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final 12-12-09
notecards for finals
183
History
9th Grade
12/12/2009

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Term
reincarnation
Definition
in hinduism and buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
Term
Jainism
Definition
a religion in india in the sixth century bc whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefor should not be harmed.
Term
enlightenment
Definition
in buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe.
Term
minoans
Definition
a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of crete from about 2000 to 1400 bc
Term
phoenicians
Definition
a seafaring people of southwest asia, who around 1100 bc began to trade and establish colonies throughout the mediterranean region.
Term
covenant
Definition
a mutual promise or agreement- especially an agreement between god and the hebrew people as recorded in the bible.
Term
israel
Definition
a kingdom of the united hebrews in palestine, lasting from about 1020 to 922 bc. later the northern most of the two hebrew kingdoms.
Term
tribute
Definition
a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security.
Term
steppes
Definition
dry, grass-covered plains.
Term
hittites
Definition
an indo-european people who settled in anatolia in 2000 bc.
Term
aryans
Definition
an indo-european people who, about 1500 bc, began to migrate into the indian subcontinent
Term
brahmin
Definition
in aryan society, a member of the social class made of priests.
Term
mahabhrata
Definition
a great indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the aryans as they move south into india.
Term
karma
Definition
in hinduism and buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believeed to determine his/her fate after rebirth.
Term
nirvana
Definition
in buddhism, the release from pain and suffering acheived after enlightenment
Term
torah
Definition
the first five books of the herbrew bible- the most sacred texts in the jewish tradition
Term
monotheism
Definition
belief in a single god.
Term
Judah
Definition
a hebrew kingdom in palestine, established around 922 bc
Term
indo-europeans
Definition
a group of seminomadic people who, around 1700 bc, began to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the indian subcontinent, europe, and southwest asia.
Term
migration
Definition
the act of moving from one place to settle in another.
Term
anatolia
Definition
the southwest asian penninsula now occupied by the aisian part of turkey-also called asia minor.
Term
vedas
Definition
four collections of sacred writings produced by the aryans during an early stage of their settlement in india.
Term
caste
Definition
one of the four classes of people in the social system of the aryans who settled in india- priests, warriors, peasants-traders, and non-aryan laborers or craftsmen.
Term
mycenaean
Definition
an indo-european person who settled on the greek mainland around 2000 bc
Term
dorian
Definition
a greek speaking people that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland greece after the destruction of the mycenaean civilization
Term
epic
Definition
a long narrative poem celebrating the deeds of legendary or taditional heroes
Term
polis
Definition
a greek city-state- the fundamental political uint of anicent greece after about 750 bc
Term
monarchy
Definition
a government in which power is in the hands of a single person. mycenae.
Term
oligarchy
Definition
a government in which power is in the hands of a few people-especially one in which rule is based upon wealth. sparta.
Term
tyrant
Definition
in ancient greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state's government by appealing to the poor for support
Term
democracy
Definition
a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives
Term
direct democracy
Definition
a government in which citizens rule directly rather than through representatives. athens about 500bc.
Term
tragedy
Definition
a serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character
Term
peloponnesian war
Definition
a war, lasting from 431 to 404 bc, in which athens and its allies were defeated by sparta and its allies.
Term
macedonia
Definition
an ancient kingdom north of greece, whose ruler philip II conquered greece in 338 bc.
Term
hellenistic
Definition
relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature, of the greek world from the reign of alexander the great to the late second century bc.
Term
colossus of rhodes
Definition
an enormous hellenistic statue thay formerly stood near the harbor of rhodes.
Term
trojan war
Definition
a war, fought around 1200 bc, in which an army led by mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of troy in anatolia.
Term
myth
Definition
a traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.
Term
acropolis
Definition
a fotified hilltop in an ancient greek city.
Term
aristocracy
Definition
a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or noblility. practiced in anthens prior to 594 nc
Term
phalanx
Definition
a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields.
Term
helot
Definition
in the society of ancient sparta, a peasant bound to the land.
Term
persian wars
Definition
a series of wars in the fifth century bc in which greek city states battled the persian empire.
Term
classical art
Definition
the art of ancient greece and rome in which harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized.
Term
comedy
Definition
a humerous form of drama that often includes slapstick and satire.
Term
republic
Definition
a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote. rome.
Term
tribune
Definition
in ancient rome, an official elected by the plebeians to prtect their rights.
Term
consul
Definition
in the roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government
Term
dictator
Definition
in ancient rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time. usually 6months. ceaser.
Term
patrician
Definition
in ancient rome, a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class.
Term
senate
Definition
in ancient rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.
Term
legion
Definition
a military unit of the ancient roman army, made up of about 5000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback
Term
mercenary
Definition
a soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army.
Term
pax romana
Definition
a period of peace and prosperity throughout the roman empire, lasting from 27 bc to ad 180.
Term
punic wars
Definition
a series of three wars between rome and carthage resulting in the destruction of carthage and rome's dominance over the western mediterranean.
Term
aqueduct
Definition
a pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated cities.
Term
dispora
Definition
the dispersal of the jews from their homeland in palestine-especially during the period of more than 1800 years that followed the romans destruction of the temple in jerusalem in ad.
Term
triumvirate
Definition
in ancient rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government
Term
greco-roman culture
Definition
a ancient culture that developed from the blending of greek, roman, and hellenistic cultures.
Term
inflation
Definition
a decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services.
Term
hajj
Definition
a pilgrimage to mecca, performed as a duty by muslims
Term
allah
Definition
god. an arabic word. mainly used is islam.
Term
qur'an
Definition
the holy book of islam
Term
sunna
Definition
an islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of muhammad
Term
mosque
Definition
an islamic place of worship
Term
sufi
Definition
a muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mysical means. lives a life of poverty.
Term
caliph
Definition
a supreme political and religious leader in a muslim government. successor.
Term
house of wisdom
Definition
a center of learning established in baghdad in 800s.
Term
moksha
Definition
the state of perfect understanding
Term
islam
Definition
a monotheistic religion that developed in arabia in teh seventh century ad.
Term
five pillars
Definition
a muslim must carry out these five duties daily. faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Term
bedouin
Definition
arab nomads. they were organized into tribes called clans.
Term
hijrah
Definition
muhammad's migration from mecca to yathrib in ad 622.
Term
muslim
Definition
a follower of islam.
Term
caliphate
Definition
time that the caliph ruled
Term
rightly guided caliphs
Definition
abu-bakr. umar. uttiman. ali.
Term
umayyads
Definition
moved capital(muslim) from mecca to damascus.clive luxury life/ gave up simple life of the caliphs. similar to nonmuslim rulers. causes division/conflict within islam.
Term
shi'a
Definition
the caliph should be a decendent of the prophet muhammad.
Term
abbasaids
Definition
killed the remaining umayyads to gain power. moved capital from damascus to bagdad. developed bureacracy to run the empire. developed a system of taxation.
Term
fatimid
Definition
started by shi'a claiming to be decendents of muhammad's daughter fatima. started in north africa.
Term
mecca
Definition
the holiest city in islam. muhammad preached here and conquered it and made it muslim. evry muslim must make a hajj here at least once in their life. they pray 5 times a day facing the city.
Term
bagdad
Definition
in central iraq. the abbasids moved the capital here.
Term
medina
Definition
later yathrib. muhammad made his hajrah here.
Term
calligraphy
Definition
beautiful handwriting
Term
arabic
Definition
the laguage of islam
Term
sunni
Definition
followers of muhammads example
Term
cairo
Definition
fatimid capital
Term
umar
Definition
second rightly guilded caliph
Term
al-khwarizmi
Definition
dicovered al-jabr(algebra)
Term
abu-bakr
Definition
first rightly guided caliph
Term
ali
Definition
last rightly guided caliph
Term
uttiman
Definition
third rightly guided caliph
Term
al-andalus
Definition
muslim state in spain. berbers.
Term
ramadan
Definition
holy month in islam. fast from sun up to sun down.
Term
knossos
Definition
the minoan capital city
Term
canaan
Definition
the ancient home of the hebrews, later called the jews. lay between the jordan river and the mediterranean sea. was the promise land of gods people.
Term
abraham
Definition
the father of the hebrew people. god made a promise with him. god promised him canaan.
Term
siddhartha gautama
Definition
the founder of buddhism.
Term
aegean sea
Definition
a sea between greece and anatolia and north of crete.
Term
king minos
Definition
had a minotaur(half human half bull) kept the thing in a maze
Term
moses
Definition
the man who led the hebrews out of slavery
Term
palestine
Definition
the phoenicians lived in a region at the eastern end of the mediterranean sea. philistines also lived in the region.
Term
homer
Definition
greatest storyteller in greece. wrote the illiad. wrote epics.
Term
socrates
Definition
critic of the sophists. he believed that absolute standards did exist for thruth and justice. brought to trial for corrupting athens youth. taught plato.
Term
aristotle
Definition
questioned nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. his work is the basis of the scientific method used today. taught alexander the great.
Term
plato
Definition
student of socrates. wrote the republic, in it he set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. taught aristotle
Term
philip II
Definition
king of macedonia. wanted to take control of greece and persia. was a brilliant military general and fearless king. conquered greece. killed at his daughters wedding beffore he had a chance to take over persia. his son was alexander the great.
Term
demosthenes
Definition
the athenian orator. tried to warn greece that king philip II was coming to fight. no one listened and greece was conquered by macedonia.
Term
darius III
Definition
persian king. fled from battle and alexander conquered anatolia. paniced a second time when alexanders army charged at him and alexander won at gaugamela. this ended the persian power.
Term
alexandria
Definition
egyptian city. became the foremost center of commerce and hellenistic civilization. western edge of the nile delta. had customs from egypt and aegean.
Term
archimedes
Definition
hellenistic scientist. studied at alexandria. accuately estimated the value of pi. explained teh law of the lever. invented a screw, a device that raised water from the ground.. and the compund pulley.
Term
alexander the great
Definition
son of kind philip II.invaded and conquered persia. expanded the macedonia empire.
Term
crassus
Definition
wealthy business man who was in the first triumvrate
Term
pompey
Definition
in the first triumvrate. a popular general.
Term
pompey
Definition
in the first triumvrate. a popular general.
Term
ceasar
Definition
part of the first triumvrate. military leader. govener of gaul. then became dictator for life. defeated pompeys army in greece. was stabbed by his friends marcus brutus and cassius.
Term
octavian
Definition
second triumvrate. was enamies with mark antony after the triumvrate. beat mark antony and cleopatras troops. later changed name to augustus. ruler during the pax romana.
Term
marcus aurelias
Definition
good emperor of rome. ruled form 161-180. brought empire to height of economic presperity. defeated invators. wrote philisophy.
Term
absolute ruler
Definition
one with total power
Term
peter
Definition
an apostle who traveled to rome from jerusalem and became bishop there. he was the first pope.
Term
huns
Definition
fierce group of mongol nomads from central asia that pushed germanic people into roman lands.
Term
constantine
Definition
ended persecution of jews. gain control of the western part of the empire in ad 312. in 324 gained control of the east. moved capital to byzantine. prayed for devine help saw a cross and orders artisians to put the cross on the shields before battle. he was victorius in battle. credited his sucess to christian god.
Term
constantinople
Definition
the capital of the roman empire under constantine. used to be called byzantine.
Term
diocletian
Definition
strong willed army leader.became roman empiror in ad 284. doubled the size of the army. controlled inflation with set prices on goods. split the empire into two. he took control of the eastern half. shared authority but kept overall control.
Term
attila
Definition
powerful cheiftain hun. huns united for the first time under him. his forces attacked 70 cities(not contantinople) in the east. and advanced to rome but couldnot attack because of famine and illness. after his death the huns were no longer a threat to the empire.
Term
senator
Definition
usually an aristocrate. worked in the senate.
Term
hannibal
Definition
carthaginian general. assembled a huge army and led his army across spain and france and through the alps. won his greated victory at cannae in 216.
Term
scripio
Definition
roman general. devised a plan to attack carthage. this forced hannibal to return and defend his city. at zuma near carthage the romans finally defeated hannibal.
Term
mark antony
Definition
second triumvrate. experienced general. became enamies with octavian afer octavian forced lepidus to retire. fell in love with cleopatra. octaivian defeated his army and cleopatras army. he committed suicide with cleopatra.
Term
augustus
Definition
octavian. exalted one
Term
pompeii
Definition
roman town. mount vesuvius erupted on it and covered the city in ash. the best examples of roman paintings were found here.
Term
virgil
Definition
peot. wrote aeneid.
Term
marcus brutus
Definition
ceasars friend. plotted ceasars assasination
Term
tacitus
Definition
roman historian. presented facts accuratly. concerned about romes lack or morality. wrote annals and histories, wrote about the good and bad of imperial rome.
Term
paul
Definition
enormous influence on christianity's developement. had a vision of christ while traveling to demascus. spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting christ's teachings.
Term
jerusalem
Definition
when jesus visited here crowds greeted him as messiah.
Term
greeks
Definition
east part of roman empire when dioclecian split it up.
Term
gladiators
Definition
a person often a slave or captive, who was armed with a sword or other weapon and compelled to fight to the death in a public areana against other people or a wild animal for the entertainment of others.
Term
latins
Definition
west part of the roman empire when dioclecian split it up.
Term
etruscan
Definition
fist roman kings.
Term
province
Definition
the part of the country outside its capital or its largest city.
Term
plebians
Definition
the common farmer, artisian, and merchants, who made up the majority of the population
Term
tarquin the proud
Definition
last king of rome.
Term
epistles
Definition
influencial letters.
Term
nero
Definition
bad emperor. 54-68. good administrator but vicious. murdered many. persected christians.
Term
muhammad
Definition
last prophet of allah. born to a wealthy family. married khadijah. angel gabriel called to him while he was meditating outside mecca. preach publicly. to a hijrah from mecca to yathrib. was as military, political, and spiritual leader. conquered mecca and destroyed all the false idols there.
Term
khadijah
Definition
muhammads wife. their marrage was a good marrage and good business partnership. wealthy business woman.
Term
franks
Definition
germanic people who settled in the roman province of gaul(roughly the area now occupied by france) and established a great empire during the middle ages.
Term
clovis
Definition
led the franks in the roman prvince of gaul brought chritianity to the region. by 511 clovis had united the franks into one kingdom.
Term
treaty of verdun
Definition
signed by lothair, charles the bald, and louis the german,sons of loius the pious. divided the empire in three.
Term
serf
Definition
a midaeval peasant leagally bound to live on a lord's estate.
Term
fief
Definition
an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in midaevil europe
Term
lord
Definition
in feudal europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals.
Term
chivalry
Definition
a code of behavior for knights in medieval europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion
Term
interdict
Definition
many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the kings land. if an excommunication king did not listen to hte pope the pope threatened the king with this.
Term
concordat of worms
Definition
an agreement between the church and the emperor. the church appointed bishops but the emperor could veto the appointment.
Term
tith
Definition
church tax
Term
middle ages
Definition
midieval times. lasting from 500 to 1500.
Term
troubadour
Definition
a medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love.
Term
monastery
Definition
a religious community
Term
pope gregory I
Definition
gregory the great. the papacy became a secular power under his rule. gregory used church revanue to raise armies, pave roads, and help the power. negociated peace treaties.
Term
knight
Definition
in medieval europe, an armed warrior on horseback.
Term
canon law
Definition
christian church law.
Term
lay investiture
Definition
the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles.
Term
tournament
Definition
a mock battle between groups of knights.
Term
carolingain dynasty
Definition
a dynasty of frankish rulers lasting from ad 751 to 987
Term
vassal
Definition
in fuedal europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and service.
Term
excommunication
Definition
the taking away of a person's right of membership in the christian church.
Term
secular
Definition
concerned with worldly rather that spiritual matters.
Term
charlemagne
Definition
charles the great. ruled the kingdom after carloman's death in 771. built an empire greater than any known since rome. coqured new lands in the east and south and spread christianity.
Term
vikings
Definition
came from the north. northmen. invaded they empire. worshiped wargods. were traders, explorers, and farmers. gradually accepted chirstianity.
Term
frederick I
Definition
first ruler to call the lands the holy roman empire. called barbarossa beacause of his red beard. repeatedly invaded europe. angried the pope. frederick made peace with the pope after his defeat in italy. returned to germany. drowned in 1190
Term
eleanor of aquitaine
Definition
trabadours flocked to her court in the french of aquitainy. queen of england and mother of two kings.
Term
charles martel
Definition
msjor domo. extended frank rule to the north, south, and east. defeated muslims at the battle of tours. father of pepin the short.
Term
benedict
Definition
worte the book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monestaries.
Term
magyars
Definition
a group of nomadic people. attacked fomr the east. did not settle inconqued land but sold the people as slaves.
Term
henry IV
Definition
young furious empiror. ordered gregory to step down from pope after gregory banned lay investiture. got excommunicated. sat in the snowy alps for 3 days before being forgiven by the pope.
Term
song of roland
Definition
earliest and most famous mideavel epic poems. praised french soldiers who perished in battle during charlamegne rule.
Term
pope leo II
Definition
was saved from a mob by charlemange and crowned him emperor.
Term
holy roman empire
Definition
the roman empire of the german nation
Term
sacraments
Definition
important religious ceremonies
Term
shariah
Definition
a body of law that regulates family life, moral conduct, and business, and community live of muslims.
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