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Final Exam - World History 1
China - Siddhartha (India) - Russia (definition then term only)
95
History
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

Parents = Brahmin, highest social class

563 BC - Mother gave birth in a park

Dream: impregnated by white elephant

- translation: very important son

108 Brahmin priests invited to naming ceremony - 8 experts in interpreting birth marks

his birthmarks stated if he left home he'd become a Buddha - a wandering ascetic

 

Definition

Siddhartha Gautama

Family Background and Story of his Birth

Term

Buddha

Ascetic

Samana

Definition
A person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self - discipline, especially as an act if religious devotion
Term
"One whose aim is accomplished."
Definition
What does Siddhartha mean?
Term
life of leisure - never left palace while young
Definition
What did Siddhartha's father do to keep him from becoming a Buddha?
Term
saw suffering - shocked him and wondered why people suffered so much
Definition
What happened when he grew older and travelled?
Term
put on clothes of a beggar and became a wondering ascetic - searched for answer to suffering
Definition
What was Siddhartha's Great Renunciation?
Term
563-483 BC
Definition

Life span of Siddhartha?

Year of Birth - Year of Death

Term
under pipal tree at age 35
Definition
Where and When was Siddhartha enlightened?
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
A blessed state in which the individual transcends desire and suffering and attains nirvana.
Term

Four Noble Truths

Middle Path

Nirvana

Definition
Name 3 core concepts of Buddhism.
Term

1. Life is suffering.

2. Suffering is caused by desire.

3. The way to end suffering is to end desire.

4. The way to end desire is to avoid extremes: the extreme of life of vulgar materialism & extreme of a life of self torture & self mortification.

Definition
What are the 4 noble truths?
Term

Middle Path

(Noble Eightfold Path)

Definition

right understanding

right thoughts

right speech

right action

right livelihood

right effort

right mindfulness

right concentration

Term
Nirvana
Definition
the ultimate goal or condition, beyond existence and without form or definition. It it a blissful spiritual condition where the heart extinguishes passion, hatred, and delusion. Highest spiritual plane a person can attain.
Term
Theravada Buddhism
Definition

Traditional form of Buddhism - closer to the teachings of the historical buddha

 

followers renounce the material world and emphasize the importance of monastic life and limited routes to salvation

Term

Decentralized empires

 

Dominance of regional kingdoms

 

Caste system (well defined, inflexible social structure)

Definition
Distinguishing Charateristics of Ancient India
Term
God will reward them for hard works.
Definition
What did Brahmin priests believe?
Term
Mahayana Buddhism
Definition

Emphasize importance of personal devotion and the universal opportunity for salvation

 

Within this school, the Buddha himself was made a supernatural god- also innumerable other deities called Bodhisattvas

Term
Bodhisattvas
Definition
While attaining Nirvana, delayed final stage in order to help others attain Nirvana
Term
Believed it would be able to attract the allegiance of other dynasties
Definition
Why did Buddhism appeal to nomadic, alien dynasties in the north?
Term
Liang Wudi
Definition

Buddhist Emperor (520-549)

-banned meat, wine, olives

-built temples

-called meetings of Buddhist monks and nuns - audience of 50,000

-raised $ for Buddhist temples & monasteries by being voluntarily held hostage so nobles would have to raise large sums of money to free him

Term
Liang Wudi
Definition

"Emperor Bodhisattva"

 

"Bodhisattva Son of Heaven"

Term
Silk Roads
Definition

Trade route through China, central Asia, and India

Missionaries and pilgrims traveled

 

Important in spread of Buddhism and in Buddhism becoming dominant religion in Chinese Society

Term
Sinicization
Definition
to make Chinese in character or bring under Chinese influence.
Term
Tang dynasty
Definition

dynasty from 618-907

Continued sinicization of Buddhism and it flourished until the dynasty started to decline - Buddhism lost dominance and never fully regained

Term
Mutiny at Chen Bridge
Definition

960

Song Taizu

Start of the Song dynasty

Term
Nine Rank System
Definition

civil service nomination system - Tang dynasty

government rankings

originated in Han dynasty, development in Sui and Tang dynasties

Term
Jinshi
Definition

Exam structure

"presented scholar"

equivalent to a doctoral degree

Term

 

Zhu Xi

 

Definition

 

A.     1130-1200 – born in Fujian province – passed PhD exam at 18 – average age 35 – county magistrate promoted to prefect - preferred to be a scholar, hated politicians

 

 creator of Neo-Confucianism

Term
Neo-Confucianism
Definition

Revival of Confucian philosophy


 elevated to state ideology (equvalent to unity of church and state) after Zhu Xi's death

Term
Li
Definition

Neo-Confucian idea

 

Cosmology or World view: universal principle

Application in human society: moral principle and potentially good human nature

 

Term
Qi
Definition

Neo-Confucian idea

 

Cosmology or World view: material foce

within human society: organization of human society, human relations, and Confucian classics

Term
Metaphysics
Definition
an underlying philosophical or theoretical principle
Term
Cosmology
Definition
a specific theory or model of the physical universe and the dynamics of the physical universe
Term
Four books
Definition
4 ancient Confucian texts with Zhu Xi’s interpretive commentaries. The texts were used as official subject matter for civil service examinations in china from 1313 to 1905 and serve to introduce Chinese students to Confucian literature
Term
Yuan Dynasty
Definition

1279-1367 – dynasty started by Kublai Khan

 

 Nature & Character of Mongol State

Caste-Like Ethnic Hierarchy

Northern Chinese – more loyal

Southern Chinese – lowest caste

Term
Genghis Khan
Definition
(1162-1227) – his father was killed while he was a young boy – 7- swore revenge – chosen universal ruler – militarized Mongol society – built army of units – initiated conquest campaign
Term

 

Ming Taizu

 

Definition

 

 Life Experience–no money, presented himself to Buddhist monastery and worked for a while but monastery had to let him go bc lack of money, wandered for years and returned to monastery, stayed til monastery burned down, had no where to go, joined rebels

 Rebel Leader – climbed ranks, 1368 rebel force drove Mongols out of China

Founding Emperor set up new dynasty, Ming Dynasty capital city Nanjing

 

Term
Nanjing
Definition
northern capital established in ming dynasty - relocated from Beijing - 1421
Term
Beijing
Definition
"southern capital"
Term
Great Wall of China
Definition

Major ming dynasty project

to keep away mongols

Term
Zheng He
Definition

made pilgrimage to Mecca – 7 voyages, 1st in 1405: 62 ships w an average of 3000 tons each, had a staff of 70 eunuchs, 180 medical personnel, and 5 astrologers, Under his command were 300 military officers w 27,800 soldiers

not voyages for explorations, followed established routes of arab and Chinese trade – political and diplomatic expeditions – potential to develop Chinese maritime trade (took Europeans almost half a century to get started)

Term
Jesuits
Definition
The society of Jesus: founded in 1540 by Ignatius of layola, the society of Jesus is a Christian religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in service to the universal Church
Term
Matteo Ricci
Definition
-1582 arrived in china, immersed himself in language to learn classic Chinese - Jesuit who helped spread confucianism to Europe
Term
Exclusivity of Christianity- the belief that Christianity is the only true religion and that all other belief systems are fallacious creeds – basic Chinese religious beliefs: Confucianism, Buddhism, Doaism
Definition
Why did Jesuits fail to convert Chinese to Christianity?
Term
spread and translation of Confucian philosophies
Definition
What significance came out of Jesuit travels to China?
Term
Manchus
Definition

Established Qing dynasty

 

traditional 6 ministries: personnel, revenue, rites, war, justice, works

 

Mastered Confucian and Neo-Confucian classics

 

Reestablished bureaucratic system of government

Term
Tribute system
Definition
refers to the principles and regulations governing china’s foreign relations (Compare to int. law: int law-accepted by community of nations, this- accepted by most East and SE Asian countries – int law- originates in Eur and extends to rest of the world, this – originates in China and represents an extension and application of China’s domestic order to the outside world)
Term
Suzerain
Definition

 

1.      refers to a nation that controls another nation in international relations but allows its domestic sovereignty)

 

Term
Ural Mountains
Definition

 

– traditional boundary between European Russia and Asian Russia

1500 miles long

 

Term

 

 

Constantinople

 

Definition
capital of byzantine empire
Term
Prince Vladimir
Definition

 

958-1015 - Sent envoy to observe religions -Most impressed w Greek rituals -Converted to Eastern Orthodox Church in 988 - baptism -Byzantine priests conducted services for Russians -His conversion lead to the Christianization of Russia – marked the beginning -Russian Orthodox Church


 

 

Term
Muscovy
Definition

 

Principality

Ivan the Great refused to pay tribute to the Mongols or acknowledge their supremacy – by doing so he informally declared Russian independence

 

Under him the Russian rulers acquired more and more territory and expanded the principality

Political Foundation of absolutist state

principality became an emerging empire

Term
Ivan the Great
Definition

informally declared russian independence

first to take on title tsar

claimed head of Russian Orthodox Church - claimed he got power from God - absolutist ruler

 

Term
Cossacks
Definition
(peasant soldiers): instrument of Russian expansion
Term
St. Basil's Cathedral
Definition
most well know cathedral in Moscow
Term
Boyars
Definition

members or elite military aristocracy – very rich and powerful – enjoyed status comparable to aristocracy in eng. and fr. and western eur.

 

source of opposition

Term
Ivan the Terrible
Definition
Resistance to centralization reached high point during reign of who? 
Term
Chosen council
Definition
– inner circle of advisors – people close to Ivan the Terrible bc of their service to the Russian state
Term
Ivan the Terrible
Definition
established Assemblies of the land – meetings of representatives to learn about different things going on in different parts of the land (Russia)
Term
Ivan the Terrible
Definition

organized violence - went to extremes to defeat his enemy – organized private army in order to hunt down and kill traitors – members of the civilian population – confiscated large estates and mansions – set out frying pans to literally cook traitors and enemies

 

murdered his own son in a fit of rage

 

Died in 1584 leaving no capable heir – Russia fell into civil war

Term
Michael Romanov
Definition
elected – 1613-1645 in Russia
Term
Peter the great
Definition

 

tsar 1682-1725

Had many trade and military conflicts with neighboring peoples

took on great task of westernization

played with merchant boys of Germantown - learned from toys and from listening about ideas of western ways to build  ships

 

Term
Germantown
Definition

More and more European merchants came to Russia to trade – came to Moscow which made Russian merchants and traders unhappy – wanted to expel European merchants from city – so they were confined to live and trade outside the city of Moscow where it was called??

 

 became a large trading community located in the heartland of Russia – 18000 European merchants resided in Germantown outside Moscow in 1676

Term
The Grand Embassy
Definition

(1697-1698) – mission sent to Europe for 2 years – 250 members – peter the great was himself a member – travelled to Germany, England, Netherlands, etc. to learn about western European government, industry, technology – Peter studied ship building – worked as a carpenter in Dutch East India Company 1698-  worked in dockyard of royal navy. Not recognized until one day in England – succeeded in concealing his identity – thought government would be more frank talking to a commoner than to an emperor – was an inspiration to Russian people – as soon as the embassy returned to Moscow he started reforming Russia

 

observed workings of western European society and developed a “catch up” vision for Russia – but was too much of an autocrat he paid no attention to government like English parliament

Term
peters program of westernization
Definition

 

1.      Military Reform – his commitment to reform derived first from his ambition to make Russia a great military power of Europe – tried to reform army by drafting and training professional soldiers – extensive training – ordered aristocrats to study mathematics and geometry to know how to aim cannons correctly – forbid them to marry until they had learned and completed training – demonstrated its effectiveness in Sweden – The Great Northern War 1700-1720 – Peter the Great understood need to develop a merchant fleet and Navy fleet – understood importance in Europe so wanted one – wanted to dominate Russian sea and Baltic Sea

2.      Social Reform  - he saw existence of problems in society – abolished institution of harem – made subjects wear western style clothing and made men shave their beard – these policies were unpopular with traditional conservative Russians – Peter went out in public dressed like this himself and would cut off the beard of Boyar elite if they did not shave it themselves – commanded officials who went out and enforced these policies – would cut off beard and sleeves of Boyar elite who did not follow the policies

3.      Constructing a New Capital – hired European architects to construct the city – rumored to cost the lives of 10,000 serfs – haven for new Russian navy – became a window on the west – Russia claimed to have 2 capital cities – St. Petersburg and Moscow

a.       St. Petersburg - access to gulf of Finland and western Europe – location of the winter palace

 

Term
St. Petersburg
Definition

- access to gulf of Finland and western Europe – location of the winter palace

 

new capital of Russia under Peter the great

Term
Persecution of Buddhism
Definition
 Tang dynasty's decline - forced taxes on Buddhist monasteries previously exempt and revival of traditional Chinese philosophies like Confucianism - lasted from 815-845
Term
Kublai Khan
Definition
1260 became the great Khan (ruler) – led Mongols in numerous campaigns against China’s Song dynasty
Term
  Xiucai 
Definition

“Received Talents”—Bachelor’s Degree

 

exam structure

Term
 Juren
Definition

“Elevated Men”—Master’s Degree

 

exam structure

Term
"Third Rome Theory"
Definition
 1st Rome..collapsed, 2nd Constantinople…seized by Ottoman Turks and changed to Istanbul, 3rd Moscow… cultural and religious beacon to guide the world into eastern orthodox Christianity
Term
Tsar
Definition

head of state in Russia

Russianized "Ceasar"

first was Ivan the Great

Term
Romanov Dynasty
Definition

started in 1613

 

all Russian tsars from then on out were from this family

Term
Catherine the Great
Definition
Reigned 1762-1795) born into a small ruling family in the Baltic principality – marriage to grandson of Peter the Great – arranged marriage – not a very happy marriage – had 3 lovers – none of her 3 children belonged to her husband – interest was in government and reform – coronation in 1762 – reigned until 1795 – worked to increase effectiveness of Russian government with modern western European style education – encouraged Russian aristocracy to travel to Europe, especially France – she herself wrote in French and corresponded with philosophes - Continuation of Westernization– wanted subjects lives to improve as long as it didn’t compromise her own power and authority
Term
Philosophes
Definition
any of the leading philosophical, political, and social writers of the 18th century French Enlightenment
Term
Pugachev's Rebellion
Definition

1.      Objective of Rebellion wanted an end to government tax and government supervision and military draft – life of Russian peasants (serfs) had to work hard with no freedom to travel

Consequence of Rebellion crushed by imperial army – body of Pugachev was dismembered and scattered over city of Moscow as a warning 

Term
End of reform
Definition

1.      Impact of the French Revolution convocation of estates general – storming bastille – revolution outbreak – led to execution of King Louis XVI 1-21-1793

 combination of French revolution and pugachevs rebellion brought ....

Term
Boyar
Definition

 Advisers & Officials of Tsar

Princes & Non-Titled Families

 

elite class in Russia

Term
Table of Ranks
Definition

(1722-1917)

a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. It was introduced in 1722, during the reign of Peter the Great, while he engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars.

determined a person's position and status according to service to the Emperor (tsar or czar) rather than according to birth or seniority. The Table placed every military, civil, or court rank in one of fourteen grades, numbered from 1 to 14. Every officer of state had to qualify for the corresponding grade in order to be promoted; grades 1 through 5 received the personal attention of the Emperor.

Term
Serfdom
Definition

1.      Free Peasants Prior to Mongol Conquest

Evolution between 16th and 18th Centuries

landless.. belonged fully to bourgeois ..could be transferred w/o land or family but not killed. Eventually replaced with sharecropping.


Term
Christianization of Russia
Definition

Prince Vladimir, c.958-1015

  Sent envoy to observe religions

  Most impressed w Greek rituals

  Converted to Eastern Orthodox Church in 988 - baptism

  Byzantine priests conducted services for Russians

  His conversion lead to and marked the beginning of.....

 

  Church called Russian Orthodox Church

Term
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Definition
Since no comparable single leader emerged in this church as did in Roman Catholic Church, Byzantine emperors assumed leadership responsibility over church organizations and created a pattern of state control over Christian church. Those emperors had jurisdiction and control over patriarchs and bishops, etc.
Term
Principality of Kiev
Definition

Kiev=capital of Ukraine

                        From Novgorod to Kiev

 

Early effort toward state building

Term
Rurik
Definition

Viking trader and warrior

            Principality of Kiev

Term
Manchuria
Definition
region in todays northeastern china from which the Manchu's were from
Term
the investigation of things
Definition

gewu

 paying attention to everything in both books and affairs about moral principles because "moral principles are quite inexhaustible".

Term
Shidafu
Definition
high class in Chinese society as a result of civil service exam???
Term
Examination system
Definition

designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy. This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree.

 

Established in AD 605 during the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examinations developed and matured during the Tang Dynasty, continuing until their 1905 abolition under the Qing Dynasty - 1300 yrs

Term
Song Taizu
Definition

 founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976.

In 960, Song Taizu helped reunite most of China after the fragmentation and rebellion between the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 and the establishment of the Song dynasty. The plan set during Zhou Shizong's period was to first conquer the North, then the South. During Taizu's period, there was a change in strategy. He would conquer all the small countries such as Shu, South Han, and South Tang. The exception was the strong Northern Han in the north at Taiyuan supported by the Khitans. Taizu's strategy was to first take the Southern territories because the South was weaker than the North as the Liao supported Northern Han.

Term
Song Dynasty
Definition
return to traditional Chinese characteristics such as Confucianism - reunited China after fall of Tang dynasty
Term
Grand Canal
Definition

– designed to facilitate trade between northern and southern China – established economic foundation for administrative centralization

 

(Sui dynasty)

Term
Sui Dynasty
Definition
581-617 CE – China divided for many years - China became unified under Sui dynasty – reunification – founded by Sui Wendi( 581-604)
Term
Northern Wei Dynasty
Definition

(386-534)

construction of Buddhist temples

Buddhism appealed to them because they believed by adopting Buddhism they would be able to attract the allegiance of other dynasties

 

Yungang Cave – scriptures found inside – frescos – cave are in the middle of the side of a mountain – Buddhism served as dominant religion on Chinese society

Term
Dream of Emperor Ming
Definition

(64 CE)

dreamed of a golden man or golden men. The next day he told his ministers, and the minister Zhong Hu explained to him that he probably dreamed of Buddha in India. The emperor then sent a delegation of 18 headed by Cai Yin, Qin Jing and Wang Zun to seek Buddhism. They returned from Afghanistan with an image of Gautama Buddha, 42 sutras and two eminent monks. The next year, the emperor ordered the construction of White Horse Temple three li west of the capital Luoyang, to remember the horse that carried back the sutras. It was China's first Buddhist temple. Emperor Ming's brother Liu Ying, the Prince of Chu, became the first well-known Buddhist.

Term
Brahmins
Definition
member of the highest ranking social class in India, a class of priests
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