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FINAL! (Anatomy 1)
Death Sentence--I mean....overview of anatomy! :D ..... D:
118
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2011

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Term
internal
Definition
in skull, above roof at mouth
Term
External
Definition
protruding from face; “danger zone of face”
Term
Right and left nostrils separated by septum formed by
Definition
perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, vomeronasal and septal cartilages
Term
Meati
Definition
passages for air; superior, inferior, middle
Term
Anterior nares open into
Definition
vestibule
Term
posterior nares permit
Definition
air flow from sphenoethmoidal recess into nasopharynx
Term
What lines the nose?
Definition
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and mucus glands
Term
Sinuses
Definition
frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and ethmoidal
Term
functions of the nose
Definition
• Passageway for incoming and outgoing air - filters, moistens, warms, and chemically examines it

Organ of smell - olfactory receptors

Aids in phonation (Production of sound)
Term
Pharynx Divisions
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
Openings of Pharynx
Definition
4 in nasopharynx (2 auditory tubes and 2 posterior nares); one in oropharynx (fauces of mouth); 2 in laryngopharyx (open into esophagus and larynx)
Term
Organs in pharynx
Definition
- adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx); palatine and lingual tonsils in oropharynx
Term
Organs in pharynx
Definition
- adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx); palatine and lingual tonsils in oropharynx
Term
Functions of Pharynx
Definition
passageway for air, food, and liquids for respiratory and digestive systems; aids in phonation
Term
Larynx
Definition
9 pieces of cartilage arranged in boxlike fashion
Term
Parts of the Larynx
Definition
Thyroid (Adam’s apple), epiglottis, and cricoid are single cartilages
Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiforms are paired
Term
Vocal cords
Definition
Part of Larynx; - false cords, folds of mucus lining; true cords, fibroelastic bands; glottis - opening between true vocal cords
Term
Lining of Larynx
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Function of Larynx
Definition
expired air causes true vocal cords to vibrate producing voice; pitch determined by length and tension of cords
Term
Trachea
Definition
– Walls of smooth muscle; contain C-shaped rings of cartilage; lining pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Function of Trachea
Definition
passageway for air going to and from lungs
Term
Bronchi
Definition
– Formed by division of trachea into two tubes - right bronchus slightly larger and more vertical than left
Term
Passage way of air in the Bronchi
Definition
– Primary bronchus  secondary (lobar) bronchi  tertiary (segmental) bronchi  bronchioles  terminal bronchioles
Term
Function of Bronchi and Branches
Definition
bronchi and branches furnish passageway for air going to and from lungs
Term
Lungs
Definition
Divisions - 3 lobes in right lung; 2 in left
Term
Covering of lungs
Definition
visceral layer of pleura
Term
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into
Definition
respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts and terminate in alveoli (simple squamous epithelium)
Term
Function of the lungs
Definition
– Function - place where large amounts of air and blood come into close contact for rapid exchange of gases to occur
Term
Type I alveolar (squamous epithelium) cells [in lungs]
Definition
majority
Term
Type II alveolar (septal) cells [in lungs]
Definition
secrete alveolar fluid; includes surfactant to lower surface tension and reduce collapsing force of alveoli
Term
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Definition
- wandering phagocytes that remove debris
Term
Alveolar wall
Definition
Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells with free alveolar macrophages
Term
Epithelial basement membrane under
Definition
alveolar wall
Term
Endothelial cells of capillary (what are they?)
Definition
simple squamous
Term
Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases
Definition
Thorax and decreases intrathoracic pressure
Term
Boyle’s law
Definition
pressure of gas inversely reltaed to size of container
Term
Alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure is below atmospheric pressure
Definition
draws air into lungs
Term
Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
Definition
Pressure greater in lungs (762) so air forced out
Term
Relaxation of inspiratory muscles depends on two factors
Definition
recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and inward pull of surface tension due to film of alveolar fluid
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
collapsed lung; normally surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing
Term
Compliance
Definition
ease with which lungs and thoracic wall expand; related to elasticity and surface tension
Term
Airway resistance
Definition
bronchi and bronchioles dilate upon inspiration decreasing resistance to airflow; obstructions increase resistance
Term
Tidal volume (TV)
Definition
avg. amount expired after normal inspiration; 500 ml (How much air do you normally breath-it can differ with lung diseases)
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Definition
amount forcibly inspired after normal inspiration; 3100 ml
Term
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Definition
additional amount of air that can be forcibly expired after normal inspiration/expiration
Term
Vital capacity (VC)
Definition
largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of lungs
Term
Residual volume
Definition
amount of air that cannot be expired
Term
Anatomical dead space
Definition
volume of air filling nose, pharynx, larynx, etc., but does not descend into alveoli; does not take part in gas exchange
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal quiet breathing
Term
Hyperpnea
Definition
increased breathing to meet increased demand (when you expend energy and need oxygen)
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of oxygen demand(You don’t need energy-but you’re doing it anyway)
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
labored or difficult breathing (Asthma or Emphysema)
Term
Apnea
Definition
temporary cessation of breathing (Sleep Apnea)
Term
Costal breathing
Definition
shallow (chest) breathing; due to contraction of external intercostal muscles
Term
Diaphragmatic breathing
Definition
deep (abdominal) breathing; due to contraction of diaphragm; during deep labored inspiration sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor may assist inspiration
Term
Respiratory arrest
Definition
failure to resume breathing following apnea
Term
Charles’ law
Definition
volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature; results in gases expanding as they enter warmer lungs and increases lung volume
Term
Dalton’s law
Definition
partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is directly related to the concentration of that gas in mixture and to total pressure of mixture
Term
Diffusion of gases is from
Definition
area of greater partial pressure to less partial pressure; each gas behaves as if other gases in mixture do not exist
Term
Henry’s law
Definition
quantity of gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient, when temperature remains constant
Term
Higher the partial pressure of gas over a liquid and higher the solubility coefficient
Definition
more gas will stay in solution
Term
Nitrogen has low solubility coefficient so normally does not dissolve
Definition
in blood plasma, but under pressure its partial pressure increases and it enters plasma and interstitial fluid; produces symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication; diver may have decompression sickness
Term
External Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gases in lungs
Term
Pressure differences cause
Definition
gases to move
Term
Oxygen pressure gradient causes
Definition
inward diffusion of oxygen; carbon dioxide pressure gradient causes outward diffusion of carbon dioxide
Term
Results of gas exchange
Definition
– pO2 of blood increases to arterial blood level
– pCO2 of blood decreases to arterial blood level as it moves through tissues
Term
Factors affecting rate of external respiration
Definition
– Partial pressure difference
– Surface area for gas exchange
– Diffusion distance
– Breathing rate and depth
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gases in tissues
Term
Oxygen pressure gradient causes
Definition
diffusion of oxygen out of blood while carbon dioxide gradient causes it to diffuse into blood
Term
pO2 blood decreases as blood moves through
Definition
tissue capillaries; pCO2 blood increases
Term
Hemoglobin and other factors - factors influencing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Definition
• Acidity (pH) - Bohr effect - lowered pH drives oxygen off hemoglobin
• Partial pressure of CO2 - as pressure CO2 rises, hemoglobin releases oxygen easier
• Temperature - as temp. increases, more O2 released
• BPG (2,3 bisphosphoglycerate) - decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; formed in rbc when break down glucose for energy
Term
Small amount dissolves in plasma and transported
Definition
as solute (7%) (Buffering System)
Term
Rest transported in rbc
Definition
as carbaminohemoglobin
Term
Inspiratory and expiratory centers in
Definition
medulla; regulate rhythmicity of respiration (CO2 (carbon dioxide) regulates respiratory systems)
Term
Pneumotaxic center in pons
Definition
transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory center
Term
Apneustic area in pons
Definition
stimulatory impulses to inspiratory area activate and prolong inspiration; occurs when pneumotaxic area is inactive
[Pons have little effect of respiration, medulla is a major regulator]
Term
Hering-Breuer mechanism (inflation reflex)
Definition
helps control rhythmicity of respirations; increased alveolar pressure inhibits inspiration and starts expiration; decreased alveolar pressure stimulates inspiration
Term
Cerebral cortex impulses to respiratory centers provide
Definition
voluntary control, within limits, of rate and depth of respirations
Term
• Control of respiratory centers
– Other influences include:
Definition
• Temperature - increase temperature increase respiration
• Pain- sudden produces apneas, prolonged increases
• Irritation of air passages- cessation of breathing followed by coughing or sneezing
• Stretching the anal sphincter muscle- increases respiratory rate
Endoderm is where the lungs develop embryonically
Term
• Developmental anatomy
Definition
lungs develop from endoderm
Term
– Ingestion
Definition
taking food into body
Term
– Movement of food
Definition
food passage within body primarily by peristalsis
Term
Digestion
Definition
breakdown mechanically and chemically
Term
Absorption
Definition
passage of food particles into circulatory & lymphatic systems
Term
Defecation
Definition
elimination of undigested material. Poop dawg.
Term
Chemical digestion
Definition
catabolic breakdown of organic molecules into simpler compounds
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
broken down into monosaccharide
Term
Proteins
Definition
broken down into amino acids
Term
Lipids
Definition
Fatty acids and glycerol
Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
nucleotides
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
movements that change physical state of foods, facilitate absorption, propel food forward in alimentary tract, and eliminate digestive wastes from tract
Term
Mastication
Definition
Chewing. food mixed with saliva
Term
Deglutition
Definition
(swallowing) - movement of food into pharynx is voluntary; movement through pharynx into esophagus - involuntary/reflex act
Term
– Peristalsis
Definition
wormlike movements
Term
Emptying of stomach
Definition
gastric peristalsis inhibited by two mechanisms; fats in chyme entering duodenum evoke intestinal hormone enterogastrone; acid and distention of duodenum stimulate enterogastric vagal reflex; both mechanisms act to prevent too rapid emptying of stomach
Term
Defecation
Definition
reflex initiated by stimulation of rectal mucosa
Term
Linings (coats) of digestive organs (4)
Definition
• Mucus lining (mucosa)
• Submucus coat (submucosa) of connective tissue - main blood vessels here
• Muscular coat
• Fibroserous coat
Term
Esophagus
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium (muscous)
Term
– Stomach
Definition
Mucus. simple columnar epithelium
Term
Rugae
Definition
longitudinal folds,• Covered by gastric pits lined with mucus-secreting glands. Coiled gastric glands contain chief and parietal cells
Term
Small intestine
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
plicae circulares
Definition
Small intestines arranged in circular folds.
Term
Small Intestines have....
Definition
• Velvety appearance with many mucus glands
• Fingerlike villi (increase surface area for absorption) and microvilli are present
Term
In the small intestines (think lymph nodes...and junk)
Definition
• Specialized crypts (of Lieberkuhn); mucus glands (Brunner’s) and lymph nodes (Peyer’s patches) are found in certain locations
Term
Large intestine
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
Large Intestines
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
• Solitary lymph nodes and numerous mucus glands
• Anal “columns” in anal canal
Term
Esophagus (muscle coat)
Definition
inner circular and outer longitudinal components fuse to form total muscular layer; striated fibers in upper third, mixed in middle and smooth in lower
Term
Stomach (muscle coat)
Definition
• Layers - inner is oblique, middle is circular and outer is longitudinal
• Middle circular fibers form cardiac and pyloric sphincters
Term
– Small intestine (muscle coat)
Definition
composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
Term
– Large intestine (muscle coat)
Definition
• Inner circular layer forms small sacs called haustra - give wall “puckered” appearance
• Outer longitudinal layer condensed to form three tapelike strips called taenia coli
Term
– Esophagus (modification of muscle coat)
Definition
known as adventitia; made up of loose connective tissue
Term
– Stomach (Modification of muscle coat)
Definition
covering known as serosa is part of visceral peritoneum; visceral peritoneum forms greater and lesser omentum
Term
– Small and large intestine
Definition
covered by visceral peritoneum
Term
• Mouth
Definition
Buccal Cavity
Term
Lips
Definition
– Surround orifice; form anterior boundary
– Covered by skin externally and mucus membrane internally
Term
– Philtrum
Definition
shallow vertical groove in upper lip
Term
Oral fissure
Definition
line of contact between closed lips
Term
Cheeks
Definition
– Lateral boundary; continuous with lips in front
– Lined by mucus membrane that is reflected onto gingiva(gums) and soft palate
– Composed of buccinator muscle
– Small mucus-secreting (buccal) glands between mucus membrane and buccinator muscle
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