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Factors that Affect Bone Metabolism
Table 6.1
19
Anatomy
Professional
09/30/2013

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Term
Calcium
Definition
Make bone ECM hard
Term
Phosphorus
Definition
Make bone ECM hard
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Helps form bone ECM
Term
Fluoride
Definition
Helps strengthen bond ECM
Term
Manganese
Definition
Activates enzymes involved in synthesis of bone ECM
Term
Vitamin A
Definition

Needed for activity of osteoblasts during remodeling of bone;

deficiency stunts bone growth;

toxic in high doses

Term

Vitamin B12

 

Definition

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins;

deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone ECM and decreased bone density.

Term
Vitamin C
Definition

Needed for synthesis of collagen, the main bone protein;

deficiency leads to decreased collagen production, which slows down bone growth and delays repair of broken bones.

Term
Vitamin D
Definition

Active form (calcitroil) produced by kidneys;

increases absorption of calcium from GI tract;

Deficiency causes faulty calcification and slows bone growth;

may reduce risk of osteoporosis but toxic in high doses;

also obtained from sun exposure.

 

Term
Vitamin K
Definition

Needed for synthesis of bone proteins;

deficiency leads to abnormal protein production in bone ECM and decreased bone density.

Term
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Definition

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

promotes general growth of all body tissues, mainly by stimulationg production of insulinlike growth factors

Term
Insulinlike Growth Factors (lGFs)
Definition
Secreted by liver, bones, and other tissues upon stimulation bt hGH, promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts, and by increasing synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone.
Term

Thyroid

(thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

Definition
Secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblast
Term
Insulin
Definition
Secreted by pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing synthesis of bone protiens
Term

Sex Hormones

(Estrogen and Testosterone)

Definition

Ovaries (estrogen);

Testes (testosterone);

Stimulates osteoblasts, promotes growth during puberty;  shut down at epiphyseal plates around ages 18-21, causing lengthwise growth of bones to end;

Contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone resorption by osteoclasts and promoting bone deposition by osteoblasts.

Term

Parathyroid Hormone

(PTH)

Definition

Secreted by parathyriod glands;

promothes bone resorption by osteoclasts;

enhances recovery of calcium ion from urine;

promotes formation of active form of vitamine D (calcitriol)

Term

Calcitonin (CT)

 

Definition

Secreted by thyroid gland;

Inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts

Term
Exercise
Definition
Weight-bearing activities, stimulate osteoblasts, and consequently help build bigger, stronger bones and retard loss of bone mass that occurs as people age
Term
Aging
Definition
Decreases in sex hormones (especially in women after menopause) causes the pace of bone resorption to outpace bone deposition, resulting in a decrease in overall bone mass, which increases risk of osteoperosis.
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