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Female Repoduction
Structure and Function, gestation
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/31/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the placenta?
Definition
Layers of soft membranes around developing blastocyst
Term
What is the function of the placenta?
Definition
To deliver nutrients to fetus and remove wastes
Term
When does diffusion no longer suffice for nutrient transport to a fetus? What is used to aid in nutrient transport?
Definition
when the zygotes develops into a blastocyst and nutrient demand is too great merely for diffusion
Term
True or False: maternal and fetal blood don't mix directly, except in the wall of the placenta
Definition
False! They don't mix anywhere at all!
Term
What are the two sacs surrounding the fetus in the placenta?
Definition
1) Amnion (immediately around fetus)
2) Allantois (surrounds amniotic sac)
Term
What is the function of the amnion?
Definition
- where the fetus floats (presence of amniotic fluid)
Term
What is the function of the allantois?
Definition
Enables vascular communication b/w developing mammal and its mother
- (in birds, used for respiration and storage of waste products)
Term
Where is the chorion located, and what is it attached to?
Definition
Located on the outside of the allantoic sac; attaches to the uterine lining
Term
What connects the chorion to the fetus?
Definition
The umbilical cord
Term
The allantochorion is ...
Definition
a combination of the Allantois and the Chorion
Term
What is the urachus? Function?
Definition
The drainage tube from the fetal bladder
- carries watery waste to allantoic sac
Term
True or False: Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the placenta, into the fetus
Definition
False, it carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
Term
True or False: Umbilical veins carry deoxygenated blood from the placenta, into the fetus
Definition
False, it carries oxygenated (and nutrient-rich) blood from the placenta to the fetus
Term
Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta?
Definition
Umbilical arteries
Term
Where do fetal and maternal blood vessels intertwine? Why?
Definition
Where the chorion attaches to the uterus; no direct mixing of blood, but close enough for nutrients and waste-products to exchange b/w blood
Term
Explain how nutrients are passed from mother to fetus with no direct mixing of blood
Definition
Fetal circulation in the chorion and maternal circulation in the endometrium (@ the chorion-endometrial junction) are so close that nutrients can pass b/w them
Term
Explain the chorion attachment in pigs and horses
Definition
Attachment sites b/w chorion and uterus are loose and spread out
- allows for easy detach of placenta during parturition
Term
In pigs and horses, why is the placenta discharged after delivery?
Definition
Because it's eaten by the dam
Term
In ruminants, the site of attachment b/w uterus and placenta is called the ...
Definition
Placentome
Term
Where is the caruncle located?
Definition
Located on the lining of the uterus
Term
What is the cotyledon?
Definition
It is the area on the surface of the placenta
Term
Explain the attachment of the chorion in ruminants
Definition
The cotyledon (surface of placenta) joins tightly with a caruncle (on lining of uterus): this forms a placentome (sight of attachment)
- cotyledons and caruncles interlock with each other
Term
In ruminants, why must the placenta be removed?
Definition
If retained, can lead to bacterial infections
Term
Pregnancy is also called _____, and covers the time from _____, to ______.
Definition
gestation; from conception to parturition
Term
Which gestation period is the most demanding on the dam?
Definition
The 3rd trimester
Term
What happens during the 1st trimester?
Definition
- zygote develops (called an embryo)
- placenta develops
Term
What happens during the 2nd trimester?
Definition
- zygote is now called a fetus
- development of all body tissue, organs, and systems
Term
What happens during the 3rd trimester?
Definition
- fetus grows
- demands on the dam increase (nutritional and physical)
- dramatic increase in growth
Term
What are the 2 functions of the ovaries?
Definition
-produce gametes
-produce hormones
Term
What is ovulation?
Definition
rupturing of a mature follicle, releasing an ovum (ova) from the ovary
Term
What would you call a mammal who releases 1 ovum per cycle
Definition
uniparous
Term
What would you call a mammal who releases multiple ova per cycle?
Definition
multiparous
Term
Aside from referring to the number of ova per cycle, what might multiparous mean?
Definition
A female (e.g. cow) that has given birth more than once
Term
What is the term for the period during which the female is receptive to the male for breeding?
Definition
estrous (heat)
Term
When the spermatozoa first enter the female repro tract, where is the ovum?
Definition
Still in the ovarian follicle
Term
Why is the delay in the release of the ovum important
Definition
Allows spermatozoa to reach fallopian tubes (oviduct)
Term
When during estrous is the ovum released?
Definition
at the end of estrous
Term
What prevents multiple spermatozoa from penetrating the ovum?
Definition
changes in the cell membrane after 1 has penetrated
Term
What is the term for the remnant of an ovarian follicle after it has ruptured?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
Definition
produces progesterone/progestin which prepares the uterus for implantation & helps maintain pregnancy
Term
Where does fertilization usually take place?
Definition
Oviducts
Term
True or False

The ovary is connected to the oviduct
Definition
False
Term
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Definition
pregnancy outside the uterus
Term
This structure is a set of convoluted tubules that extend from the uterine horns
Definition
oviduct
Term
What is the importance of the smooth muscle & cilia lining the walls of the oviduct?
Definition
-guides zygote into uterus via ciliary movement & muscle contractions
-helps the fertized ovum get to the uterus for implantation
Term
This is a hollow, muscular Y-shaped organ
Definition
uterus
Term
True or False

The uterus remains the same size during the entirety of gestation
Definition
False

The uterus grows along with tye fetus
Term
What is the life support system for the fetus?
Definition
placenta
Term
True or False

The uterus helps push the fetus into the birth canal when parturition takes place
Definition
true
Term
What is parturition
Definition
the birth process
Term
What is a blastocyte?
Definition
An embryo approx 5. days after fertilization
Term
What is the cervix?
Definition
Smooth muscle sphincter which controls access to the lumen of the uterus, from the vagina
Term
When is the cervix relaxed and open?
Definition
During estrus & parturition
Term
What causes the cervix to open during parturition?
Definition
pressure of the newborn against the cervix
Term
Where is the vagina located?
Definition
between cervix on cranial end & vulva on caudal end
Term
What is the birth canal?
Definition
vagina
Term
Is the lumen of the vagina usually open or closed?
Definition
closed
Term
Which part of the female reproductive tract is visible from outside?
Definition
the vulva
Term
What is the term for the external entrance to the vagina?
Definition
the vestibule
Term
Where does the urethra open?
Definition
on the floor of the vestibule
Term
Where is the clitoris located?
Definition
on the floor of the vestibule
Term
What does 'homologous' mean in reference to structures?
Definition
derived embryonically from the same tissue/stem cells
Term
What is the external boundary of the vulva?
Definition
labia
Term
What are the 3 components of the vulva?
Definition
Vestibule
Clitoris
Labia
Term
What are mammary glands?
Definition
modified sweat flands
Term
Where are mammary glands found in cattle & horses?
Definition
only in the iguinal/groin region
Term
Where are mammary glands found in swine, dogs & cats?
Definition
across the thoracic, abdominal and inguinal regions
Term
What is a morula?
Definition
embryo in very early stage of development, prior to becoming a blastocyst
Term
Where does the blastocyst attach?
Definition
to the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus)
Term
What is the importance of enzymes in implantation?
Definition
form a pit in the endometrium for the blastocyst to attach
Term
What is the advantage of breeding Meishan pigs?
Definition
They produce many piglets (lots of embryos)
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