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| Faith and "good works" were needed for salvation |
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| a movement for religious reform in the Catholic church |
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| an ancient region in Western Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; the cradle of civilization |
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| a record consisting of pictorial symbols, as a prehistoric cave drawing or a graph or chart with symbolic figures representing different types of things |
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| a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
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| a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure |
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| a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides |
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| one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods |
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| a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader |
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| an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used ti represent ideas and sounds |
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| a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by ancient Egyptians to make a paper like material for writing on |
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| a government in which citizens rule directly rather than through representatives |
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| a government in which power is in the hands of a few people |
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| a government in which power is in the hands of a single person |
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| a government in which power in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility |
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| a pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated areas |
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| a military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback |
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| a period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. |
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| a conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 |
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| a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements |
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| a movement where people were concerned about worldly events rather than spiritual matters |
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| a pardon releasing a person from punishments due to a sin |
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| the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved |
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| a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation |
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| a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by Protestant reformers |
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| The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America to be sold as slaves. It was called the middle passage because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade. |
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| the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492 |
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| a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers |
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| a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law |
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| a conflict lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy |
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| a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution |
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| the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government |
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| the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary |
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| a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation |
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| the growth of cities and the migration of people into them |
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| in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents |
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| a person of mixed Spanish and Native American society |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| a statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776 |
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| a series of meetings in 1814-1815 during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon |
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| a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of the accepted beliefs |
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| a pledge made by the members of Frances' National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution |
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| the period from mid 1793 to mid 1794 when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were excecuted |
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| policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights |
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| the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
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| an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
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| the development of industries for the machine production of goods |
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| a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially |
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| the idea, popular among mid 19 century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of the United States to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean |
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| a U.S. policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America, announced by President James Monroe in 1823 |
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| an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
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| the peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I |
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| a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches bug in the battlefield |
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| a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort |
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| a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 |
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| a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule |
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| the fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers' party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry |
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| the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation - that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history - rather than to a king or empire |
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| the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war |
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| in WWI, the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with the other nations that fought on their side; also, the group of nations including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States - that opposed the Axis Powers in WWII |
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| in WWII, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936 |
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| "lightning warfare" - a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces |
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| a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II |
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| an international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations |
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| a 1942 sea and air battle of WWII, in which American forces defeated Japanese forces in central Pacific |
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| June 6, 1944 - the day on which the Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during WWII |
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| The "land between two rivers" also known as the "fertile crescent" |
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| Laws that helped to unify Sumer. These laws were put into place from about 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C. The laws defined family relations, crime, and business conduct. |
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| The region has a curved shape and is fertile because of the richness of its land. |
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| Started the Protestant Reformation, Salvation through faith |
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| Believed in Predestination |
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| The George Washington of Latin America. Played a key role in Latin America's struggle for independnce from the Spanish Empire. |
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| William III and Mary II. The overthrow of King James II of England by the Parliamentarians. |
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| Copernicus, Gelileo, Kepler |
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| Heliocentric model. The Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun. |
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