Term
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Definition
| Layers of soft membranes around developing blastocyst |
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Term
| What is the function of the placenta? |
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Definition
| To deliver nutrients to fetus and remove wastes |
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Term
| When does diffusion no longer suffice for nutrient transport to a fetus? What is used to aid in nutrient transport? |
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Definition
| when the zygotes develops into a blastocyst and nutrient demand is too great merely for diffusion |
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Term
| True or False: maternal and fetal blood don't mix directly, except in the wall of the placenta |
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Definition
| False! They don't mix anywhere at all! |
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Term
| What are the two sacs surrounding the fetus in the placenta? |
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Definition
1) Amnion (immediately around fetus)
2) Allantois (surrounds amniotic sac) |
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Term
| What is the function of the amnion? |
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Definition
| - where the fetus floats (presence of amniotic fluid) |
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Term
| What is the function of the allantois? |
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Definition
Enables vascular communication b/w developing mammal and its mother
- (in birds, used for respiration and storage of waste products) |
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Term
| Where is the chorion located, and what is it attached to? |
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Definition
| Located on the outside of the allantoic sac; attaches to the uterine lining |
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Term
| What connects the chorion to the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The allantochorion is ... |
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Definition
| a combination of the Allantois and the Chorion |
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Term
| What is the urachus? Function? |
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Definition
The drainage tube from the fetal bladder
- carries watery waste to allantoic sac |
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Term
| True or False: Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the placenta, into the fetus |
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Definition
| False, it carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta |
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Term
| True or False: Umbilical veins carry deoxygenated blood from the placenta, into the fetus |
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Definition
| False, it carries oxygenated (and nutrient-rich) blood from the placenta to the fetus |
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Term
| Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do fetal and maternal blood vessels intertwine? Why? |
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Definition
| Where the chorion attaches to the uterus; no direct mixing of blood, but close enough for nutrients and waste-products to exchange b/w blood |
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Term
| Explain how nutrients are passed from mother to fetus with no direct mixing of blood |
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Definition
| Fetal circulation in the chorion and maternal circulation in the endometrium (@ the chorion-endometrial junction) are so close that nutrients can pass b/w them |
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Term
| Explain the chorion attachment in pigs and horses |
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Definition
Attachment sites b/w chorion and uterus are loose and spread out
- allows for easy detach of placenta during parturition |
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Term
| In pigs and horses, why is the placenta discharged after delivery? |
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Definition
| Because it's eaten by the dam |
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Term
| In ruminants, the site of attachment b/w uterus and placenta is called the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the caruncle located? |
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Definition
| Located on the lining of the uterus |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the area on the surface of the placenta |
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Term
| Explain the attachment of the chorion in ruminants |
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Definition
The cotyledon (surface of placenta) joins tightly with a caruncle (on lining of uterus): this forms a placentome (sight of attachment)
- cotyledons and caruncles interlock with each other |
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Term
| In ruminants, why must the placenta be removed? |
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Definition
| If retained, can lead to bacterial infections |
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Term
| Pregnancy is also called _____, and covers the time from _____, to ______. |
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Definition
| gestation; from conception to parturition |
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Term
| Which gestation period is the most demanding on the dam? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the 1st trimester? |
|
Definition
- zygote develops (called an embryo)
- placenta develops |
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Term
| What happens during the 2nd trimester? |
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Definition
- zygote is now called a fetus
- development of all body tissue, organs, and systems |
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Term
| What happens during the 3rd trimester? |
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Definition
- fetus grows
- demands on the dam increase (nutritional and physical)
- dramatic increase in growth |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
-produce gametes
-produce hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| rupturing of a mature follicle, releasing an ovum (ova) from the ovary |
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Term
| What would you call a mammal who releases 1 ovum per cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| What would you call a mammal who releases multiple ova per cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aside from referring to the number of ova per cycle, what might multiparous mean? |
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Definition
| A female (e.g. cow) that has given birth more than once |
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Term
| What is the term for the period during which the female is receptive to the male for breeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the spermatozoa first enter the female repro tract, where is the ovum? |
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Definition
| Still in the ovarian follicle |
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Term
| Why is the delay in the release of the ovum important |
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Definition
| Allows spermatozoa to reach fallopian tubes (oviduct) |
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|
Term
| When during estrous is the ovum released? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What prevents multiple spermatozoa from penetrating the ovum? |
|
Definition
| changes in the cell membrane after 1 has penetrated |
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Term
| What is the term for the remnant of an ovarian follicle after it has ruptured? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| produces progesterone/progestin which prepares the uterus for implantation & helps maintain pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization usually take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The ovary is connected to the oviduct |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy outside the uterus |
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|
Term
| This structure is a set of convoluted tubules that extend from the uterine horns |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of the smooth muscle & cilia lining the walls of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
-guides zygote into uterus via ciliary movement & muscle contractions
-helps the fertized ovum get to the uterus for implantation |
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Term
| This is a hollow, muscular Y-shaped organ |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
The uterus remains the same size during the entirety of gestation |
|
Definition
False
The uterus grows along with tye fetus |
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|
Term
| What is the life support system for the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The uterus helps push the fetus into the birth canal when parturition takes place |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An embryo approx 5. days after fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle sphincter which controls access to the lumen of the uterus, from the vagina |
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Term
| When is the cervix relaxed and open? |
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Definition
| During estrus & parturition |
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|
Term
| What causes the cervix to open during parturition? |
|
Definition
| pressure of the newborn against the cervix |
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|
Term
| Where is the vagina located? |
|
Definition
| between cervix on cranial end & vulva on caudal end |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the lumen of the vagina usually open or closed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of the female reproductive tract is visible from outside? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the external entrance to the vagina? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the urethra open? |
|
Definition
| on the floor of the vestibule |
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|
Term
| Where is the clitoris located? |
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Definition
| on the floor of the vestibule |
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|
Term
| What does 'homologous' mean in reference to structures? |
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Definition
| derived embryonically from the same tissue/stem cells |
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Term
| What is the external boundary of the vulva? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of the vulva? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where are mammary glands found in cattle & horses? |
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Definition
| only in the iguinal/groin region |
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|
Term
| Where are mammary glands found in swine, dogs & cats? |
|
Definition
| across the thoracic, abdominal and inguinal regions |
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Term
|
Definition
| embryo in very early stage of development, prior to becoming a blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| Where does the blastocyst attach? |
|
Definition
| to the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of enzymes in implantation? |
|
Definition
| form a pit in the endometrium for the blastocyst to attach |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of breeding Meishan pigs? |
|
Definition
| They produce many piglets (lots of embryos) |
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