Term
|
Definition
In 70 AD the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed
- Jewish people were forced to leave Judia
- Main event = crucifixion of Jesus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From Western Europe
- lived in Spain
- Muslims and Jews got along very well
- while collar
- have money |
|
|
Term
| 2nd Wave immigrant characteristics |
|
Definition
illiterate
poor
non-protestant
unskilled laborers |
|
|
Term
| Ashkenazic Jews/ Yiddish Language |
|
Definition
Eastern European
- Pale
- Speak Yiddish (language developed in Germany)
- Holocaust destroys Yiddish
-Lean heavily on spirituality
escape persecution and violence |
|
|
Term
| Push Factors of Ashkenazic Jews |
|
Definition
Have been pushed around for too long
- Ash Jews multiplied in 1880
- no land to go around
|
|
|
Term
| Anti-Semitism from Russian Orthodox Church |
|
Definition
Made Jews either convert to Christianity or leave
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Russian government passes may laws against Jews
- 1882 brought heavy persecution down on the Jews
- any land the Jews had outside of town was confiscated
- could no longer settle outside of towns or villages
- prohibited trade on Sundays of Christian Holidays
- Could not be a military officer |
|
|
Term
| Ashkenazic Jews in America |
|
Definition
-Settle in the Lower East Side in NY
- live in cheap tenement buildings
- live close to their jobs!
- Garment industry = inside of their tenement
|
|
|
Term
Jewish Success: Family, Education, Labor Laws of 1920 |
|
Definition
Family: very important/ strong support within families and villages
Education: want their children to have a better life than they did- high value on education- night school allowed them to become successful- second generation began being professional class
Labor Law: 5 day work week- closed on Saturday and Sunday- allows Jews to leave garment industry and move into other industries- WORK DAY = 8 HOURS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1938
Started with Kristallnacht
- Adolf Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany
GOAL = MAKE GERMANY FREE FROM JEWS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1935
Stripped Jews of Citizenship in Germany
- Marriage between Jew and German = unlawful
- Jews had to carry identification cards
Side note: Hitler got this idea from America - after the civil war (southern states laws against African Americans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group of German Jews were heading to Cuba
- told they could not enter and the ticket they purchased was not real - Missed opportunity to give Cuban President $500,000 to be free in Cuba
- Had to return home/ to Europe
- All places in Eastern Europe were being taken over by Hitler
- Suicide watches were put on board |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
September 1941 one of the Einsatz killed 35,000 people in 2 days
- 1.5 million Jews were killed by Einstaz
|
|
|
Term
| Final Solution/ Auschwitz |
|
Definition
"final solution" to the Jewish problem
made a list of # of Jews to be exterminated (12 million)
Death Camps
Auschwitz
Poison showers
Located in Poland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jews go back to Ancient Israel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| northern italians are light haired, lightskinned and light eyes (sometimes blue eyes), so they look like the WASPS. Fit in with the WASPS by what they look likeCosmopolitan-live in northern Italian cities and for the most part are white collar workers (bankers, lawyers, business class), rich and know art.northern italy is protestant. Northern italians believe the same way the WASPS do and they have a very strong work ethic. Even if some are Catholic, they still look like the WASPS, and are rich and because they have a strong work ethic so the WASPS kind of let it slide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• 80,000
• artisans, businessmen, artist, professionals• not tied to the cities- don’t settle in ethnic enclaves or ethnic cities• new york- don’t stay in city go upstate to rodchester, buffalo.
• Florida- n.italians go to florida with opportunity in the 1800s because florida is becoming more prosperous with new cities and job opportunities. Grew citrius industry. With oranges in florida.
• California- went to California during the gold rush time. Northern italians who went there didn’t go there to find gold, went there to sell stuff as merchants to the miners to sell picks, tents, gold stuff. Made a tremendous profit off of selling gold rushing stuff. CA had perfect climate so some stayed in California so prospered in wine industry and the growing of crops some of which were very similar to Italy’s agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Non-Institutional Catholic-looked at the church like the government. S. italians saw the catholic church as an entity getting rich off of them, so not to be trusted.believed you pray to a saint or an angel and they carry your request to God. Place a high value in the belief of Saints. Put a very high respect level in the Virgin Mary. used it only for ceremonies.. S. Italians disliked anyone who was poor but wouldn’t work hard to make their life better. Disliked anyone who was rich because they didn’t work hard once they achieve a certain level.
catholic church non institutional and dark skinned and short |
|
|
Term
| southern italians evil eye |
|
Definition
• Belief in “Magic”- believe in curses and a lot of bad luck. Believe in evil eye which is essentially a curse. You can give someone a curse so that they will not have happiness.
o Malocchio- known as the “evil eye” |
|
|
Term
| second wave migration- S. Italians |
|
Definition
• 1ST thing that goes against them is that they don’t look like northern italians. Dark Skinned, dark eyed, dark-haired.
• Came from eastern or southern Europe
• Religion- are ALL CATHOLIC.
• Language- illiterate and backwards. No one cared about southern italians in italy so they didn’t have an education.
Unskilled• SAME PULL FACTOR: NEED FOR CHEAP LABOR. Come to America for economic opportunity, heard about making money in factories in America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
government didn’t treat them right. Taxed them unmercifully and never gave them their benefits• Starvation-major problem in times of severe drought. Rain would come and flood the valleys where the farmers lived. Rain would cause the crops to fail. Epidemics were a problem for southern italians when it flooded.o Cholera- problem if it rained too much. Comes from contaminated water, if you’re waste water goes into your drinking water.
o Malaria- not a disease you get over. If you’re body is ever weakened again it can kill you. Mosquito born disease.
Natural Disasters: Mount Vusuvius (near Naples), Mount Etna (island of SIcily), Earthquake and Tidal Wave hit Messina and Sicily, lots died, Lava exploded people burned. |
|
|
Term
| S. Italians support system... push factor? |
|
Definition
| Family and Community, extended and Campanilismo "spirit of community" only rely on selves not government not catholic church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Vendetta- in southern italy if someone did something to dishonor your family, you would do something bad to them. In southern italy, if you went after someone then that family would retaliate and come kill you. Vendetta’s would be carried out back and forth because of dishonoring someone, and would result in a lot of killings. Sometimes they’d wipe out a whole family. One way to end vendetta: one son of a family would marry the daughter of the other family, sometimes this would work or would cause more problems. Come to America in the form of the mafia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Padrone- in America would help Italian immigrants get new jobs. Give them a place to stay, job in exchange for money, favors, anything the padrone needed done. Immigrant feels like they owe the padrone everything, money. Also worked in southern italy by rounding up laborers to send to America. Would be paid by American factories. Would tell immigrants that America was paradise, in America you could buy anything and jobs are plentiful. Told some Italian immigrants not to worry about taking money because the American government would give you money once you reached the docks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : “Birds of passage”-return migrants to southern italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ellis Island- entry point for immigrants to come to the United States, like Angel Island. If you were sick there were dormitories on Ellis island that you had to stay in before you were allowed in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Tracoma- biggest disease and was a disease of the eye. Common for farmers and those who lived around livestock. In the 2nd wave it was everyone. If not treated, caused permanent blindness. Turned eyelids over the eye, so anytime your eye was red they assumed you had this since it traveled from person to person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doctors had a checklist they went through and decided if you were fit or not. Since there were so many immigrants you had to be orderly and do this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s. italians called anywhere they settled “little italysLittle Italys spread Italian culture in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| N. Italians Italian American Colonies |
|
Definition
| northern italians called where they settled “Italian American colonies.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Blue Collar- stay in hardworking professions like railroads. Women only worked in the house not outside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Mutual Aid Societies- much like 6 companies. But actually try to provide services. Provide death benefits and medical care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Order of the Sons of Italy- promoted Italian culture and literature to the americans. Also tried to promote the italians becoming educated and sending their kids to college. Only way for italians to fit in in American culture is if they get white collar jobs and kids to go to school to get an education. Order also became unions that would help Italian workers. If there unions went on strike usually they got what they wanted because of the techniques that they used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Order of the Sons of Italy- promoted Italian culture and literature to the americans. Also tried to promote the italians becoming educated and sending their kids to college. Only way for italians to fit in in American culture is if they get white collar jobs and kids to go to school to get an education. Order also became unions that would help Italian workers. If there unions went on strike usually they got what they wanted because of the techniques that they used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Young guy was Charlie “Lucky” Luciano-wants to expand the mafia. Understands 2 things: if you’re fighting against each other no profits are coming in and if dead italians are on the street police will come after this: once Lucky Lucianos family started dying there was a lot of in-fighting because of who was going to control the family. Killed by other italian mafia members, infighting on who was going to control the various familieso Lucy is out of America gets departed but runs the mafia from italy and cuba. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. Known as the "Capones", the group was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have dominated organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. Prior to this, the Maranzano Family and the Masseria Family ended up fighting each other in a conflict known as the Castellammarese War. The Five Families, under the supervision of Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council which demarcated territory between the previously warring factions and governs American Mafia activities in the United States. The Five Families in New York remain as the powerhouse of the Italian Mafia in the US. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Diaspora-dispersion of people. Several jewish dispersions by babylonians, romans.jews were made to leave homeland.
• Jews come from different countries, don’t have 1 homeland.
• Jews have a greater discrimination to overcome. |
|
|
Term
| Anti-semitism by early christian church |
|
Definition
Jewish anti-Semitism: has been going on since the cruxificion of Christ. Anti-semitism was originally a way to make fun of the jews for not being a part of the Christian faith.
• The History of Anti-Semitism
o Hated by christians.
• Killers of Christ: Early church blamed the jews for crucifying jesus. Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples judas, and judas was jewish. Crucifixion was a roman thing to do for killing not something the jews would do. |
|
|
Term
| Orthodox (ashkenazic) Yiddish |
|
Definition
• Orthodox jews. Follow the torah and also the oral law which are commentaries on the torah and follow these laws to a tee. Torah is the written law. Had an eye for an eye follow the torah law.
• Yiddish- language of the ashkenazic jews. Developed in germany, and was originally a german dialect. Had Hebrew mixed in with german. Combination of german, Hebrew, and Russian. Poland and western Russia become the center of Yiddish speaking jews. Holocast destroys Yiddish speaking jews in Europe.
• Furthering of jewish people
• Ethnicity=religion. Rely on religion for comfort. And stick together only trust each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Big push factor for ashkenazic jews were the russians. Russians were notoriously antisemetic. Anything that happens in Russia that can’t be explained the jews were blamedo Pogroms, 1871-1906. Jews wanted to get away from these attacks of violence. Pogroms-incidents of violence all over Russia. + population and economic reasons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| settle in lower eastside NewYork |
|
|
