Term
| What are the four classes of organic compounds and examples of each? |
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Definition
1.Carbohydrates-simple sugars-glucose,sucrose, starch
2. Lipids-non-polar hydrophobic=fats,oils, cholesterol
3. Amines and protiens-all have amine group=amino acids,histamines, catecholamines
4. nucleotides and nucleic acids-DNA,RNA, FAD |
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Term
| What is the first level of protein structure? and discription |
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Definition
| Primary structure-the amino acid sequence determinded genetically from DNA |
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Term
| What is the second level of protein structure? and discription |
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Definition
| Secondary structure-the strand is randomly twisted or one of two possible shapes-alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
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Term
| What is the third level of protein structure? and discription |
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Definition
| Tertiary structure-due to r-group interactions=proteins fold into a complex 3-d shape |
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Term
| What is the forth level of protein structure? and discription |
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Definition
Quaternary structure-complete protein has steveral strands. insulin has 2 strands
hemoglobin has 4 strands |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of the teriary or quaternary structure of porteins by things like heat, chemicals, pH change, ect. |
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Term
| What does denaturation do to a proteins? |
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Definition
| this alters the proteins properties-often leaving it useless especially enzymes. |
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Term
| What are the subunits of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
1. a 5-c sugar
2. 1 or more phosphates
3. nitrogen base |
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Term
| What is the structural differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
1. the 5-carbon sugar differs-DNA has deoxyribose-RNA has ribose
2. dna is a double helix-rna is is a single strand
3. dna= thymine
rna=uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all chemical reactions and processes occuring in the body |
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Term
| What are the two catagories of metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
1. anabolic reactions=synthesis reactions ex:protein or DNA synthesis, require an energy input-usually ATP-anabolic steriods are chemical regulators that promote these rxns
2. catabolic reactions-are breakdown rxns, ex: breakdown of nutirents=release of energy
Thyroxine promotes these rxns |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage and give a location and description for each? |
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Definition
1) Hyaline Cartilage-has a very thin collagen fibers in matrix-makes it clear, glassy, and brittle. ex: costal cartilages and trachea
2) Elastic cartilage-lots of elastin in matrix-makes it yellowish and elastic ex: auriele of ear, epiglottis
3) fibrocartilage-thick collage bundles in the matrix-makes it very tough,resists compression ex: intervertebral discs |
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Term
| 5 primary regions of the brain? |
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Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Term
| What is a major sturcture in the Myelencephalon and its function? |
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Definition
| Medulla Oblongata=resembles the spinal cord, also controls vital function ie. cardiac,vasomotor, respiratioy rhythmicity |
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Term
| What is a major sturcture in the metencephalon and its function? |
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Definition
| Pons=neculi involves with chewing, eye and face movements, hearing, equilibrium and speech |
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Term
| What is a major sturcture in the Mesencephalon and its function? |
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Definition
| Red Nucleus-connects the cerebellum with the motor cerebrum |
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Term
| What is a major sturcture in the Diencephalon and its function? |
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Definition
| Thalamus-functions as a relay center between the cerebrum and the lower brain |
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Term
| What is a major sturcture in the Telencephalon and its function? |
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Definition
| Cerebrum=personality,higher order emotions, reasoning and analytical ability, learning and memory spatial and artistic abilities, speech and language abilities and visual processing. |
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Term
| Name and describle the 2 methods of bone formation. |
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Definition
1)Endochonral ossification=bone deposition within pre-existing hyaline cartliage...most of the fetal skeleton forms this way, is endochondral(replacement) bone
2)Intramembranous Ossification=bone deposition in the membrane without Pre-existing bone....forms the roofing bonds of the skull and some facial bones, is membrane(dermal) bone |
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Term
| Describe skeletal muscles and give a location. |
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Definition
Found mostly attached to skeleton functions in locomotion and body movement
the fibers are striated and voluntary
Unbranched fibers
Peripheral nuclei
is syncytial |
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Term
| Describe cardiac muscles and give a location. |
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Definition
Found in the heart and bases of large arteries leaving it. functions to pump blood
ewak striations, involuntary, intercalated discs |
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Term
| Describe visceral muscle and give a location. |
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Definition
Found in the wall of the GI tract, resp. ttracts and other hollow organs. functions in the internal movement of fluid, food, etc.
unstriated
involuntary,central nuclei
individual spindle shaped cells |
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Term
| There are 3 distinct functional types of neurons, what are they? |
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Definition
1. sensory
2. interneurons
3. motor neurons |
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Term
| What do sensory neurons do? |
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Definition
| transmit sensory impulses from receptors to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| connect the sensory and motor neurons with in the CNS |
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Term
| What do motor neurons do? |
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Definition
| transmit impulses form the CNS to the effectors ie. muscles and glands |
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Term
| Functions of the integument? |
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Definition
1)protection=the dead surface layer is a barrier to most pathogens.
2)prevention of water loss=impermeable to water because of keratin
3)Thermoregulation=sweating,vasodialation/constriction, direction conductiion or convection
4)Synthesis of vitamin D |
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Term
| Functions of the skeleton? |
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Definition
| 1. Provides support-give the body a rigid framework to resist gravity 2. provides anchors for muscle attachment-the skeleton forms a set of levers that the muscles act on for effection locomotion and body mv't 3. provides protection-protects vital organs 4. provides a site for hemopoiesis(RBC formation) occurs in the myeloid tissue |
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Term
| Ca ion in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| When the CA concentration in the sarcoplasm rises above 1.o X 10to the -6M the Ca binds to the Troponin causing a shift in the Tropomyosin which opens up the cross-bridge binding sites for the heads of myosin. allows power strokes to occur and fiber contracts. |
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Term
| What are the 2 sets of nerves that make up the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
cranial 12 pairs
spinal 31 pairs-8cervical,12 thoracic,5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
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Term
| What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves in order? |
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Definition
I. Olfactory-sensory=sense of smell
II. Optic-sensory= visual imppulses
III. Oculomotor-mixed=move the eye ball
IV. Trochlear-mixed-innerv. extrinsic eye muscle
V. Trigeminal-mixed=touch,temp, pain from face and scalp,ears.neck oral cavity. anterior 2/3 of tongue
VI.Abducens-mixed=
VII. facial-mixed
VIII. Vestibulococniear-sensory=equilibrium and hearing
IX. Glossopharyngeal-mixed=
X.Vagus-mixed
XI. Spinal-mixed
XII. Hypoglossal-mixed |
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Term
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Definition
| partial paralysis of facial muscles |
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Term
| Can somatic motor neurons connect directly from the CNS? |
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Definition
| No they must synapse with a ganglionic neuron outides the CNS and it sends the fiber to the effector. |
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Term
| Spinal nerves will often unite a short distance from the cord forming what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 major spinal nerve plexes? |
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Definition
1)cervical
2) brachial
3)Lumbar
4)Sacral |
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Term
| What is a reflex arc? What does this allow? |
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Definition
| is the shortest nerve pathway linking a receptor with an effector. Allows rapid response without increases brain input |
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Term
| Whis the simplest reflex arc? |
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Definition
| Monosynapitc ie. only 2 neurons are involved 1 sensory 1 motor |
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Term
| What is a ipsilateral reflex arc? EX? |
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Definition
| response in on same side and at same level as sensory imput. EX: withdrawal reflexes |
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Term
| What is a contralaterl reflex arc? EX? |
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Definition
| response is at same level but on opposide side from sensory imput. EX: crossed extensor-reflexes are this type contract a muscle on opposite side when its counterpart extends |
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Term
| what is a intersegmental reflex arc? EX? |
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Definition
| interneuron sends fibers up or down the cord-response is at a different level form the sensory input EX: trip reflex |
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Term
| What features in cardiac muscle allow an impulse to spread rapidly over large areas? |
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Definition
| Myocardial cells are joined by gap junctions at the intercalated discs. also the fibers form a branching network |
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Term
| The impulse that triggers the heartbeat is what? |
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Definition
| intrinsic-from within the heart itself |
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Term
| What is the hearts pacemaker? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there myoneural junctions in visceral muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fibers run thru the mass of viscerall muscle? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Autonomic motor fibers-when an impulse travels down athe fiberr neurotransmitter are released in bursts from varicsities(swellings) along the fibers. |
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Term
| What are the 2 divisions of the sympathetic divison of the ANS? |
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Definition
1.paravertebral(chain) ganglia-from the sympathetic trunk on either side of the vertebral column. EX: blood vessels and sweat glands
2. prevertebral(collateral) ganglia-these are amoung the viscera.EX: heart and smooth muscle of the GI tract |
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Term
| What are the 3 major prevertebral ganglia? |
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Definition
1. celiac ganglion
2. superior mesenteric ganglion
3. inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Term
| What cause system wide sympathetic activation? |
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Definition
| catecholamine-epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| What are the the fight or flight response to sympathetic activation? |
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Definition
1) increased HR and contraction strength
2)increased resp. rate and bronchial dilation
3)increased blood glucose
4)vasodilation to skeletal muscles and vasoconstriction else where(GI) |
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Term
| What else does system wide sympathetic activation cause? |
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Definition
| decreased salivation and diaprioresis |
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Term
| What does the parasympathetic divison of the ANS do? |
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Definition
| preganglionic parasympatetic fibers synapse in terminal ganglia near or within the target effector. EX: ciliary ganglion otic ganglion |
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Term
| What do nicotinic receptors do? |
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Definition
| bind to nicotine as well as ACh are found at autonomic ganglionic synapese and at myeneural junction. |
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Term
| What do muscarinic receptors do? |
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Definition
| bind muscarine as well as ACh. found at all parasympathetic effector synapses. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
1. alpha
2. beta
Alpha are usually excitatory, beta are usually inhibitory-there are excetions EX: alpha stimulation inhibs GI activity where as B stimulation excites the heart |
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Term
| Organs without dual innerration-what determines the response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs have sympathetic input? |
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Definition
| most blood vessels,sweat glands, arrector pili and adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What organs have parasympathetic input? |
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Definition
| Gastric and intestinal glands, and your lacrimal glands(tear) |
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