobes
Term
the left lung has
Definition
2 lobes
Term
The chest and lungs are lined by friction reducing membranes called the
Definition
pleura
Term
The heart has ___ chambers
Definition
4
Term
The upper receiving chambers are the
Definition
right and left atriums or just atria
Term
The pumping chambers are called
Definition
ventricles
Term
The right heart contains poorly...
Definition
oxygenated blood
Term
the left heart contains well...
Definition
oxygenated blood
Term
The tricuspid valve is on the... entry or exit?
Definition
right side of the heart. entry
Term
the mitral valve (bicuspid) is on the...entry or exit?
Definition
left side of the heart. entry.
Term
Exit valves are called
Definition
semilunar valves
Term
The pulmonic valve is on the
Definition
right side of the heart. exit.
Term
the aortic valve is on the
Definition
left side of the heart
Term
Heart sounds are related to
Definition
valve closure
Term
The first sound the heart makes is the
Definition
AV valves
Term
The second sound the heart makes is the
Definition
semilunar valves
Term
The heart recieves it's own blood supply via the
Definition
coronary arteries
Term
These vessels are blocked in a heart attack
Definition
coronary arteries
Term
The heart muscle is known as the
Definition
myocardium
Term
The electrical system of the heart consists of the
Definition
SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers
Term
The SA node is like a
Definition
pacemaker
Term
The AV node is where
Definition
excitation is delayed before entering ventricles
Term
the P wave on an EKG records
Definition
atrial excitation
Term
the QRS wave records
Definition
the ventricular excitation
Term
The T wave is the
Definition
ventricular recovery
Term
Arteries carry blood
Definition
away from the heart
Term
The blood in arteries is usually well
Definition
oxynegated
Term
The pulmonary artery going to the lungs from the right ventricle and the umbillical arteries headed to the placenta are...
Definition
not well oxynegated
Term
What's thicker? Arteries or veins?
Definition
Arteries
Term
Elastic Recoil allows us to...
Definition
maintain diastolic pressure as he heart rests
Term
The pharynx leads to the
Definition
esophagus
Term
The lower esophageal sphincter is at the
Definition
stomach entry
Term
The pyloric sphincter is at the
Definition
stomach exit
Term
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
What are the 5 parts of the large intestine?
Definition
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Term
The cecum is on the ______ with the appendix
Definition
right
Term
The sigmoid is on the
Definition
left
Term
The liver, pancreas, and gall bladder contribute to
Definition
digestive fluids
Term
Hormones or chemical messengers that stimulate accessory organs.
Definition
Secretin and CCK
Term
Secretin and CCK are made by the
Definition
small intestine
Term
How do bile and digestive enzymes enter the duodenum?
Definition
via ducts
Term
The head of the pancreas is near the
Definition
duodenum
Term
the tail of the pancreas is near the
Definition
spleen
Term
The liver has ____ key blood supplies.
Definition
2
Term
What vein enters the liver carrying food from the intestines?
Definition
Portal vein.
Term
The _____ artery comes to the liver from the celiac artery.
Definition
Hepatic
Term
Blood leaves the liver lobule out what vein?
Definition
central vein
Term
What is it called where the blood vessel branches and bile ducts form a triad at the corners of each liver lobule?
Definition
portal "triad"
Term
What is a viral infection we acquire by ingesting food and water?
Definition
Hepatitis A
Term
What viral infections can we acquire from blood exposure?
Definition
Hepatitis B and C
Term
Which forms of hepatitis do we have vaccines for?
Definition
A and B
Term
The nervous system has a key cell called the
Definition
neuron
Term
The neuron has _______ that recieve information
Definition
dendrites
Term
The neuron has a single sending arm called
Definition
an axon
Term
_________ are often insulated with myelin
Definition
axons
Term
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves.
Definition
31
Term
There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves.
Definition
12
Term
Spinal nerves allow ______ info to enter cord.
Definition
sensory (incoming)
Term
Sensory info enters the cord via the
Definition
posterior spinal root
Term
________ info leaves the cord by the anterior spinal root.
Definition
motor (Outgoing)
Term
Information in the spinal cord travels in the ______ matter or the periphery
Definition
White
Term
The central ______ matter processes info and is the location of _____ cell bodies and nuclei.
Definition
grey matter & neuron cell bodies
Term
Most _____ info crosses in the cord or medulla.
Definition
sensory info
Term
Cranial nerve #1 (Smell)
Definition
olfactory
Term
Cranial nerve #2 (Visions)
Definition
optic
Term
Cranial nerves #3,4,6
Definition
eye movement
Term
Cranial nerve #5 (Face Sensations)
Definition
Trigeminal
Term
Cranial nerve #7 (Face Movement)
Definition
Facial
Term
Cranial nerve #8 (Hearing and balance)
Definition
auditory
Term
Cranial Nerve #10 (gut)
Definition
Vagus
Term
Cranial Nerve #11 (Shoulder Shrug)
Definition
spinoaccessory
Term
cranial nerve #12 (tongue movement)
Definition
hypoglossal
Term
cranial nerve #9
Definition
gag reflex
Term
The motor strip is in the ____ lobe
Definition
frontal
Term
The sensory strip is in the _____ lobe
Definition
parietal
Term
Hearing and occipital vision is managed in the ______ lobe
Definition
temporal
Term
The _____ connects with the pituitary.
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
The _____ and _____ manage basic functions like the heart and breathing.
Definition
Medulla and pons
Term
The ______ coordinates motor acticity
Definition
cerebellum
Term
Neurons are supported by _____ cells
Definition
glial
Term
Neurons negotiate gaps called ____ to communicate.
Definition
synapses
Term
__________ cross the synapses in neurons.
Definition
Nerotransmitters
Term
Parkinson's disease is due to decreased _______
Definition
dopamine
Term
Altzheimer's is associated with decreased ______
Definition
acetlycholine
Term
Depression is associated with decreased ________
Definition
serotonin
Term
The ____ helps the lens to focus the image.
Definition
cornea
Term
The ____ can be reshaped by lasik surgery
Definition
cornea
Term
The ____ is the inner eye layer
Definition
retina
Term
_____ and ____ are the photo receptors
Definition
cones and rods
Term
The cones manage ____ vision
Definition
color
Term
The cones are highly concentrated in the ______
Definition
fovea
Term
The _______ is due to the optic nerve exiting the vessels.
Definition
Blind spot
Term
The Sclera and middle choroid are layers of the...
Definition
eye
Term
The ____ can adjust pupil size
Definition
iris
Term
The lens of the eye is attached to the _____ muscle
Definition
ciliary
Term
another name for eardrum is
Definition
tympanic membrane
Term
The middle ear has the.....
Definition
Malleus, incus, and Stapes
Term
The Malleus, incus and stapes convey vibrations to the
Definition
oval window
Term
The cochlea receives vibrations and send them to the ____ cranial nerve
Definition
8th
Term
The _______ canals and _____ are invloved with balance
Definition
semicircular canals and vestibule
Term
Middle ear pressures are regulated by the auditory tube that connects with the
Definition
pharynx
Term
what are the kidneys three major regions?
Definition
The outer cortex, middle medulla, and inner pelvis
Term
where are the pyramids found in the kidney?
Definition
middle medulla
Term
The ____ carry urine to the bladder
Definition
ureters
Term
the _____ allows urine to exit the bladder
Definition
urethra
Term
The nephron contains...
Definition
a filtering unit, PCT, Loop, DCT.
Term
The filtering unit in the nephron contains the ____ and _____________
Definition
the glomerulus and bowman's capsule
Term
Things that enter the filter
Definition
water, electrolytes, and glucose
Term
The things that enter the filter are reabsorbed in the ___ and placed back in ______
Definition
PCT & circulation
Term
Erythropoietin can stimulate...
Definition
red cell production
Term
Renin can cause the adrenal secretion of aldosterone to _______ blood pressure
Definition
raise
Term
________ and _______ are produced by the kidney as hormones
Definition
Erythropoietin and renin
Term
what are the kidneys three major regions?
Definition
The outer cortex, middle medulla, and inner pelvis
Term
The ____ carry urine to the bladder
Definition
ureters
Term
the _____ allows urine to exit the bladder
Definition
urethra
Term
The _____ has a filtering unit
Definition
nephron
Term
the nephron contains...
Definition
the glomerulus, bowmans capsule, PCT, loop DCT.
Term
things that enter the filter in the nephron are
Definition
water, electrolytes, and glucose
Term
The small things that enter the filter are reabsorbed in the_____ and placed back in _____
Definition
PCT & circulation
Term
_____ can stiumlate blood cell production
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
______can cause the adrenal secretion to _______ blood presuure
Definition
renin & raise
Term
_____ and ______ are produced by the kidney as hormones.
Definition
erythropoietin and renin
Term
Endocrine glands lack ____
Definition
ducts
Term
Hormones in the endocrine system travel via..
Definition
the bloodstream
Term
The pituitary is ____ to the optic chiasm
Definition
posterior
Term
The thyroid is ____ to the larynx
Definition
inferior
Term
the pancreas is ____ to the stomach
Definition
posterior
Term
the adrenal is ____ to the kidney
Definition
superior
Term
the parathyroids are ______ to the thyroid
Definition
posterior
Term
TSH,FSH,LH,ACTH,GH and prolactin are __________ pituitary hormones
Definition
anterior
Term
ADH and oxytocin are _____ pituitary hormones
Definition
posterior
Term
The thyroid secretes _____ to control metabolism
Definition
thyroxin
Term
The thyroid secretes _____ to lower blood calcium levels
Definition
calitonin
Term
The _____ can raise blood calcium levels
Definition
parathyroids
Term
the _____ secretes cortisol, sex hormones, and aldosterone
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
the ______ secretes adrenalin
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
The pancreas islet cells makes _____ to lower blood sugar and ____ to raise it
Definition
insulin & glucagon
Supporting users have an ad free experience!