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Definition
When: 1947
Why: Puerto Rican government established 3 programs/departments to encourage P.R. migration to the U.S.
How: By providing information about employment opportunities abroad and job training, and even helping secure employment through contract labor programs.
Who: Bureau of Employment and Migration, Economic Development Adminstration's (Fomento=advertising medium), Institute of Puerto Rican Culture.
Significance: was used as a means to better the economy and as population control within Puerto Rico. and contributed to to capital importation-or maquliadoras- and women fulfilling domestic jobs as maids. |
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When: 1980
Where: Cuba to South Florida
Why: Miami Cubans were hoping to embarrass Fidel Castro by aiding their compatriots' flight from his dictatorship and to reunite with relatives who had remained in Cuba.
How: over 125,000 Cubans migrated from the Cuban port Mariel with the help of Miami Cubans.
Significance: Led to White Americans seeing it as choas on behalf of the Miami Cubans. Miami Cubans came together forming ethnic organizations, engaged in ethnic lobbying, and became involved in local and national politics. Cubans emerged as a visible force and presence was made known. They rose to high power positions in politics and in the community. |
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Who: Pedro (Peter) Pan Project sponsored by Catholic Church
When: 1960s
What: Cuban parents voluntarily sent their unacompanied children to the United States because they feared that the Cuban government would take them away and "brainwash" them.
Why: Miami Cuban Americans believed U.S. supported them in their efforts to defeat Castro's communist regime.
Significance:Elian Gonzalez case, Miami Cubans saw this as a betrayal when they sent him back since the U.S. broke implicit contract in which they not only were staunch anit-communists but also had successfully integrated economically and politically.
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the Latin Builder's Association |
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Definition
When: 1970s/1908s
Who: Miami Cubans
Why: Miami Cubans contained a large segment of the professional and business class of pre-Castro Cuba, but were not part of any mainstream business organizations. Instead of joining any of the mainstream organizations, they formed the Latin Builder's Association. This was something they could call theirs and use to make their contribution and presence known as elite business peoples.
Who – Latin construction workers
What – The Latin Builders Association® (LBA) is the largest Hispanic construction association in the United States . The association, a non-profit organization that encompasses a vast array of individuals and companies related to South Florida’s vibrant construction industry, embodies the interests of builders, developers, contractors, architects, engineers, plumbers, electricians and tradesmen
When – est. 1971
Where – Florida
Significance/why it matters - displays how miami cuban business leaders did not join mainstream american business organizations and formed their own latino versions of organizations.this self-segregation was a response to discrimination from the locally dominant group. many latino business people feel that their interest can only be advanced in the chamber of commerce by maintaining a seperate Hispanic Affairs Committee. |
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Gentrification
Who:society in Chicago
What:fixed up old neighborhoods
When:late 1900s
Where: Chicago
Why: Chicago began to have more white people in the area and needed Spanish areas to look more approachable
Significance: The gentrification pushed Spanish people out who lived there first, and “made room” for whites. (Displacement) Consequently, the average income in the areas increases. |
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Who – Johnny Pacheco, Jerry Masucci
What – an independent record label with acts based in salsa and latin music
When – mid 60’s- mid 70’s
Where – New York
Why – the small label was the main drive behind the early Salsa music movement in New York city that garnered worldwide fame with artists like Willie Colon, Hector Lavoe, and the Fania all-stars
Siginicance/why it matters - |
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Who – US and Cuba and detainees :)
What – Us detention center
When – blank.
Where – Located on an island in Cuba, part of US military base in Cuba
Why – For “national security”, pretty much open to interpretation.
Siginicance/why it matters - |
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who - activists
what - focused on issues of housing and urban renewal
when - late 1960’s, early 1970’s
where - Chicago & New York
why - they realized urban renewal was evicting families
Siginicance/why it matters - |
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Who – Immigrants, or individuals who live in these areas. (Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Latinos/as)
What – a neighbourhood, district, administrative division or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area.
When – 1960s to present. Basically started when large amounts of Latino immigrants began settled and ‘making’ these cities in the image of their own.
Where – Best refers to Chicago and Tampa/Miami
Why –
Siginicance/why it matters - Creating a ‘safety net’ for exiles and refugees where they can make their surrounding to be like the ones from their home. |
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who - Diego Suarez
what established sugar cane fields
when-after 1898
where- miami, Hato Ariba, Pozas, Saltos
why
Siginicance/why it matters - Contributed to the population’s significant growth of 60% from 1899 to 1930 U.S took political Control of PR and expanded the economy. Producing sugar quickly became commercialized, and beat out coffee the coffee trade,
How: Us just took over and ruled for the first two decades, and U.S owned more then 62% of the land |
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who - implimented by US president John F. Kennedy
what - it created more tension between the US & Cuba, unsuccessful attempt from the CIA and cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, this is why Guantanamo Bay exists
when - April 1961
where - Playa Giron, Cuba
why - US government was trying to overthrow Fidel Castro’s regime
significance to history - to stop communism from spreading into the US? |
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Who –first elected governor of Puerto Rico
What – advocate for population control to decrease poverty in Puerto Rico, favors Malthusianism
Quote: I favor Malthusianism, the voluntary limitation of childbearing, supported by the government. Scientific methods of avoiding conception should be taught to all poor families who wish to learn them.”
When – 1947
Where – In Puerto Rico
Why – Important because U.S. let Puerto Rico vote for their own government.
Significance: -Behind the idea of positive eugenics- to try to get people to marry properly “up” into the whiteness
–Believed that to create a modern Puerto Rico; you need to either stop Puerto Rican women from having children, the Puerto Rican women need to leave Puerto Rico completely and go to
Chicago
-they elected him (PR became a model for a colonial democracy in the context of the cold war) there was a fear of communism so this was a showing that PR was really a democracy. See essay 4
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who - puerto ricans
what - a response to the shooting of a young puerto rican man by a chicago police, deeper cause was because of the deteriorating economic conditions facing puerto ricans and african americans. creation of riots to address issues that dealt with discrimination. People took off work to protest because they wanted Puerto Rican History to be taught in schools. Also, they made a HUGE flag on division street to solidify their presence
when - June 12, 1966, during the first downtown puerto rican parade
where - chicago
why - they wanted to be treated equal |
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Who – whites and Blacks
What – Race Riots after civil rights movement
When – 1980
Where – Liberty City: A neighborhood in Miami
Why – Recently arrived Latin and Haitian immigrants were taking jobs and social benefits that had traditionally belonged to Blacks. Cuban refugees with money and power were beginning to take control of the city, therefore, were awarding minority contracts and jobs to Cubans instead of African-Americans.
Siginicance/why it matters - |
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Business Center Assistance |
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Definition
Who – Black Community Leaders and the black community
What – Center through which entrepreneurs could receive training, financing, for new businesses
When –1980s-1990s
Where –Miami
Why – Growth in the black community in terms of businesses, self-empowerment of the middle class
Siginicance/why it matters - acknowledges the failure of previous public sectored startups, gives Black community a route to begin to achieve within their community. |
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Who – Participants of the Cuentos de mi familia project (in his own essay)
What –stations of the cross (jesus going through trials). In terms of the class, this is in reference to the projects made by the participants of the Cuentos study. Each participant created a visual representation of the specific via crucis of the family member used by the participants in their respective studies. Ie. the girl who created the Chiva project to show her father’s journey from Cuba to America and the suffering he faced to get there.
When – 2003
Where - Tampa, Florida (Ybor City) Hillsborough Middle School
Why – Narrative of the emotional points in both Latin and American lives, helps to communicate the personal importance of the Cuentos to each student.
Siginicance/why it matters - metaphor for the process it took to arrive. See above.^^^ |
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who - advertising medium
what - attracted foreign investors and promoted tourism in the land; promoted Puerto Rico’s industrialization; lead to shift in Puerto Rico’s economy base from agriculture to manufacturing and tourism
when - 1940’s
where - Puerto Rico
why -
Siginicance/why it matters - (See) Operation Bootstrap |
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Definition
who- women
what- social gathering for women space of freedom/ gossiping place/ escape from families/ place to clean clothes and cheaper there
when- post WWII
where- center of chicago; laundromats
why - it was where they could gather and gossip.
Siginicance/why it matters - a place of inclusion and exclusion; a gendered space, dominated by women and single men (they had no one to wash their clothes); class based; cliques - especially racial; d |
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Coalition of Imokalee Workers |
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Definition
Who –The CIW is a community-based organization of mainly Latino, Mayan Indian and Haitian immigrants working in low-wage jobs throughout the state of Florida.
What – a fair wage for the work we do, more respect on the part of our bosses and the industries where we work, better and cheaper housing, stronger laws and stronger enforcement against those who would violate workers' rights, the right to organize on our jobs without fear of retaliation, and an end to involuntary servitude in the field
When –current but over 20 yrs old
Where –florida but also world wide
Why –
Siginicance/why it matters - fight for rights of latino immigrants |
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Definition
Who:dictator; He called himself “President for Life.”
What:communist, dicator
When:1960s
Where: Cuba
Why: wanted to have complete control and fought with US
Significance: He fought with the U.S. (Fidel Batista) to have complete control over Cuba. He jailed anybody who opposed him. At the beginning of his rule, U.S. supported him, but once he went communist, U.S. attempted to overthrow him. Castro’s actions promoted action by the US such as the (see) Bay of Pigs and thus is influential to the transnational connection between Cuba and the US |
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Who – Nelson Mandela and Cuban-Americans
What – Nelson Mandela’s visit to Miami
When – 1990
Where – Miami
Why – Mandela failed to denounce Castro’s acts of human rights violations
Siginicance/why it matters - expresses solidarity among Latinos in the Miami setting and the power that Cubans’ held in Miami at this time. Protests reached as far up in the local politics as local mayors and the mayor of Miami. Miami is an entity of its own. |
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Who – Cubans? Formed an army known as La Brigada
What –someone who is barred from their country b/c of political reasons
When – At the time of Castro...early 1960’s
Where – Cuba
Why – They were armed and trained by American forces, and they invaded Cuba’s Bay of Pigs in 1961.
Significance- –They felt a shared destiny and bounded solidarity. |
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who - created by the Spanish Action Commitee of Chicago (SACC)
what - provided free tutoring, English instruction & classes in Puerto Rican art, music & dance
when - 1960’s
where - Chicago
why - it was created as a result of the Division Street Riots
significance to history - |
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Who – Exiles from Cuba
What – During the Urban Renewal in Tampa, Florida, Ybor city became the national symbol for left-leaning cigar making communities; even though few Tampa Latins worked in the cigar making business.
When – 1980s
Where – Cuba then Florida (Tampa and Ybor city)
Why – no idea.
Significance/why it matters - Cubans in Tampa were stereotyped as cigar workers by others in the community, when, in fact, very few actually participated in the trade. |
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who: city in puerto rico
What:place for inclusion, population shifts are a part of the social fabric of the town, a place to remigrate after living in US.
When:19th century
Where:puerto rico
Why: a symbol for transnationalism, and inclusion for puerto Ricans, political and economical changes altered the town’s social, political, and cultural landscape
Significance/why it matters - |
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Who – Puerto Rican historian, writer, and activist
What – Afro-Latin American. Took an active role advocating Puerto Rico and Cuba’s independence
When – 1895 to 19130
Where – Harlem
Why – Continued to fight for civil rights for Afro-Latinos and African Americans
Siginicance/why it matters - similar story to that of piri thomas in his journey of racial identity |
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Who - Isabel Gonzalez
What - Gonzalez attempted to gain entrance to the US from Puerto Rico
When - 1904
Where - New York
Why - happened because Gonzalez was denied admittance to the US because she was a woman, pregnant, and likely to become a ward of the state (no job or job prospects and no husband)
Significance/why it matters - gonzalez’s case is critical to the discussion of Puerto rican citizenship in relation to the united states; it is the launching point and exemplifies the significance of women in Latino history while portraying them as insignificant |
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Who –Cuban Revoluntionist
What – –The Jose Marti Generation
–Cuban exiles and Cuban revolutionary politics
•Ppl organizing in the U.S. to provide support to Cuban Wars
•Cubans wanted to participate in U.S. politics
–Wrote “Nuestro America”
•Essay about his tavels in the u.s., cuba , mexico
– “Whatever is left of that sleepy hometown in America must awaken”
•Contrasts generations in America
– “The prideful villager thinks his hometown contains the whole world, and as long as he can stay on as mayor or humiliate the rival who stole his sweetheart or watch his nest egg accumulating in its strongbox he believes the universe to be in good order, unaware of the giants in seven-league boots who can crush him underfoot.”
When –
Where – lived in florida
Why –
Siginicance/why it matters - –Displayed international politics and local transformation?
– His essay displayed Transnationalism and latinidad.
–Cubans were trying to open up United States Politics, and United States was trying to close them. |
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Who – Nuyorican, signed with Fania Records when he was 15; released first album when he was 17
What – salsa trombonist, combined different influences from Puerto Rico, Cuba, etc.
When – late 60s
Where – New York
Why – some musical themes include the difficulties Puerto Ricans face in living in the US.
Significance-
–Musical talent to express political activism, and identity
–Transnationalism
–Solidarity among other Puerto Ricans in the U.S. |
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Who – significant to Latinos and African Americans
What – a film genre that was made specificaly for an urban, black audience
When – 1970’s
Where – USA
Why –
Siginicance/why it matters - aesthetically a major inspiration for early salsa musicians; see “Shaft” |
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Who - not really applicable but I guess Rita Moreno from the film works
What - Broadway musical set in NYC involving two gangs (white and puerto Rican); originally meant to portray blacks and jews
when - 1950s
where - broadway?
why - Siginicance/why it matters - The importance is placed on the depiction of Puerto Ricans during the 1950s and how this musical/film helped to define the ways we look at Latinos.
Gave a filtered and specific view of Puerto Rican life; stereotyping and consider the song that was played for us in class - describing the gendered views of American opportunity and its failures to Puerto Ricans. (Maria was played by a Russian actress) |
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who-a blaxploitation film about character john shaft
what- affected the culture early salsa/nuyorican culture such as Willie Colon
when- 1971
where- new york
why-
Siginicance/why it matters - the rebellious, cool, smooth, and gangster attitude of the Shaft character appealed to the early salsa musicians; see “blaxploitation” |
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Who – latino music producer
What – produced some of the top Cuban inspired music in Miami, FL in the 80s with Miami Sound Machine, with Gloria Estefan in the lead
When –late 70’s-present
Where –Miami Florida
Siginicance/why it matters - As a producer, he introduced the Cuban sound to the US through the musical acts that he signed and produced; an example of transnationalism |
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who: HS teenagers
what : consider themselves being from a Latino background even though their parents consider themselves as white
when: 2000 census?
where : Miami
why: in Hs, kids tend to want to be different, being latino or hispanic was a good way to be “Cool” and different
Siginicance/why it matters - youth able to come together and promote change |
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Who – Piri Thomas
What –idea of having heart and possessing pride in one’s self; manliness perhaps
When – N/A
Where – new york, spanish harlem, bronx
Why – people respect you more when you show you have heart
significance to history - Corazon has a significant role in how Latino males choose to act and behave; they must act in accordance with peer actions to maintain status; not necessary to proves to women (gendered idea) |
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The Official English Movement |
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Definition
Who – Immigrants, Spanish-Speaking Immigrants, Non-English Speaking immigrants
What – also known as “english only;” a controversial movement that is still current to make English the official Language of the United States. Organizations, such as U.S. English, formed to urge states and Congress to enact Official English and English-Only laws, in many states, however some states adopted resolutions that embraced multilingualism (more than one language).
When – Began in 1920’s against European immigrants and then in 1980’s against Latino/a & Asian Immigrants.
Where – United States.
Why – decedents of immigrants quickly learned English, not because they had to but because it was the vehicle for the individual advancement in American society.
Significance/why it matters - is it just a symbolic expression of patriotism? or an attempt to prevent language minorities from advancing in society? |
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Who – Chicago Puerto Ricans
What –a mile long stretch of Division Street that has been designated as the gate to the Puerto Rican community,home to a number of puerto ricans and latino businesses
When –1996
Where –Humboldt Park in Chicago
Why- Paseo Boricua is adorned with culturally significant objects that animate the neighborhood with a distinctive Caribbean flavor and perhaps more importantly deploy cultural symbols and images in order to claim a Puerto Rican space and resist encroaching gentrification.
Significance/why it matters - place-making (the dynamic process by which local meanings, identities, and spaces are socially constructed within hierarchies of power and differences operating at both local and global scale. its become an important model for other communities working to promote economic development in poor and working class neighborhoods |
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Who – Congress & Senate
What – Immigration Reform and Control Act aka Simpson-Mazzoli Act
When – 1986
Where – United States
Why - required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit unauthorized immigrants, granted amnesty to certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants, granted amnesty to illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously.
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Who –US Legislation
What – Voting Rights act, prohibits states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color
When – 1965
Where – Legislation US.
Why –
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Who – Female advocate for Puerto Rican independence
What –shouted “viva PR!”, brought a gun to Congress and proceeded to shoot congressmen. Was subsequently arrested and served 50 years.
When –1954
Where – Washington DC
Why – To advocate for Puerto Rican independence
Siginicance/why it matters - Defines what it meant to be Puerto Rican in the US (one instance) |
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Who –Humboldt Park teenagers and community
What – the second-largest Latino high school in Chicagos public school system that has come into controversy a few times such as when Title 1 funds were supposedly being used to free Puerto Rican political prisoners and teach anti-american ideas
When –1992-1995
Where – Humboldt Park
Why- the Puerto Rican culture in Humboldt Park felt that teaching Puerto Ricans teenagers about their culture and history was important in their social and cultural development. They could not understand their culture with common American history books as they were primarily left out.
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who
what - one of the best jobs to have (telephone company).
when-started in 1920s
where - puerto rico
why- it was a great way of generating revenue for the Puerto Rican government
Siginicance/why it matters - is the number one Spanish multinational by market capitalisation and one of the largest private telecommunications companies in the world |
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Who: generally applies to immigrants
What: the process of streamlining or conforming to the surrounding culture (generally white culture)
When:
Where:
being identified as something you are not. you adapt to society and into working class values.
ex: ugly betty : gender discrimination
chingo bling - black and american culture/ way of living
who: robert park
Siginicance/why it matters - the process of assimilation is not new and we’ve discussed it before; it is significant to the Latino discussion because the process of assimilation defines certain in-groups and out-groups in a particular setting; use a specific example such as.... |
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