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Final Exam Review
N/A
252
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2011

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Cards

Term
What is another name for frontal?
Definition
coronal
Term
Define viscera
Definition
organ
Term
Define parietal
Definition
wall
Term
Define parasagittal
Definition
Sagital plane in any location other than the midline
Term
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Definition
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Term
What is the main function of the centrosome?
Definition
It helps form microtubules for cilia and flagella
Term
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Definition
cisternae that receive, modify, and send out proteins (cis face to trans face)
More prominent in secretory cells
Term
What is the main function of the lysosome?
Definition
Digestion
Term
the mitochondria are also know as the cell ____
Definition
powerhouse
Term
What are the four basic types of tissue?
Definition
epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous
Term
Provide the synonyms for connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous tissue
Definition
support, covering, movement, and control
Term
What are the seven special features of epithelia?
Definition
Cellularity, avascular, nervous innervation, regeneration, polarity, basement membrane, and membrane junctions
Term
What is the most abundant CT type?
Definition
Areolar Loose CT Proper
Term
In what type of CT Proper are ALL fiber types present?
Definition
Areolar Loose CT Proper
Term
What is the hierarchy of structural organization?
Definition
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level
Term
What are the two types of serous membranes?
Definition
visceral and parietal
Term
What are the 3 main structural components of ANY cell?
Definition
plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
Term
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
Definition
phospholipid bilayer: lipids and proteins
Term
___ are non-motile finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase SA
Definition
microvili
Term
____ and ____ are the motile projections of microtubules
Definition
flagella and cilia
Term
Define endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network of membranes extending from the nuclear envelope; rough: protein synthesis; smooth: fatty acid and steroid synthesis
Term
What are the three nuclear components?
Definition
the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and nucleolus
Term
What are the two basic componenets of all tissues?
Definition
The cellular and extracellular component
Term
Define interstitial fluid
Definition
tissue fluid that is derived from blood plasma; found in extracellular component
Term
What makes a picture of epithelial tissue easily identifiable?
Definition
Free surface
Term
What are the three types of membrane junctions and their purpose?
Definition
desmosomes (prevents cells from being pulled apart), gap junction (let inside cell A to talk to inside cell B), and tight junctions (sealant)
Term
What are the different classifications for epithelia?
Definition
Simple or Stratified; Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (same shape all around), or Columnar
Term
What is the general arrangement of all types of CT?
Definition
few cells with lots of extracellular matrix, EC matrix made of ground substance and fibers, and embryonic in origin
Term
What is the function of each epithelial cell shape?
Definition
Squamous: allow rapid passage of substances
Cuboidal and Columnar: secretion or absorption
Term
What fibers are present in CT and what are their purpose?
Definition
Collagen fibers (strength), Elastic fibers (recoil), and Reticular fibers (support)
Term
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Definition
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth
Term
What is an easily identifiable characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?
Definition
parallel stripes
Term
skeletal cells have multiple ____
Definition
nuclei
Term
What are the two components of nervous tissue?
Definition
neurons and neuroglia ("glia")
Term
Identify the tissue with Good, Poor, and No regeneration capactiy
Definition
Good: epithelium and bone; Poor: skeletal muscle and cartilage; None: cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
Term
What are the two layers of the skin?
Definition
epidermis and the dermis
Term
The hypodermis ____ part of the skin
Definition
IS NOT
Term
What are the four types of cells in the epidermis?
Definition
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and Merkel cells
Term
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), and the stratum corneum
Term
What layer of the skin is responsible for making new skin cells?
Definition
Stratum basale
Term
What is the largest layer of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum corneum
Term
Sebaceous glands are found everywhere except the _____ and _____
Definition
soles and palms
Term
What is the name of the substance secreted from sebaceous glands?
Definition
sebum
Term
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Definition
Eccrine (true "sweat") and apocrine
Term
Why is the skin considered an organ?
Definition
It has many tissues working together for a similar function
Term
What is the tissue type for the epidermis?
Definition
keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium
Term
What type of tissue is the dermis made of?
Definition
CT (mostly)
Term
What type of cells do hair and nails consist of?
Definition
dead, keratinized epidermal cells
Term
What organs make up the skeletal system?
Definition
bones and cartilage
Term
What are the four classifications of bones?
Definition
Long, short, flat, and irregular
Term
Define diaphysis
Definition
shaft or body
Term
Define epiphysis
Definition
the proximal and distal ends of the bone
Term
Define metaphysis
Definition
"region" where diaphysis meets epiphysis
Term
Define epiphyseal plate
Definition
hyaline cartilage found in the metaphysis of growing bones
Term
Define epiphyseal line
Definition
the body remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Term
Describe long bones
Definition
Longer than they are wide; have a shaft and TWO distinct ends; named for their shape NOT size
Term
In younger patients you are more likely to see an epiphyseal _____ versus an epiphyseal ______ in adults
Definition
Plate; line
Term
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
Definition
superficial layer of dense irregular CT; deep osteogenic layer
Term
Define endosteum
Definition
thin membrane that lines internal bone surface; covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
Term
What cells are responsible for bone deposition?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
What cells are responsible for bone resorption?
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
Define articulation
Definition
The site where rigid elements of the skeleton meet; joint
Term
What are the two categories for classifying articulations?
Definition
Structurally and functionally
Term
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Definition
Fibrous joints (held together by dense collagen fibers), cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints (held together by ligaments)
Term
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Definition
Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), and Diarthrotic (freely movable)
Term
Define synovial cavity
Definition
space between articulating bones
Term
Define synovial capsule
Definition
sleeve-like capsule that encloses synovial cavity
Term
What are the two components of the synovial capsule?
Definition
the outer fibrous capsule and the inner synovial membrane
Term
Define synovial fluid
Definition
viscous fluid secreted by the inner synovial membrane; reduces friction between joined bones; supplies nutrients and oxygen to joint cartilages
Term
What are the six components of synovial joints?
Definition
synovial cavity, synovial capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nervous innervation, and blood supply
Term
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
Definition
striated, multinucleated, mostly voluntary control, involuntary control of diaphragm and reflexes
Term
What are the characteristics of cardiac tissue?
Definition
walls of the heart, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs (gap junctions), branched cells, involuntary
Term
Describe and give locations for smooth muscle
Definition
walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, bladder, intestines), no striations, uninucleate, involuntary
Term
What are the CT components of skeletal muscle?
Definition
Epimysium (surrounds entire muscle), perimysium (surounds fascicles), and endomysium(surrounds individual myocytes); tendon, aponeurosis, and fascia
Term
Define tendon
Definition
CT attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone's periosteum
Term
What is the point of muscle attachment on the less movable bone?
Definition
the origin
Term
What is the point of musce attachment on the more movable bone?
Definition
insertion
Term
What are the two components of sarcoplasm?
Definition
glycogen and myoglobin
Term
What is the predominant organelle in the skeletal muscle?
Definition
myofibril
Term
What are the the proteins that constitute myofibrils?
Definition
contractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (tropomyosin and troponin), and structural proteins (titan and dystrophin)
Term
What are the two types of contractile myofilaments?
Definition
actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
Term
What are the five components of the sarcomere?
Definition
Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line
Term
What is the sarcomere?
Definition
the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle
Term
What are Z discs?
Definition
the boundary of each sarcomere
Term
What is an A band?
Definition
region where thin and thick filaments overlap
Term
What are I Bands?
Definition
area on either side of an A Band that contains only thin filaments
Term
Define H zone
Definition
central part of A band where no filaments reach
Term
What is the M Line?
Definition
center of the H zone that contains rods that hold thick filaments together
Term
Define myofibril
Definition
contractile organelles of the muscle fiber; help give muscle cell its striped appearance
Term
What are the two types of regulatory proteins?
Definition
Tropomyosin and troponin
Term
Define tropomyosin
Definition
chord-like protein covering myosin binding sites on actin molecues
Term
Define and state the purpose of troponin
Definition
protein complex attached to tropomyosin; binds with Ca and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding sites
Term
What are the two structural proteins?
Definition
dystrophin and titin
Term
Define dystrophin
Definition
protein that anchors the myofibrils to the sarcolemma
Term
Define titin
Definition
elastic proteins that anchor the thick filaments to the z discs and resists overstretching
Term
Define T-tubules
Definition
invaginations of sarcolemma
Term
Define sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Definition
membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril; stores calcium ions
Term
What are the components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
Definition
Axon terminal, sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, and the synaptic cleft
Term
What are the four types of fascicle arrangement?
Definition
convergent, parallel, circular, and pennate
Term
Define and provide an example of a convergent fascicle
Definition
triangular/ fan-shaped
Pectoralis major
Term
Define and provide an example of a parallel fascicle
Definition
Fusiform (large belly in the middle) and strap-like (no large belly)
biceps brachii and sartorious
Term
Define and provide an example of a circular fascicle
Definition
circular rings
orbicularis oris; sphincters
Term
Define and provide an example of a pennate fascicle
Definition
feather-like; unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
extensor digitorum longus; rectus femoris; and deltoid
Term
Effector organs are always ___ and ____
Definition
glands and muscles (any type)
Term
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
What are the four characteristics of neurons?
Definition
conduction, longevity, lack of division, and high metabolic rate
Term
What are the six main parts of a neuron?
Definition
dendrites, soma, axon hillock, initial segment of axon, axon, and terminal bouton
Term
What are the STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons?
Definition
multipolar (most common), bipolar (rare), and unipolar/pseudopolar (somatic sensory neurons)
Term
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
Definition
afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and interneurons (association)
Term
Define afferent
Definition
toward the CNS
Term
Define Efferent
Definition
away from the CNS
Term
Where can you find nerves?
Definition
in the PNS
Term
Where do you find tracts (bundle of axons)?
Definition
CNS
Term
_____ form myelin sheaths in the PNS
Definition
schwann cells
Term
____ is a multilayered lipoprotein structure that wraps pieces of axons
Definition
myelin
Term
True or false:
the white matter in the brain is centrally located
Definition
True
Term
True or false:
the grey matter in the spinal cord is centrally located
Definition
true
Term
Define ganglion
Definition
cluster of soma in the PNS
Term
Define nucleus*
Definition
cluster of soma in the CNS that perform a specific function
Term
____ is a cluster of axons in the PNS
Definition
nerve
Term
_____ is a cluster of axons in the CNS
Definition
tract
Term
____ are many parallel axons arranged in bundles
Definition
fascicles
Term
within each nerve, each axon is covered by ______
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
What are the three CT components of nerves?
Definition
Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
Term
What are the five components of a reflex?
Definition
Receptor, Sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector
Term
Which of the five components is ALWAYS part of the reflex arc?
Definition
the integration center
Term
Define rostral
Definition
towards the snout
Term
Define caudal
Definition
towards the tail
Term
Rostral and caudal compare parts in the ___ ____
Definition
same plane
Term
What are the four major divisions of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and the brain stem
Term
What are the five ventricles we need to know?
Definition
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and the central canal
Term
What is contained within the brain ventricles?
Definition
CSF
Term
What are the three protective coverings of the CNS?
Definition
skull, vertebrae, and meninges
Term
What are the three types of meninges?
Definition
dura mater (most superficial meninx), arachnoid mater (middle meninx), and pia mater (adheres to brain/spinal cord surfaces)
Term
What is the function of it fissure?
Definition
It separates the right and left halves of the brain
Term
Where is the insula located?
Definition
beneath the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
Term
What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
Definition
primary motor cortex
Term
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex
Term
What are the three components of the diencephalon?
Definition
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
The Thalamus is a _____ station
Definition
Relay
Term
the hypothalamus controls ______
Definition
homeostasis
Term
What are the three components of the midbrain?
Definition
cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, and the corpora quadrigemina
Term
Define cerebral peduncles
Definition
composed mostly of motor tracts from the cortex to the cerebellum and spinal cord
Term
Define pons
Definition
the bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum
Term
What part of the brain is it impossible to live without?
Definition
the medulla
Term
What are pyramids?
Definition
motor tracts that form bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla
Term
What are olives?
Definition
nuclei that form bulges just lateral to the pyramids (sensory relay station)
Term
What are the five major components of the spinal cord?
Definition
conus medillaris, cauda equina, filum terminale, cervical enlargement, and lumbar enlargement
Term
What part of the spine helps you see which side is the front and which is the back?
Definition
dorsal root ganglion
Term
somatic motor neurons are in _____ _____
Definition
ventral horns
Term
Interneurons are in the ___ ____
Definition
dorsal horns
Term
spinal cord white matter is both ____ and ___
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
Definition
12
Term
Describe cranial nerve one
Definition
Olfactory; sensory; bipolar neurons pass through olfactory foramina; olfactory bulb IS NOT the CN1
Term
Describe CN III
Definition
Oculomotor; motor: moves the eyeball and eyelid
Term
Describe CN II
Definition
Optic; sensory: vision; passes through optic foramen into brain; runs from eyeball to chiasm
Term
Describe CN IV
Definition
Trochlear; motor: moves the eyeball; smallest CN; ONLY CN from dorsal brainstem
Term
Describe CN V
Definition
Trigeminal; mixed: motor (muscles of mastication) sensory (all facial sensations); largest cranial nerve
Term
Describe CN VI
Definition
Abducens; motor: moves the eyeball (abducts it); runs along middle of pons
Term
Describe CN VII
Definition
Facial; mixed: motor (facial expression) sensory (taste in anterior tongue); not to be confused with chewing muscles
Term
Describe CN VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear; sensory: equilibrium and hearing
Term
Describe CN X
Definition
Vagus; mixed: sensory (taste from throat region) motor (swallowing and speaking); ONLY CN to extend beyond head and neck
Term
Describe CN IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal; mixed: sensory (taste for posterior tongue) motor (swallowing)
Term
Describe CN XI
Definition
Accessory; motor: coordinates head movements; sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Term
Describe XII
Definition
Hypoglossal; motor: tongue movement
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
Definition
31
Term
What is the primary location served by the nerve plexuses?
Definition
the limbs
Term
____ rami form plexuses
Definition
ventral
Term
What nerves form the cervical plexus?
Definition
C1-C5
Term
What spinal nerves form the Brachial Plexus?
Definition
C4-T1
Term
What is the important nerve in the Brachial Plexus?
Definition
Ulnar nerve
Term
What spinal nerves form the Lumbar Plexus?
Definition
L1-L4
Term
Where is the Lumbar Plexus located?
Definition
psoas major
Term
What are the two important nerves of the Lumbar Plexus?
Definition
Femoral (anterior thigh) and Obturator (medial thigh)
Term
What nerves form the Sacral Plexus?
Definition
L4-S4
Term
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Definition
Sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus
Term
Define dermatome
Definition
area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS
Term
What is the main function of the ANS?
Definition
Maintain homeostasis; works with hypothalamus
Term
What is the function of the sympathetic NS?
Definition
Responds to stress: increase body functions that support physical activity; decrease digestive and urinary function
Term
What is the function of the parasympathetic NS?
Definition
Conserve and restore body energy: decrease body functions that support physical activity; increase digestive and urinary function
Term
Where is the lateral horn of the spinal cord and what is located there?
Definition
thoracolumbar spinal cord; preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Where is the preganglion neuron soma located?
Definition
CNS; Sympathetic: lateral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord
Parasympathetic: brainstem or sacral spinal cord
Term
Where are the postganglionic neuron soma located?
Definition
PNS
Term
What is autonomic tone and what structure regulates it?
Definition
balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS; hypothalamus
Term
What part of the cochlea moves?
Definition
tectorial membrane
Term
Describe the membranous labyrinth (4 parts)
Definition
series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth; made of semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and cochlear duct
Term
What part of the cochlea does NOT move?
Definition
the basilar membrane
Term
What is the vestibule responsible for?
Definition
linear acceleration and static equilibrium
Term
Describe the bony labyrinth
Definition
cavity consisting of the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea
Term
What are the two layers of the retina?
Definition
thin, pigmented layer and thicker neural layer
Term
What are the semicircular canals responsible for?
Definition
rotational acceleration and dynamic equilibrium
Term
Where are taste buds located?
Definition
within vallate papilla
Term
The membranous labyrinth is filled with _____ and surrounded by ______
Definition
endolymph; perilymph
Term
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Definition
Epicardium (visceral layer), myocardium (thickest layer), endocardium (lines chambers and covers valves)
Term
What are the 3 layers of the sac surrounding the heart?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Term
What structure is responsible for heart contraction?
Definition
cardiac myocytes
Term
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Definition
Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa
Term
Lumen is larger in ____
Definition
veins
Term
What is endothelium?
Definition
tunica intima
Term
Arteries have thicker ____ while veins have thicker _____
Definition
Tunica media;Tunica externa
Term
What are the two functions of the Tunica media?
Definition
vasodialation and vasoconstriction
Term
What features of capillaries make them "leaky"?
Definition
Intercellular clefts and fenestrations
Term
Define fenestrations
Definition
holes in endothelial cells
Term
Define inercellular clefts
Definition
gaps of unjoined membrane between adjacent endothelial cells; normally joined by tight junctions
Term
What two structures allow for venous blood to defy gravity?
Definition
valves and the skeletal muscle pump
Term
What is another name for the pharynx?
Definition
throat
Term
What are the components of the nasal septum?
Definition
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Term
Respiratory membranes are made of ___ ____ cells
Definition
type II
Term
What is the difference between olfactory and respiratory mucosa?
Definition
olfactory mucosa covers the roof of the nasal cavity while respiratory covers the rest of the nasal cavity
Term
What is another name for the larynx?
Definition
voice box
Term
What are the two mucosa present in the nasal cavity?
Definition
oflactory and respiratory
Term
Which mucosa is made of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Definition
respiratory
Term
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
Definition
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary
Term
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
What are the upper and lower boundaries of the larynx?
Definition
superior: hyoid
inferior: trachea (continuous)
Term
What are the three functions of the larynx?
Definition
vocalizations, open airway, and routing food and air to the proper passageway
Term
Alveolar membranes are made of ___ ____ cells
Definition
type I
Term
There is no mucous in ______
Definition
bronchioles
Term
What are the two functional divisions of the digestive system?
Definition
alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs
Term
What is the function of the accessory digestive organs?
Definition
physical and chemical breakdown
Term
What is the mesentery?
Definition
double layer of peritoneum that holds the nerves, arteries, and veins of the alimentary canal wall
Term
What is the submucosa made of?
Definition
elastic fibers
Term
What types of epithelium is the serosa made of?
Definition
simple squamous
Term
What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
Definition
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, amd serosa
Term
What are the three layers of the mucosa?
Definition
epithelium, lamina propria (CT), muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
Term
What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?
Definition
circular and longitudinal; both are smooth muscle
Term
What is another term for the serosa?
Definition
visceral peritoneum
Term
Define peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
What is the purpose of mesentery?
Definition
holds organs in place, stores adipose, and route for vessels to and from organs
Term
What is another name for the mesentery?
Definition
mesentery proper
Term
What is the purpose of saliva?
Definition
cleans teeth and dissolves food
Term
How much saliva is produced per day?
Definition
1.5 Liters
Term
What is the muscular composition of the esophagus?
Definition
top 1/3rd:skeletal
mid 1/3rd:skeletal and smooth
end 1/3rd:smooth
Term
What are the functions of the small intestine?
Definition
enzymatic digestion, nutrient absorption, segmentation, and peristalsis
Term
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Definition
Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
Term
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
Definition
receiving undigested food from the SI; *absorbs water and electrolytes*; and passes feces out of the GI tract
Term
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?
Definition
glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
Term
What is another name for the glomerular capsule?
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Term
What are the four components of the tubular section?
Definition
proximal convoluted tube, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct
Term
What are the two components of the glomerulus?
Definition
afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole (becomes capillary beds [veins])
Term
What is another name for the primary sex organs?
Definition
gonads
Term
What is the function of the primary sex organs?
Definition
produce sex cells; sperm or ovum
Term
What is the function of the accessory sex organs?
Definition
nourish and transport the gametes and external genitalia
Term
What are the three parts of the spermaticord?
Definition
vessels, nerves, and ductus deferens
Term
Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
Definition
the ampula
Term
What are the three layers of the wall of the uterus?
Definition
perimetrium, myometrium, and the endometrium
Term
What layer of uterine muscle is responsible for pushing out a baby?
Definition
myometrium
Term
What layer of the wall of the uterus is shed during menstruation?
Definition
functional layer of the endometrium
Term
Define the hymen?
Definition
thickening of the distal mucous membrane of the vagina
Term
What are the four components of the external genitalia of the female?
Definition
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora (vestibule), and the clitoris
Term
What is another name for the external genitalia of the female?
Definition
vulva
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