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Final exam
Overview of basic human anatomy
110
Anatomy
10th Grade
05/23/2011

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Term
Disease state
Definition
When the body cannot maintain homeostasis
Term
Anterior
Definition
Front of body
Term
Superior
Definition
Upper part of the body ex. The forehead is superior to the nose
Term
Posterior
Definition
Backside of the body
Term
Inferior
Definition
Lower part of the body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the midline of the body
Term
Medial
Definition
Towards the midline of the body
Term
Proximal
Definition
Close to attachment site of limb elbow is proximal to the wrist
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from point of attachment. Ex)knee is distal to the thigh
Term
Negative feedback loops
Definition
Any deviation from normal range is resisted. The result of the feedback loop is to counteract the stimulus and keep the body at homeostasis
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Existence of relatively stable internal enviornmentsnin the body
Term
Conditions that need to be kept constant include
Definition
Temperature, number of blood cells, blood pressure, pH, volume
Term
Positive feedback loop
Definition
Body is trying to get away from homeostasis rare in the body reinforces and enhances the stimulus ex) a mother giving birth, inadequate blood supply to the heart
Term
Platysma
Definition
Moves skin in the face
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
Produces gametes (sperm and egg) that unite to form a new organism
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
Supports and protects forms blood cells, stores minerals contains:bones,cartilage,ligaments, and joints
Term
Urinary system
Definition
Removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood, regulates fluid &electrolyte balance and regulates volume sand chemical composition of blood
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
Carries nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells, carries waste products and gases away from the cells, protects against disease (white blood cells) maintains ph balance and regulates body temperature contains: heart blood vessels and blood
Term
Digestive system
Definition
Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients for use of cells, and eliminates solids and other wastes
Contains:long tube running from mouth to annus
Containing: mouth stomach, large intestine,rectum liver, gallbladder, and the salvitory glands
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
Regulates body activities through the release of chemicals called hormones, which are transported through the bloodstream to various organs in the body
Contains: hormone producing glands, such as the pancreas, pituitary glad, and the thyroid gland
Term
Integumentary system (external covering of the body)
Definition
Regulates temperature provides protection, some excretion, and monitors external stimuli
Contains:skin,hair,nails,and sweat glands
Term
Lymphatic system (immune system)
Definition
Complements the cardiovascular system, aids in immunity-site of white blood cell production, some excretion, and monitors external stimuli
Contains: lymph nodes, lymphatic organs: spleen, tonsils,thymus
Term
Muscular system
Definition
Movement of body and supplies balance
Contains: skeletal muscle tissue
Term
Nervous system ( control system of the body)
Definition
Detects changes in internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds to them by activating muscles and glands
Contains: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
Term
Skin
Definition
Part of the integumentary system. It protects against damage, regulates body temperature, excretes fluiids and salts, produces vitamin d
Term
Epidermis
Definition
The outer layer of skin made of stratified squamous tissue, most cells produce keratin
Term
Layers of the skin :
Definition
5 layers, thickest layer and top layer: stratum corneum and is made of dead skin cells
Deepest layer:stratum basale site of cell dovision, contains melynocytes, healthiest living cells
Term
Superficial fascia
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue just under the skin
Term
Subcutaneous fat
Definition
Fat under the skin
Term
4 major functions of the muscular system
Definition
1. Movement
2. Maintaining posture
3. Stabilizing joints
4. Creates body heat (produces temperature)
Term
Structure of muscle
Definition
Fascicle- muscle cell/ fiber-myofibril-myofilaments
2 myofilaments are > actin & myosin/protein fibers
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
Contractile unit/ cell membrane of muscle cell/
Parts of the sarcomere include: actin, myosin, myosin heads, regulatory protein ( troponin)
Term
Sliding filament theory
Definition
1) action potential moves along the sarcolemma ca2+ ions are released from the sacrocoplasmic reticulum
2) calcium ions bind to troponin/regulatory proteins that protect myosin binding sites) and cause them to change shape and position.
3) the movement of these regulatory proteins exposes myosin binding sites
4) cross bridges (myosin heads) attach to exposed myosin binding sites on the filaments
5) ATP provides energy- as cross bridges bind, heads snap towards center of sarcomere, pulling the thin filamens along
6) ATP provides energy to release the myosin heads.
7) myosin heads reattach to next binding site- process continues and thin filaments move closer together
Term
Sliding filament theory 2
Definition
When the action potential ends, calcium ions are reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and regulatory proteins resume original position, preventing myosin binding
Term
The synaps
Definition
1) action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal causensynaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter molecules, such as ACh
2) neurotransmitter molecules diffuse from the presynaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter molecules combine with their receptors and cause Na channels to open. Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause depolarization. If depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential is produced in the posynaptic cell
Term
What does an EKG measure?
Definition
heart rate
Term
What is the function of fluid between layers of the heart?
Definition
cushioning
Term
Pericardium
Definition
tissue covering heart
Term
Funtions of the Heart
Definition
1) Generating bood pressure
2)routing blood
3) One way blood flow
4)Regulating blood supply
Term
Location of the heart
Definition
In the middle of the chest angled left
Term
apex of heart
Definition
the point on the bottom of the heart
Term
Aorta
Definition
carries blood to the body
Term
Atria
Definition
two sections on the left and right top of the heart
Term
ventricals
Definition
the larger bottom two sections of the heart
Term
pulmonary arteries right and left seperate from pulminary trunk and carry blood to where?
Definition
the lungs
Term
are there sinuses in the heart? if so why?
Definition
yes as a collectionary for blood through the right atria
Term
Dura mater
Definition
protective layer covering the brain
Term
Dura mater
Definition
protective layer covering the brain
Term
on the sheep brain disection where is the cerebelllum
Definition
the back side of the brain before the brainstem
Term
on the sheep brain disection where is the cerebelllum
Definition
the back side of the brain before the brainstem
Term
where is the cerebrum of the sheep brain
Definition
the front larger part has the 4 lobes
Term
what are the 5 functions of the digestive system?
Definition
1)take in food
2) break down food
3)absorb digested mlecules
4)provide nutrients
5)eliminate wastes (fiber & exta food)
Term
what are the four tunics of the digestive tract?
Definition
1)mucosa
2)Submucosa
3)Muscularis
4)Serosa
Term
tunic of the digestive tract: Mucosa
Definition
helps absorb nutrients better because it is lined with mucus
Term
tunic of the digestive tract:submocosa
Definition
thick to protect blood vessels/nutrients absorbed straight into the blood stream
Term
tunic of the digestive tract 3 muscularis
Definition
smooth muscle/moves things along
Term
tunic of the digestice tract: Serosa
Definition
holds things in place
Term
cecum
Definition
end of large intestine
Term
secum
Definition
pouch at top of large intestine/like appendix in humans
Term
messentery
Definition
tissue that holds the small intestine in place
Term
omentums
Definition
messentery connecting the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach
Term
gastric rugae
Definition
folds in the stomach that allow it to expand
Term
ileocecal valve
Definition
doughnut-shaped regulates movement of the contents of the small intestine into the large intestine
Term
pyloric sphincter
Definition
a muscular valve located at the distal end of the pyloric region regulates the movement of the stomach contents into the intestine
Term
cardiac sphincter
Definition
at the distal end the esophagus terminates in a ring of smooth muscle which is the cardiac sphincter
Term
fundus
Definition
upper rounded part of stomach, can store undigested food and gasses for an hour
Term
small intestine
Definition
chemical digestion of carbs, proteins and tats, absorbs nutrients and water
Term
large intestine
Definition
gas production/fermentation, vitamins are absorbed, more water absorbtion
Term
anal glands
Definition
scent glands open into the rectum near the anus of the cat
Term
microvilli and villi
Definition
found in the small intestine absorb nutrients
Term
liver
Definition
detox of chemicals and makes bile, in the upper right quadrant
Term
Peristasis
Definition
the contractions and the relaxations made by the muscles Peristalsis is important for the movement of food through the Esophagus (so that the food can reach the stomach) and the large intestine (for prevention of constipation).
Term
gall bladder
Definition
stores the bile salts that digest fats
Term
bile ducts
Definition
The bile duct produces nothing--it is simply a duct. It is the pipeway, to put it simply, from the liver (where bile is created) to the gallbladder (where excess bile is stored) and the duodenum (the joining of the stomach and small intestine). Bile helps digestion by assisting in the breakdown of lipids (fats)
Term
pancreas
Definition
produces enzymes that digest food, located behind the stomach
Term
spleen
Definition
to the left of the stomach, funtion:????
Term
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
separate pulmonary artery and left ventrical
Term
Aortic Semilunar valve
Definition
Separates aorta and left ventrical
Term
chordae tendiane
Definition
connective tissue that attaches to valves
Term
atrioventricular Valves
Definition
bettween atrium and ventricals function: prevents backflow into atria
1)tricuspid (right)
2) bicuspid (left)
Term
semilunar Valves
Definition
between ventricals and arteries that leave ventricals funtion prevents backflow into the ventricals
1)pulmonary-separates rt. vent. and pul. trunk
2)Aortic/ separates aorta from left ventrical
Term
function of coronary arteries
Definition
provide heart muscles with oxygen/ away from chambers of heart to heart muscle
Term
the right atrium:
Definition
receives blood from superior/anterior vena cava and coronary sinus
Term
the left atrium receives blood from:
Definition
right and left pulmonary veins
Term
right ventricle pumps to:
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
left ventrical pumps to:
Definition
the aorta
Term
right and left pulmonary veins
Definition
give blood to the left atrium
Term
pulmonary arteries/trunk
Definition
pump blood to the body
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral Nervous System
Definition
everything going to and from the central nervous system
1)somatic nercous system (voluntary)
2)autonomic Nervous System: (involuntary) smooth/ cardiac muscle
Term
parts of a neuron
Definition
a)cell body
b)dentrites
c)axon
d)myelin
e)axon terminals
Term
mylin
Definition
like paper towel rolls around a neuron, speeds up electrical impulses
Term
schwann cells
Definition
produce mylin
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
destruction of the myelin sheath
Term
endocrine system
Definition
water balance, uterine contractions, ion regulation, growth, and metabolism general function is to secrete hormones to maintain homeostasis
Term
major organs of the endocrine system include:
Definition
pancreas, reproductive organs tymus
Term
major endocrine glands:Pituitary
Definition
growth hormone
Term
major endocrine gland:Thyroid
Definition
secretes thyroid hormone to increase metabolism
Term
major endocrine gland:adrenal medulla
Definition
secretes adrenaline
Term
major endocrine gland:Pancreas
Definition
secretes inculin and glucagon
Term
autocrine signals
Definition
released by a cell and have an dffect on the same cells ex)smooth muscles cover capilaries expand to swell
Term
hormones
Definition
secreted into the blood stream by specialized cells; travel some distance and influence specific activities
Term
phermone
Definition
secreted into enviornment influences other individuals
Term
organs of the lymphatic system
Definition
tonsils, lymphnodes, spleen, and thymus
Term
functions of the lymphatic system
Definition
Fluid balance, fat abosorption, & Defense
Term
innate immunity
Definition
body reconizes and destroys foreign substances achieved by
1)mechanical mechanisms barriers/fluids
2)chemical mediators ex)hytamine (causes swelling0
3)cells- celles release chemicals when they are damaged and white blood cells come to the rescue
Term
adaptive immunity
Definition
the body learns overtime after being exposed again and again
1)specificity: the body's ability to recognice a substance
2) the ability to remember
Term
what is carcon dioxide and its role in forming carbonic acid?
Definition
?????
Term
reflex arc
Definition
neuronal pathway of a reflex (see reflexes paper)
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