Term
|
Definition
| in skull, above roof at mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protruding from face; “danger zone of face” |
|
|
Term
| Right and left nostrils separated by septum formed by |
|
Definition
| perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, vomeronasal and septal cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passages for air; superior, inferior, middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air flow from sphenoethmoidal recess into nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and mucus glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and ethmoidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Passageway for incoming and outgoing air - filters, moistens, warms, and chemically examines it
Organ of smell - olfactory receptors
Aids in phonation (Production of sound) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 in nasopharynx (2 auditory tubes and 2 posterior nares); one in oropharynx (fauces of mouth); 2 in laryngopharyx (open into esophagus and larynx) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx); palatine and lingual tonsils in oropharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx); palatine and lingual tonsils in oropharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passageway for air, food, and liquids for respiratory and digestive systems; aids in phonation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9 pieces of cartilage arranged in boxlike fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroid (Adam’s apple), epiglottis, and cricoid are single cartilages
Arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiforms are paired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of Larynx; - false cords, folds of mucus lining; true cords, fibroelastic bands; glottis - opening between true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expired air causes true vocal cords to vibrate producing voice; pitch determined by length and tension of cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Walls of smooth muscle; contain C-shaped rings of cartilage; lining pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passageway for air going to and from lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Formed by division of trachea into two tubes - right bronchus slightly larger and more vertical than left |
|
|
Term
| Passage way of air in the Bronchi |
|
Definition
| – Primary bronchus secondary (lobar) bronchi tertiary (segmental) bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Function of Bronchi and Branches |
|
Definition
| bronchi and branches furnish passageway for air going to and from lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divisions - 3 lobes in right lung; 2 in left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terminal bronchioles subdivide into |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts and terminate in alveoli (simple squamous epithelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Function - place where large amounts of air and blood come into close contact for rapid exchange of gases to occur |
|
|
Term
| Type I alveolar (squamous epithelium) cells [in lungs] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II alveolar (septal) cells [in lungs] |
|
Definition
| secrete alveolar fluid; includes surfactant to lower surface tension and reduce collapsing force of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) |
|
Definition
| - wandering phagocytes that remove debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of type I and type II alveolar cells with free alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial basement membrane under |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endothelial cells of capillary (what are they?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases |
|
Definition
| Thorax and decreases intrathoracic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure of gas inversely reltaed to size of container |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure is below atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relaxation of inspiratory muscles |
|
Definition
| Pressure greater in lungs (762) so air forced out |
|
|
Term
| Relaxation of inspiratory muscles depends on two factors |
|
Definition
| recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and inward pull of surface tension due to film of alveolar fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapsed lung; normally surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ease with which lungs and thoracic wall expand; related to elasticity and surface tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronchi and bronchioles dilate upon inspiration decreasing resistance to airflow; obstructions increase resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avg. amount expired after normal inspiration; 500 ml (How much air do you normally breath-it can differ with lung diseases) |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
|
Definition
| amount forcibly inspired after normal inspiration; 3100 ml |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
| additional amount of air that can be forcibly expired after normal inspiration/expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air that cannot be expired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air filling nose, pharynx, larynx, etc., but does not descend into alveoli; does not take part in gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased breathing to meet increased demand (when you expend energy and need oxygen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of oxygen demand(You don’t need energy-but you’re doing it anyway) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labored or difficult breathing (Asthma or Emphysema) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing (Sleep Apnea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow (chest) breathing; due to contraction of external intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep (abdominal) breathing; due to contraction of diaphragm; during deep labored inspiration sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor may assist inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to resume breathing following apnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature; results in gases expanding as they enter warmer lungs and increases lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is directly related to the concentration of that gas in mixture and to total pressure of mixture |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of gases is from |
|
Definition
| area of greater partial pressure to less partial pressure; each gas behaves as if other gases in mixture do not exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantity of gas that will dissolve in liquid is proportional to partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient, when temperature remains constant |
|
|
Term
| Higher the partial pressure of gas over a liquid and higher the solubility coefficient |
|
Definition
| more gas will stay in solution |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen has low solubility coefficient so normally does not dissolve |
|
Definition
| in blood plasma, but under pressure its partial pressure increases and it enters plasma and interstitial fluid; produces symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication; diver may have decompression sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of gases in lungs |
|
|
Term
| Pressure differences cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen pressure gradient causes |
|
Definition
| inward diffusion of oxygen; carbon dioxide pressure gradient causes outward diffusion of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– pO2 of blood increases to arterial blood level
– pCO2 of blood decreases to arterial blood level as it moves through tissues |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting rate of external respiration |
|
Definition
– Partial pressure difference
– Surface area for gas exchange
– Diffusion distance
– Breathing rate and depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of gases in tissues |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen pressure gradient causes |
|
Definition
| diffusion of oxygen out of blood while carbon dioxide gradient causes it to diffuse into blood |
|
|
Term
| pO2 blood decreases as blood moves through |
|
Definition
| tissue capillaries; pCO2 blood increases |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin and other factors - factors influencing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen |
|
Definition
• Acidity (pH) - Bohr effect - lowered pH drives oxygen off hemoglobin
• Partial pressure of CO2 - as pressure CO2 rises, hemoglobin releases oxygen easier
• Temperature - as temp. increases, more O2 released
• BPG (2,3 bisphosphoglycerate) - decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; formed in rbc when break down glucose for energy |
|
|
Term
| Small amount dissolves in plasma and transported |
|
Definition
| as solute (7%) (Buffering System) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory and expiratory centers in |
|
Definition
| medulla; regulate rhythmicity of respiration (CO2 (carbon dioxide) regulates respiratory systems) |
|
|
Term
| Pneumotaxic center in pons |
|
Definition
| transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulatory impulses to inspiratory area activate and prolong inspiration; occurs when pneumotaxic area is inactive
[Pons have little effect of respiration, medulla is a major regulator] |
|
|
Term
| Hering-Breuer mechanism (inflation reflex) |
|
Definition
| helps control rhythmicity of respirations; increased alveolar pressure inhibits inspiration and starts expiration; decreased alveolar pressure stimulates inspiration |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral cortex impulses to respiratory centers provide |
|
Definition
| voluntary control, within limits, of rate and depth of respirations |
|
|
Term
• Control of respiratory centers
– Other influences include: |
|
Definition
• Temperature - increase temperature increase respiration
• Pain- sudden produces apneas, prolonged increases
• Irritation of air passages- cessation of breathing followed by coughing or sneezing
• Stretching the anal sphincter muscle- increases respiratory rate
Endoderm is where the lungs develop embryonically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lungs develop from endoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food passage within body primarily by peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown mechanically and chemically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of food particles into circulatory & lymphatic systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elimination of undigested material. Poop dawg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catabolic breakdown of organic molecules into simpler compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broken down into monosaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broken down into amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movements that change physical state of foods, facilitate absorption, propel food forward in alimentary tract, and eliminate digestive wastes from tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chewing. food mixed with saliva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (swallowing) - movement of food into pharynx is voluntary; movement through pharynx into esophagus - involuntary/reflex act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastric peristalsis inhibited by two mechanisms; fats in chyme entering duodenum evoke intestinal hormone enterogastrone; acid and distention of duodenum stimulate enterogastric vagal reflex; both mechanisms act to prevent too rapid emptying of stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex initiated by stimulation of rectal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Linings (coats) of digestive organs (4) |
|
Definition
• Mucus lining (mucosa)
• Submucus coat (submucosa) of connective tissue - main blood vessels here
• Muscular coat
• Fibroserous coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium (muscous) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucus. simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal folds,• Covered by gastric pits lined with mucus-secreting glands. Coiled gastric glands contain chief and parietal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small intestines arranged in circular folds. |
|
|
Term
| Small Intestines have.... |
|
Definition
• Velvety appearance with many mucus glands
• Fingerlike villi (increase surface area for absorption) and microvilli are present |
|
|
Term
| In the small intestines (think lymph nodes...and junk) |
|
Definition
| • Specialized crypts (of Lieberkuhn); mucus glands (Brunner’s) and lymph nodes (Peyer’s patches) are found in certain locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
• Solitary lymph nodes and numerous mucus glands
• Anal “columns” in anal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner circular and outer longitudinal components fuse to form total muscular layer; striated fibers in upper third, mixed in middle and smooth in lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Layers - inner is oblique, middle is circular and outer is longitudinal
• Middle circular fibers form cardiac and pyloric sphincters |
|
|
Term
| – Small intestine (muscle coat) |
|
Definition
| composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers |
|
|
Term
| – Large intestine (muscle coat) |
|
Definition
• Inner circular layer forms small sacs called haustra - give wall “puckered” appearance
• Outer longitudinal layer condensed to form three tapelike strips called taenia coli |
|
|
Term
| – Esophagus (modification of muscle coat) |
|
Definition
| known as adventitia; made up of loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| – Stomach (Modification of muscle coat) |
|
Definition
| covering known as serosa is part of visceral peritoneum; visceral peritoneum forms greater and lesser omentum |
|
|
Term
| – Small and large intestine |
|
Definition
| covered by visceral peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Surround orifice; form anterior boundary
– Covered by skin externally and mucus membrane internally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow vertical groove in upper lip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line of contact between closed lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Lateral boundary; continuous with lips in front
– Lined by mucus membrane that is reflected onto gingiva(gums) and soft palate
– Composed of buccinator muscle
– Small mucus-secreting (buccal) glands between mucus membrane and buccinator muscle |
|
|
