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| When the body cannot maintain homeostasis |
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| Upper part of the body ex. The forehead is superior to the nose |
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| Away from the midline of the body |
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| Towards the midline of the body |
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| Close to attachment site of limb elbow is proximal to the wrist |
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| Farther from point of attachment. Ex)knee is distal to the thigh |
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| Any deviation from normal range is resisted. The result of the feedback loop is to counteract the stimulus and keep the body at homeostasis |
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| Existence of relatively stable internal enviornmentsnin the body |
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| Conditions that need to be kept constant include |
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| Temperature, number of blood cells, blood pressure, pH, volume |
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| Body is trying to get away from homeostasis rare in the body reinforces and enhances the stimulus ex) a mother giving birth, inadequate blood supply to the heart |
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| Produces gametes (sperm and egg) that unite to form a new organism |
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| Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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| Supports and protects forms blood cells, stores minerals contains:bones,cartilage,ligaments, and joints |
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| Removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood, regulates fluid &electrolyte balance and regulates volume sand chemical composition of blood |
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| Carries nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells, carries waste products and gases away from the cells, protects against disease (white blood cells) maintains ph balance and regulates body temperature contains: heart blood vessels and blood |
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Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients for use of cells, and eliminates solids and other wastes
Contains:long tube running from mouth to annus
Containing: mouth stomach, large intestine,rectum liver, gallbladder, and the salvitory glands |
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Regulates body activities through the release of chemicals called hormones, which are transported through the bloodstream to various organs in the body
Contains: hormone producing glands, such as the pancreas, pituitary glad, and the thyroid gland |
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| Integumentary system (external covering of the body) |
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Regulates temperature provides protection, some excretion, and monitors external stimuli
Contains:skin,hair,nails,and sweat glands |
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| Lymphatic system (immune system) |
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Complements the cardiovascular system, aids in immunity-site of white blood cell production, some excretion, and monitors external stimuli
Contains: lymph nodes, lymphatic organs: spleen, tonsils,thymus |
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Movement of body and supplies balance
Contains: skeletal muscle tissue |
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| Nervous system ( control system of the body) |
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Detects changes in internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds to them by activating muscles and glands
Contains: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs |
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| Part of the integumentary system. It protects against damage, regulates body temperature, excretes fluiids and salts, produces vitamin d |
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| The outer layer of skin made of stratified squamous tissue, most cells produce keratin |
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5 layers, thickest layer and top layer: stratum corneum and is made of dead skin cells
Deepest layer:stratum basale site of cell dovision, contains melynocytes, healthiest living cells |
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| Fibrous connective tissue just under the skin |
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| 4 major functions of the muscular system |
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1. Movement
2. Maintaining posture
3. Stabilizing joints
4. Creates body heat (produces temperature) |
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Fascicle- muscle cell/ fiber-myofibril-myofilaments
2 myofilaments are > actin & myosin/protein fibers |
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Contractile unit/ cell membrane of muscle cell/
Parts of the sarcomere include: actin, myosin, myosin heads, regulatory protein ( troponin) |
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1) action potential moves along the sarcolemma ca2+ ions are released from the sacrocoplasmic reticulum
2) calcium ions bind to troponin/regulatory proteins that protect myosin binding sites) and cause them to change shape and position.
3) the movement of these regulatory proteins exposes myosin binding sites
4) cross bridges (myosin heads) attach to exposed myosin binding sites on the filaments
5) ATP provides energy- as cross bridges bind, heads snap towards center of sarcomere, pulling the thin filamens along
6) ATP provides energy to release the myosin heads.
7) myosin heads reattach to next binding site- process continues and thin filaments move closer together |
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| Sliding filament theory 2 |
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| When the action potential ends, calcium ions are reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and regulatory proteins resume original position, preventing myosin binding |
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1) action potentials arriving at the presynaptic terminal causensynaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter molecules, such as ACh
2) neurotransmitter molecules diffuse from the presynaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter molecules combine with their receptors and cause Na channels to open. Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause depolarization. If depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential is produced in the posynaptic cell |
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| What does an EKG measure? |
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| What is the function of fluid between layers of the heart? |
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1) Generating bood pressure
2)routing blood
3) One way blood flow
4)Regulating blood supply |
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| In the middle of the chest angled left |
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| the point on the bottom of the heart |
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| carries blood to the body |
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| two sections on the left and right top of the heart |
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| the larger bottom two sections of the heart |
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| pulmonary arteries right and left seperate from pulminary trunk and carry blood to where? |
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| are there sinuses in the heart? if so why? |
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| yes as a collectionary for blood through the right atria |
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| protective layer covering the brain |
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| protective layer covering the brain |
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| on the sheep brain disection where is the cerebelllum |
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| the back side of the brain before the brainstem |
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| on the sheep brain disection where is the cerebelllum |
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| the back side of the brain before the brainstem |
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| where is the cerebrum of the sheep brain |
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| the front larger part has the 4 lobes |
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| what are the 5 functions of the digestive system? |
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1)take in food
2) break down food
3)absorb digested mlecules
4)provide nutrients
5)eliminate wastes (fiber & exta food) |
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| what are the four tunics of the digestive tract? |
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1)mucosa
2)Submucosa
3)Muscularis
4)Serosa |
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| tunic of the digestive tract: Mucosa |
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| helps absorb nutrients better because it is lined with mucus |
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| tunic of the digestive tract:submocosa |
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| thick to protect blood vessels/nutrients absorbed straight into the blood stream |
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| tunic of the digestive tract 3 muscularis |
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| smooth muscle/moves things along |
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| tunic of the digestice tract: Serosa |
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| pouch at top of large intestine/like appendix in humans |
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| tissue that holds the small intestine in place |
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| messentery connecting the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach |
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| folds in the stomach that allow it to expand |
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| doughnut-shaped regulates movement of the contents of the small intestine into the large intestine |
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| a muscular valve located at the distal end of the pyloric region regulates the movement of the stomach contents into the intestine |
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| at the distal end the esophagus terminates in a ring of smooth muscle which is the cardiac sphincter |
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| upper rounded part of stomach, can store undigested food and gasses for an hour |
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| chemical digestion of carbs, proteins and tats, absorbs nutrients and water |
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| gas production/fermentation, vitamins are absorbed, more water absorbtion |
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| scent glands open into the rectum near the anus of the cat |
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| found in the small intestine absorb nutrients |
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| detox of chemicals and makes bile, in the upper right quadrant |
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| the contractions and the relaxations made by the muscles Peristalsis is important for the movement of food through the Esophagus (so that the food can reach the stomach) and the large intestine (for prevention of constipation). |
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| stores the bile salts that digest fats |
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| The bile duct produces nothing--it is simply a duct. It is the pipeway, to put it simply, from the liver (where bile is created) to the gallbladder (where excess bile is stored) and the duodenum (the joining of the stomach and small intestine). Bile helps digestion by assisting in the breakdown of lipids (fats) |
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| produces enzymes that digest food, located behind the stomach |
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| to the left of the stomach, funtion:???? |
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| Pulmonary semilunar valve |
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| separate pulmonary artery and left ventrical |
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| Separates aorta and left ventrical |
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| connective tissue that attaches to valves |
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bettween atrium and ventricals function: prevents backflow into atria
1)tricuspid (right)
2) bicuspid (left) |
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between ventricals and arteries that leave ventricals funtion prevents backflow into the ventricals
1)pulmonary-separates rt. vent. and pul. trunk
2)Aortic/ separates aorta from left ventrical |
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| function of coronary arteries |
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| provide heart muscles with oxygen/ away from chambers of heart to heart muscle |
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| receives blood from superior/anterior vena cava and coronary sinus |
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| the left atrium receives blood from: |
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| right and left pulmonary veins |
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| right ventricle pumps to: |
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| right and left pulmonary veins |
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| give blood to the left atrium |
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| peripheral Nervous System |
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everything going to and from the central nervous system
1)somatic nercous system (voluntary)
2)autonomic Nervous System: (involuntary) smooth/ cardiac muscle |
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a)cell body
b)dentrites
c)axon
d)myelin
e)axon terminals |
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| like paper towel rolls around a neuron, speeds up electrical impulses |
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| destruction of the myelin sheath |
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| water balance, uterine contractions, ion regulation, growth, and metabolism general function is to secrete hormones to maintain homeostasis |
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| major organs of the endocrine system include: |
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| pancreas, reproductive organs tymus |
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| major endocrine glands:Pituitary |
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| major endocrine gland:Thyroid |
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| secretes thyroid hormone to increase metabolism |
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| major endocrine gland:adrenal medulla |
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| major endocrine gland:Pancreas |
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| secretes inculin and glucagon |
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| released by a cell and have an dffect on the same cells ex)smooth muscles cover capilaries expand to swell |
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| secreted into the blood stream by specialized cells; travel some distance and influence specific activities |
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| secreted into enviornment influences other individuals |
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| organs of the lymphatic system |
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| tonsils, lymphnodes, spleen, and thymus |
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| functions of the lymphatic system |
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| Fluid balance, fat abosorption, & Defense |
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body reconizes and destroys foreign substances achieved by
1)mechanical mechanisms barriers/fluids
2)chemical mediators ex)hytamine (causes swelling0
3)cells- celles release chemicals when they are damaged and white blood cells come to the rescue |
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the body learns overtime after being exposed again and again
1)specificity: the body's ability to recognice a substance
2) the ability to remember |
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| what is carcon dioxide and its role in forming carbonic acid? |
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| neuronal pathway of a reflex (see reflexes paper) |
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