Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Final Exam
Chapters 13-20
179
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/26/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which vertebrae are located in the neck?
Definition
cervical
Term
Which vertebrae are located in the upper back?
Definition
thoracic
Term
Which vertebrae are located in the lower back?
Definition
lumbar, saccral
Term
What is the canal in each vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes?
Definition
vertebral foramen
Term
Yes/No: When an athlete has sustained a blow to the head that may be severe enough to cause further harm, is it recommended that the athletic trainer follow proper procedures for spinal management?
Definition
Yes
Term
T/F: If you suspect a skull fracture, apply direct pressure to the injury
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F: Spinal Injuries occur most often at the cervical level
Definition
TRUE
Term
What are the protective membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
meninges
Term
A __________ injury, where the moving head hits a stationary object, occurs on the opposite side of the point of contact
Definition

contrecoup

(more severe than coup injuries)

Term
A _____________ injury, where a moving object hits a stationary head, the injury is on the same side as contact
Definition
Coup
Term
The spine consists of how many vertebrae?
Definition
33
Term
A gymnast falls off the uneven bars and lands directly on top of her head, Which mechanism of injury would be involved?
Definition
Axial loading
Term
_________ often mimic spinal cord injuries but are usually transient. Characteristic of burning pain in arm and shoulder
Definition
burner/stinger
Term
Brain hematoma
Definition
disruption of meningeal arteries causing an accumulation of blood
Term
Epidural hematoma
Definition

caused by a blow to the head and a consequent rip or tear in meningeal arteries

  • can have a lucid period when no symptoms occur, but as bleeding continues can lead to severe neurological dysfunction, loss of conciousness, and death
Term
Subdural hematoma
Definition
blow disrupting venous blood supply
Term
Concussion
Definition

disruption of normal physiological processes

WE DO NOT GRADE CONCUSSIONS

Term
What are some precautions for Skull and Brain Management
Definition
  • suspect spinal injury
  • establish level of conciousness
  • stabilize head and neck
  • initial assessment
  • physical assessment
  • check and care for shock
  • secure to spine board, if applicable
  • ongoing assessment
Term
Axial loading
Definition
head is driven caudally or pushed downward
Term
Common mechanisms of spinal injury
Definition
  • axial loading
  • excessive flexion or extension of the cervical vertebrae
  • rotation of spinal column
  • excessive lateral bending
Term
what is the mechanism of injury for a burner/stinger?
Definition

MECHANISMS

  1. compressive force: head and neck move posterolateral toward one side
  2. Tensile force: arm and neck move in opposite directions
Term
Signs and Symptoms of a stinger
Definition
  • burning sensation at neck and upper lim on affected side
  • muscle weakness
  • loss of grip strength
  • numbness and tingling
  • loss of motor funtion
Term
burner
Definition
a traction or compression injury of the brachial plexus that causes a tingling/burning sensation of the affected shoulder/arm/hand area
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
crushed or splintered bone
Term
decerebate posture
Definition
rigid extension of the limbs as a result of brain injury
Term
decorticate posture
Definition
abnormal flexion of the extremities due to brain injury
Term
sequelae
Definition
conditions resulting from an injury, disease, or trauma
Term
aneurysms
Definition
ballooning or widening of a portion of an artery, which can cause it to rupture
Term
autoimmune
Definition
the falure of the body to recognize its own self, resulting in an immune response against its own cells and tissues
Term
embolus
Definition
something that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a vessel to block it
Term
endolymph
Definition
fluid in the labryinth of the inner ear
Term
gestational diabetes
Definition
high blood glucose seen in a woman during pregnancy
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
high blood sugar or glucose
Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
low blood sugar or glucose
Term
insulin
Definition
hormone produced by the pancreas to facilitate the uptake of glucose into cells
Term
Kussmaul breathing
Definition
an abnormal deep breathing pattern seen in individuals with metabolic acidosis
Term
polydipsia
Definition
increased thirst
Term
polyphagia
Definition
increased hunger
Term
polyuria
Definition
frequent urination
Term
type I diabetes
Definition
an autoimmune disease that destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Term
type II diabetes
Definition
the most common form of diabetes, which the body does not produce enough insulin or there is an insulin resistance
Term
vertigo
Definition
a sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is stationary
Term
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?
Definition

90-130mg/dL

(always less than 180mg/dL)

Term
T/F: it is fine for an athlete to exercise if ketones are present in his or her blood
Definition
FALSE
Term
ketones
Definition
by-product of metabolism of fatty acids, as ketones accumulate in the blood, the blood becomes more acidic resulting ketoacidosis
Term
T/F: intracerebral hemorrhage occurs with bleeding from vessels in the brain
Definition
TRUE
Term
Which type of seizure is characterized by brief, shocklike jerks of a muscle or muscle group?
Definition
myoclonic seizure
Term
Which type of seizure is characterized by brief (lasting up to 20 seconds) episodes of staring?
Definition
absence seizures
Term
T/F: Vertigo results from a disruption of the inner ear
Definition
TRUE
Term
Which type of stroke results from the breakage of a blood vessel in the brain and the consequent internal bleeding?
Definition
hemorrhagic
Term
Syncope
Definition
feeling faint and light headed without loss of conciousness
Term
postprandial
Definition
after eating
Term
when and how should ketones be checked?
Definition
when blood glucose is greater than 240mg/dL and by urinalysis
Term
low blood sugar of <50mg/dL
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
absence seizures
Definition
classified as brief episodes of staring
Term
atypical absence seizures
Definition
classified as a seizure lasting less than 20 seconds characterized by a stare or associated with blinking or brief automatic movements of the mouth or hands.
Term
myoclonic seizures
Definition
classified as brief, shocklike jerks of a muscle or muscle group. Usually begin during childhood but can occur at any age
Term
atonic seizures
Definition
classified as a sudden loss of muscle tone; may cause the head to nod or drop, eyelids may droop, or there may be a loss of leg strenth (falling). Individual does not lose conciousness and lasts less than 15 seconds
Term
tonic seizures
Definition
classified as an increase in muscle tone with stiffening of the body, arms, or legs. Occur most often during sleep; however, if the individual is standing, he or she will fall.
Term
clonic seizures
Definition
classified as rapidly alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle, which cannot be stopped by restraining or repositioning the arms or legs. RARE
Term
tonic-clonic seizures
Definition
classified as a loss of conciousness, falling, stiffening, and jerking; previously called a grand mal seizure. Individuals might bite tongue or cheek and may turn blue in the face, Bladder or bowel control may be compromised. Conciousness returns slowly, and the person may be drowsy, confused, agitated, or depressed. Lasts 1-3 minutes
Term
epilepsy
Definition
transient but recurrent disturbances of brain function
Term
stroke
Definition
  • 3rd leading cause of death
  • CAUSE: blood clot blocks artery or vessel, interrupting blood flow
  • FaceArmSpeechTime
Term
ischemic stroke
Definition

clot disrupts blood supply

  • embolic- clot travels to brain
  • thrombotic- blockage within brain
Term
hemorrhagic stroke
Definition

breakage of vessel in brain

  • subarachnoid- aneurysm in large artery near subarachnoid lining
  • intracerebral- bleeding from vessels within the brain
Term
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Definition

ministroke (warning sign of stroke)

caused by lack of blood flow to brain (clot blockage)

Term
presyncope
Definition
light headedness before fainting from decreased blood flow
Term
syncope
Definition
brief loss of conciousness
Term
Which wrist bone is most commonly fractured?
Definition
scaphoid
Term
A soccer player is kicked during a game resulting in a fractured tibia. What is the MOI in this case
Definition
direct force
Term
T/F: pelvic fractures in athletics are rare
Definition
TRUE
Term
Fractures of the clavicle are most common in which age group?
Definition
children
Term
traumatic dislocations of the shoulder girdle make up what percentage of all shoulder girdle injuries
Definition
about 3%
Term
T/F: Before assessing any muscoloskeletal injuries an athlete might have, immediately remove all protective equipment the athlete may be wearing
Definition
FALSE
Term
The ___________ joint functions to maintain the relationship between the clavicle and scapula during the early and late stages of joint motion
Definition
acromioclavicular joint
Term
Fractures of which bone are often due to a direct blow to the midthigh or rotational forces resulting in an isolated midshaft fracture?
Definition
femur
Term
Falling on an outstretched arm can result in what kind of force to the shoulder girdle?
Definition
indirect
Term
shoulder dislocations of the _________________ joint result from poor congruency between the humeral head and glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Definition
glenohumeral joint
Term
flail chest
Definition
when two or more consecutive ribs on the same side of the chest have been fractured in at least 2 places. Paradoxic respiratory movements of the injured segment and loss of respiratory efficiency
Term
hemothorax
Definition
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity caused by rupture of blood vessels due to trauma
Term
Jones fracture
Definition
transverse fracture of the proximal shaft of thee fifth metatarsal
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
accumulation of air/gas in the pleural cavity - May be due to trauma but can also occur spontaneously
Term
sternoclavicular joint sprains
Definition

posterior: greater risk of life threatening emergency

 

Term
clavicular fractures
Definition
typically middle third and most common in children
Term
acromioclavicular joint injures
Definition

grade I/II: ligament sprain

grade III: sprain/dislocation

grades IV to VI: greater displacement of AC joint; requires surgery

Term
radial nerve palsy
Definition

paralysis of the radial nerve leading to the loss of function of the muscles innervted by the radial nerve

(displaced or midshaft humeral fracture)

Term
Volkmann's ischemic contracture
Definition
ishcemic contracture resulting from irreversible necrosis of muscle tissue following brachial artery injury, classically involving the forearm flexor muscles
Term
anterior shoulder dislocations account for what percent of all shoulder dislocations?
Definition
90-98%
Term
Which wrist bone is most commonly dislocated?
Definition
lunate
Term
T/F: High-altitude illnesses are quite common at altitudes around 1,500m or 4,900 feet
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F: Frostbite cannot occur if the temperature is above 32°F
Definition
TRUE
Term
A thunderstorm is approaching the soccer field where you are working the game. You see a lightning strike and note that the thunder follows 15 seconds later. Using the flash-to-bang method, about how far away was the lightning strike?
Definition
(15÷5)= 3 miles
Term
T/F: In cases of hyperthermia, the athlete should be transported to a medical facility before undergoing whole-body cooling
Definition
FALSE
Term
At what skin temperature does dry tissue typically freeze?
Definition
28°F
Term
What percentage of people struck by lightning are killed?
Definition
10%
Term
T/F: Thawed tissues that refreeze almost always die
Definition
TRUE
Term
Which measurement of core body temperature is most accurate in attempting to identify exertional heat stroke?
Definition
rectal
Term
An athlete with hyperthermia should undergo total body cooling until his or her temperature is below:
Definition
102°F
Term
Which of the following conditions is caused by excessive sweating and is characterized by low sodium levels in the blood?
Definition
hyponatremia
Term
Hyperthermia
Definition
core body temperature above normal resting body temperature
Term
Exertional Heat Stroke
Definition
  • core temperature over 104°F
  • can progress to thermoegulatory system failure
Term
Rapid Whole-Body Cooling
Definition

cold water immersion: 41 to 49°F

  • cool first and transport second
  • remove clothing and equipmwnr
  • support head/maintain airway
  • monitor vital signs
Term
Heat Exhaustion
Definition
inability to continue exercise combined with heavy sweating, dehydration, sodium loss, and energy depletion; core temperature less than 104°F
Term
Heat Cramps
Definition
intense, involuntary, painful, sudden, spasmodic contractions of skeletal muscles
Term
exertional hyponatremia
Definition
  • plasma sodium concentration less than 130mol/L
  • long duration, low intensity events lasting longer than 4 hours
  • considerable sweating
  • low-sodium diet
Term
hypothermia
Definition

removal of heat from body faster than it is produced resulting in decreased body temperature

  • core temperature below 95% rectal thermometer
Term
How do you manage hypothermia?
Definition
  • remove wet clothing
  • protect from cold 
  • fluids containing carbohydrates
  • passively heat aread of high heat transfer (groin, axillae, neck)
Term
How warm should the water bath be to rewarm frozen tissue?
Definition
98-104 degrees (circulate water)
Term
frostbite
Definition
crystallization of fluids in skin and subcutaneous tissue after exposure to subfreezing temperatures (commonly affects extremities)
Term
At what temperature does dry tissue freeze?
Definition
28 degrees
Term
At what temperature does wet tissue freeze?
Definition
30 degrees
Term
Hypobaria
Definition
low atmospheric pressure at high altitude
Term
High altitude illness is common ascending more than _____________ feet rapidly
Definition
8,200
Term
acute mountain sickness
Definition
common in individuals moving from sea level to altitude higher than 9840 feet
Term
30-30 rule
Definition
time between flash-to-bang less than 30 seconds, move to safer location
Term
activated charcoal
Definition
an odorless, tasteless, nontoxic black powder that when ingested absorbs almost any toxic substance or poison
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
a serious allergic reation to an allergen
Term
angiodema
Definition
swelling underneath the skin as opposed to on the surface of the skin
Term
dermatitis
Definition
inflammation of the skin
Term
diplopia
Definition
double vision
Term
dysphagia
Definition
trouble swallowing
Term
loxoscelism
Definition
a condition produced by the bite of a spider, usually a gangrenous reaction at the bite site
Term
urticaria
Definition
hives
Term
T/F: allergic contact dermatitis resulting from contact with latex is primarily caused by the additives used in making latex
Definition
TRUE
Term
Asthma
Definition
the disorder of the airways that can cause airway hyperresponsiveness, which may lead to wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing
Term
T/F: A bee can sting you multiple times
Definition
FALSE
Term
An athlete has been stung by a bee and is having an allergic reaction. What would be most effective in treating the sting?
Definition
epinepherin
Term
Which insect leaves behind a barbed stinger after it stings you?
Definition
Bee
Term
Which piece of information about an athlete is critical when treating him or her for ingestion of poison?
Definition
Body weight
Term
T/F: A bite from a black widow spider can cause sharp pain
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F: Impaled objects should be removed as soon as possible
Definition
FALSE
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
Nose bleed
Term
T/F: Tap water is an appropriate fluid for irrigating most wounds
Definition
TRUE
Term
An orbital hematoma is best managed with the application of?
Definition
ICE
Term
A cross country runner trips and scrapes their arm. Which kind of wound is this?
Definition
abrasion
Term
What type of burn is a sun burn?
Definition
thermal
Term
In the case of amputation, what is used to control external hemorrhage?
Definition
tourniquet
Term
woven dressings
Definition
sterile gauze and nonadherent pads (should not be applied directly to the wound)
Term
semiocclusive and occlusive dressings
Definition

(seal wounds from external environment)

foams, films, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, and skin adhesives- provides moist wound environment

Term
T/F: lacerations of the oral cavity heal more slowly than open wounds on the extremities and trunk
Definition
FALSE
Term
What instrument is used to evaluate the tympanic membrane of the ear?
Definition
otoscope
Term
hyphema
Definition
trauma induced bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye
Term
avulsion
Definition
tearing force with removal of skin or soft tissue
Term
blister
Definition
uni- or multidirectional shear forces with presence of moisture; collection of fluid between epidermis and dermis
Term
incisions
Definition
sharp tensile force, clean or regular break in skin
Term
lacerations
Definition
tension and shear force; irregular tear in skin
Term
punctures
Definition
tensile loading and penetration of sharp object into skin
Term
contusions
Definition
blunt force; hemorrhage underneath skin
Term
hematomas
Definition
pooling of blood
Term
Care for soft tissue injuries
Definition
  • hemorrhage control
  • cleansing
  • debridement
  • dressing of wound
  • (treatment of shock)
Term
T/F: In an emergency it is important to determine the specific type of skeletal fracture
Definition
FALSE
Term
If a baseball pitcher is hit in the chest by a line drive, what kind of force is this?
Definition
direct force
Term
T/F: An advantage of rigid splints are their ability to conform to injuries involving a significant deformity
Definition
FALSE
Term
Box splint
Definition
a type of splint comprised of 3 rigid, padded boards and a U-shaped foot piece
Term
open fracture
Definition
a fracture where the skin is broken at the site of the fracture
Term
improvised soft splints
Definition
blankets, pillows, towels
Term
traction splint
Definition
splint designed to apply a constant pull along the length of the limb to stabilize the fracture, reduce blood loss, reduce muscle spasms, and maintain distal vascular blood supply
Term
which type of splint due to its cylindrical shape should not be used for compound or displaced fractures?
Definition
air splint
Term
ortho-glass splint
Definition
when passed under cool water, undergoes a chemical reaction that hardens its padded fiberglass insert
Term
stroke volume (SV)
Definition
amount of blood pumped per heart beat
Term
cardiac output
Definition

totalk amount of blood pumped per minute

CO=SV•HR

Term
systolic BP
Definition
pressure exerted on vessel walls when heart pumps
Term
diastolic BP
Definition
pressure exerted on vessel walls when heart is not pumping
Term
pulse pressure
Definition

difference between systolic and diastolic BP

EX: 120/80 = pulse pressure of 40

Term
perfusion
Definition
delivery of oxygen and blood to the body
Term
hypoperfusion
Definition
inadequate amount of blood delivered to body, or blood loss
Term
shock
Definition
  • compensation for hypoperfusion
  • blood flow to extremeties is decreased and focused on major organs
  • decreased blood flow to brain
Term
compensated shock
Definition
results from body's efforts to redirect blood flow to major organs
Term
decompensated shock
Definition
body's inability to adjust to blood/fluid loss or inadequate perfusion
Term
irreversible shock
Definition
body can no longer attempt to correct, or adjust for blood loss, adequate perfusion cannot be maintained, hypoxia causes tissue death and irreversible organ damage
Term
postural hypotension
Definition
standing up suddenly
Term
hypovolemic shock
Definition
caused by dehydration, vomiting, or blood loss (total amount of fluid in body falls below normal values)
Term
hemorrhagic shock
Definition

caused by loss of blood and oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (excessive internal and external bleeding)

  • compensated: less than 1,000mL blood loss
  • mild: 1,000-1,500 mL blood loss
  • moderate: 1,500-2,000mL blood loss
  • severe: more than 2,000mL blood loss (LIFE THREATENING)
Term
anaphylactic shock
Definition
reaction to allergen; dilation of local blood vessels and leakage of plasma
Term
septic shock
Definition
severe bacterial or fungal infection; can lead to organ failure and death
Term
neurogenic shock
Definition
sudden loss of function in autonomic nervous system; spinal cord injury
Term
cardiogenic shock
Definition
dysfunction of hearts ability to pump blood; myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, valvular dysfunction
Term
hypoglycemic (insulin) shock
Definition
diabetic athletes; blood sugar level below normal, treat with ingestion of soda or fruit juice
Term
psychogenic shock
Definition
sudden exposure to fear, joy, anger, or grief; dilation of vessels and decline of blood pressure (fainting may occur)
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