Term
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Definition
| in hinduism and buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding |
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Definition
| a religion in india in the sixth century bc whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefor should not be harmed. |
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Definition
| in buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe. |
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Definition
| a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of crete from about 2000 to 1400 bc |
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Definition
| a seafaring people of southwest asia, who around 1100 bc began to trade and establish colonies throughout the mediterranean region. |
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Definition
| a mutual promise or agreement- especially an agreement between god and the hebrew people as recorded in the bible. |
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Definition
| a kingdom of the united hebrews in palestine, lasting from about 1020 to 922 bc. later the northern most of the two hebrew kingdoms. |
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Definition
| a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security. |
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Definition
| dry, grass-covered plains. |
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Definition
| an indo-european people who settled in anatolia in 2000 bc. |
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Definition
| an indo-european people who, about 1500 bc, began to migrate into the indian subcontinent |
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Definition
| in aryan society, a member of the social class made of priests. |
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Definition
| a great indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the aryans as they move south into india. |
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Definition
| in hinduism and buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believeed to determine his/her fate after rebirth. |
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Term
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Definition
| in buddhism, the release from pain and suffering acheived after enlightenment |
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Definition
| the first five books of the herbrew bible- the most sacred texts in the jewish tradition |
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Definition
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Definition
| a hebrew kingdom in palestine, established around 922 bc |
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Definition
| a group of seminomadic people who, around 1700 bc, began to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the indian subcontinent, europe, and southwest asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of moving from one place to settle in another. |
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Definition
| the southwest asian penninsula now occupied by the aisian part of turkey-also called asia minor. |
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Definition
| four collections of sacred writings produced by the aryans during an early stage of their settlement in india. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four classes of people in the social system of the aryans who settled in india- priests, warriors, peasants-traders, and non-aryan laborers or craftsmen. |
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Definition
| an indo-european person who settled on the greek mainland around 2000 bc |
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Definition
| a greek speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland greece after the destruction of the mycenaean civilization |
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Term
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Definition
| a long narrative poem celebrating the deeds of legendary or taditional heroes |
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Definition
| a greek city-state- the fundamental political uint of anicent greece after about 750 bc |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which power is in the hands of a single person. mycenae. |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which power is in the hands of a few people-especially one in which rule is based upon wealth. sparta. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state's government by appealing to the poor for support |
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Term
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Definition
| a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which citizens rule directly rather than through representatives. athens about 500bc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character |
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Term
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Definition
| a war, lasting from 431 to 404 bc, in which athens and its allies were defeated by sparta and its allies. |
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Definition
| an ancient kingdom north of greece, whose ruler philip II conquered greece in 338 bc. |
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Definition
| relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature, of the greek world from the reign of alexander the great to the late second century bc. |
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Definition
| an enormous hellenistic statue thay formerly stood near the harbor of rhodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a war, fought around 1200 bc, in which an army led by mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of troy in anatolia. |
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Definition
| a traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fotified hilltop in an ancient greek city. |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or noblility. practiced in anthens prior to 594 nc |
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Term
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Definition
| a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the society of ancient sparta, a peasant bound to the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of wars in the fifth century bc in which greek city states battled the persian empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| the art of ancient greece and rome in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized. |
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Term
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Definition
| a humerous form of drama that often includes slapstick and satire. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote. rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient rome, an official elected by the plebeians to prtect their rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time. usually 6months. ceaser. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient rome, a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. |
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Term
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Definition
| a military unit of the ancient roman army, made up of about 5000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback |
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Term
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Definition
| a soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army. |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of peace and prosperity throughout the roman empire, lasting from 27 bc to ad 180. |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of three wars between rome and carthage resulting in the destruction of carthage and rome's dominance over the western mediterranean. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated cities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dispersal of the jews from their homeland in palestine-especially during the period of more than 1800 years that followed the romans destruction of the temple in jerusalem in ad. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government |
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Term
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Definition
| a ancient culture that developed from the blending of greek, roman, and hellenistic cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| a decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pilgrimage to mecca, performed as a duty by muslims |
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Term
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Definition
| god. an arabic word. mainly used is islam. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of muhammad |
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Term
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Definition
| an islamic place of worship |
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Term
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Definition
| a muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mysical means. lives a life of poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
| a supreme political and religious leader in a muslim government. successor. |
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Term
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Definition
| a center of learning established in baghdad in 800s. |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of perfect understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| a monotheistic religion that developed in arabia in teh seventh century ad. |
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Term
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Definition
| a muslim must carry out these five duties daily. faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage. |
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Term
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Definition
| arab nomads. they were organized into tribes called clans. |
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Term
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Definition
| muhammad's migration from mecca to yathrib in ad 622. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time that the caliph ruled |
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Term
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Definition
| abu-bakr. umar. uttiman. ali. |
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Term
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Definition
| moved capital(muslim) from mecca to damascus.clive luxury life/ gave up simple life of the caliphs. similar to nonmuslim rulers. causes division/conflict within islam. |
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Term
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Definition
| the caliph should be a decendent of the prophet muhammad. |
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Term
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Definition
| killed the remaining umayyads to gain power. moved capital from damascus to bagdad. developed bureacracy to run the empire. developed a system of taxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| started by shi'a claiming to be decendents of muhammad's daughter fatima. started in north africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| the holiest city in islam. muhammad preached here and conquered it and made it muslim. evry muslim must make a hajj here at least once in their life. they pray 5 times a day facing the city. |
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Term
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Definition
| in central iraq. the abbasids moved the capital here. |
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Term
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Definition
| later yathrib. muhammad made his hajrah here. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| followers of muhammads example |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| second rightly guilded caliph |
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Term
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Definition
| dicovered al-jabr(algebra) |
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Term
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Definition
| first rightly guided caliph |
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Term
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Definition
| last rightly guided caliph |
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Term
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Definition
| third rightly guided caliph |
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Term
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Definition
| muslim state in spain. berbers. |
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Term
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Definition
| holy month in islam. fast from sun up to sun down. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ancient home of the hebrews, later called the jews. lay between the jordan river and the mediterranean sea. was the promise land of gods people. |
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Term
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Definition
| the father of the hebrew people. god made a promise with him. god promised him canaan. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sea between greece and anatolia and north of crete. |
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Term
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Definition
| had a minotaur(half human half bull) kept the thing in a maze |
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Term
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Definition
| the man who led the hebrews out of slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| the phoenicians lived in a region at the eastern end of the mediterranean sea. philistines also lived in the region. |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest storyteller in greece. wrote the illiad. wrote epics. |
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Term
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Definition
| critic of the sophists. he believed that absolute standards did exist for thruth and justice. brought to trial for corrupting athens youth. taught plato. |
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Term
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Definition
| questioned nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. his work is the basis of the scientific method used today. taught alexander the great. |
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Term
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Definition
| student of socrates. wrote the republic, in it he set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. taught aristotle |
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Term
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Definition
| king of macedonia. wanted to take control of greece and persia. was a brilliant military general and fearless king. conquered greece. killed at his daughters wedding beffore he had a chance to take over persia. his son was alexander the great. |
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Term
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Definition
| the athenian orator. tried to warn greece that king philip II was coming to fight. no one listened and greece was conquered by macedonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| persian king. fled from battle and alexander conquered anatolia. paniced a second time when alexanders army charged at him and alexander won at gaugamela. this ended the persian power. |
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Term
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Definition
| egyptian city. became the foremost center of commerce and hellenistic civilization. western edge of the nile delta. had customs from egypt and aegean. |
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Term
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Definition
| hellenistic scientist. studied at alexandria. accuately estimated the value of pi. explained teh law of the lever. invented a screw, a device that raised water from the ground.. and the compund pulley. |
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Term
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Definition
| son of kind philip II.invaded and conquered persia. expanded the macedonia empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| wealthy business man who was in the first triumvrate |
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Term
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Definition
| in the first triumvrate. a popular general. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the first triumvrate. a popular general. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the first triumvrate. military leader. govener of gaul. then became dictator for life. defeated pompeys army in greece. was stabbed by his friends marcus brutus and cassius. |
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Term
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Definition
| second triumvrate. was enamies with mark antony after the triumvrate. beat mark antony and cleopatras troops. later changed name to augustus. ruler during the pax romana. |
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Term
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Definition
| good emperor of rome. ruled form 161-180. brought empire to height of economic presperity. defeated invators. wrote philisophy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an apostle who traveled to rome from jerusalem and became bishop there. he was the first pope. |
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Term
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Definition
| fierce group of mongol nomads from central asia that pushed germanic people into roman lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| ended persecution of jews. gain control of the western part of the empire in ad 312. in 324 gained control of the east. moved capital to byzantine. prayed for devine help saw a cross and orders artisians to put the cross on the shields before battle. he was victorius in battle. credited his sucess to christian god. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capital of the roman empire under constantine. used to be called byzantine. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong willed army leader.became roman empiror in ad 284. doubled the size of the army. controlled inflation with set prices on goods. split the empire into two. he took control of the eastern half. shared authority but kept overall control. |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful cheiftain hun. huns united for the first time under him. his forces attacked 70 cities(not contantinople) in the east. and advanced to rome but couldnot attack because of famine and illness. after his death the huns were no longer a threat to the empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually an aristocrate. worked in the senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| carthaginian general. assembled a huge army and led his army across spain and france and through the alps. won his greated victory at cannae in 216. |
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Term
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Definition
| roman general. devised a plan to attack carthage. this forced hannibal to return and defend his city. at zuma near carthage the romans finally defeated hannibal. |
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Term
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Definition
| second triumvrate. experienced general. became enamies with octavian afer octavian forced lepidus to retire. fell in love with cleopatra. octaivian defeated his army and cleopatras army. he committed suicide with cleopatra. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| roman town. mount vesuvius erupted on it and covered the city in ash. the best examples of roman paintings were found here. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ceasars friend. plotted ceasars assasination |
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Term
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Definition
| roman historian. presented facts accuratly. concerned about romes lack or morality. wrote annals and histories, wrote about the good and bad of imperial rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| enormous influence on christianity's developement. had a vision of christ while traveling to demascus. spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting christ's teachings. |
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Term
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Definition
| when jesus visited here crowds greeted him as messiah. |
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Term
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Definition
| east part of roman empire when dioclecian split it up. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person often a slave or captive, who was armed with a sword or other weapon and compelled to fight to the death in a public areana against other people or a wild animal for the entertainment of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| west part of the roman empire when dioclecian split it up. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the country outside its capital or its largest city. |
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Term
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Definition
| the common farmer, artisian, and merchants, who made up the majority of the population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bad emperor. 54-68. good administrator but vicious. murdered many. persected christians. |
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Term
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Definition
| last prophet of allah. born to a wealthy family. married khadijah. angel gabriel called to him while he was meditating outside mecca. preach publicly. to a hijrah from mecca to yathrib. was as military, political, and spiritual leader. conquered mecca and destroyed all the false idols there. |
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Term
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Definition
| muhammads wife. their marrage was a good marrage and good business partnership. wealthy business woman. |
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Term
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Definition
| germanic people who settled in the roman province of gaul(roughly the area now occupied by france) and established a great empire during the middle ages. |
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Term
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Definition
| led the franks in the roman prvince of gaul brought chritianity to the region. by 511 clovis had united the franks into one kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| signed by lothair, charles the bald, and louis the german,sons of loius the pious. divided the empire in three. |
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Term
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Definition
| a midaeval peasant leagally bound to live on a lord's estate. |
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Term
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Definition
| an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in midaevil europe |
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Term
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Definition
| in feudal europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a code of behavior for knights in medieval europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion |
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Term
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Definition
| many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the kings land. if an excommunication king did not listen to hte pope the pope threatened the king with this. |
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Term
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Definition
| an agreement between the church and the emperor. the church appointed bishops but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| midieval times. lasting from 500 to 1500. |
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Term
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Definition
| a medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gregory the great. the papacy became a secular power under his rule. gregory used church revanue to raise armies, pave roads, and help the power. negociated peace treaties. |
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Term
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Definition
| in medieval europe, an armed warrior on horseback. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mock battle between groups of knights. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dynasty of frankish rulers lasting from ad 751 to 987 |
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Term
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Definition
| in fuedal europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and service. |
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Term
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Definition
| the taking away of a person's right of membership in the christian church. |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with worldly rather that spiritual matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| charles the great. ruled the kingdom after carloman's death in 771. built an empire greater than any known since rome. coqured new lands in the east and south and spread christianity. |
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Term
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Definition
| came from the north. northmen. invaded they empire. worshiped wargods. were traders, explorers, and farmers. gradually accepted chirstianity. |
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Term
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Definition
| first ruler to call the lands the holy roman empire. called barbarossa beacause of his red beard. repeatedly invaded europe. angried the pope. frederick made peace with the pope after his defeat in italy. returned to germany. drowned in 1190 |
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Term
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Definition
| trabadours flocked to her court in the french of aquitainy. queen of england and mother of two kings. |
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Term
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Definition
| msjor domo. extended frank rule to the north, south, and east. defeated muslims at the battle of tours. father of pepin the short. |
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Term
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Definition
| worte the book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monestaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of nomadic people. attacked fomr the east. did not settle inconqued land but sold the people as slaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| young furious empiror. ordered gregory to step down from pope after gregory banned lay investiture. got excommunicated. sat in the snowy alps for 3 days before being forgiven by the pope. |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest and most famous mideavel epic poems. praised french soldiers who perished in battle during charlamegne rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| was saved from a mob by charlemange and crowned him emperor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the roman empire of the german nation |
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Term
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Definition
| important religious ceremonies |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of law that regulates family life, moral conduct, and business, and community live of muslims. |
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