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Face, Scalp, & Cranial Activity
N/A
77
Anatomy
Graduate
02/22/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the anterior attachments of the scalp?
Definition
Eye brows through frontalis belly of fronto-occipitalis muscle
Term
What is the posterior attachment of the scalp?
Definition
Superior nuchal line through occipitalis belly of fronto-occipitalis muscle
Term
What are the lateral attachments of the scalp?
Definition
Zygomatic arches and ears
Term
What are the layers of the scalp?
Definition
Skin, Connective tissue, galia Aponeurotica, Loose connective tissue, Pericranium (S-C-A-L-P)
Term
What is the function of the loose connective tissue in the scalp?
Definition
Allows spread of blood, pus, or fluid by pealing through in all directions
Term
Why is loose connective tissues of the skull an ideal place for injecting local anesthetics?
Definition
Continues into eyelids and root of nose without barrier, is not a insertion site for skin
Term
What connects intracranial dural venous sinuses to scalp veins?
Definition
Emissary veins
Term
What forces blood to spread from the scalp to intracranial dural venous sinuses?
Definition
Pressure and lack of valves in emissary veins
Term
Scalp infection of emissary veins may result in what conditions?
Definition
Thrombosis or meningitis
Term
Loose connective tissue layer of the scalp may facilitate the spread of infection. What is this area known as?
Definition
Danger Area of the Scalp
Term
What are the lymph nodes of the scalp?
Definition
Occipital, mastoid, pre-auricular, and parotid nodes
Term
Where do the lymph nodes of the scalp ultimately drain to?
Definition
Upper deep cervical nodes
Term
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
Definition
Periosteal layer lining the bone of the skull cap and the inner meningeal layer
Term
What dural fold separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
Falx cerebri
Term
What horizontal dural fold separates cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellar lobes?
Definition
Tentorium cerebelli
Term
What anterior opening of the tentorium cerebelli allows continuity of cerebral hemispheres with the brainstem?
Definition
Tentorial notch
Term
What vertical dural fold separates right and left cerebellar lobes?
Definition
Falx cerebelli
Term
What small horizontal dural fold separates the inferior surface of the brain from the pituitary gland?
Definition
Diaphragma sellae
Term
What is the source of the anterior meningeal artery and what does it supply?
Definition
Ethmoidal artery which branches from the opthalmic artery, supplies anterior cranial fossa dura mater
Term
What is the source of the middle and accessory meningeal arteries and what doe they supply?
Definition
Maxillary artery, supplies dura of the middle cranial fossa
Term
What supplies blood to the dura in the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
Posterior meningeal, ascending pharyngeal, occipital, and vertebral arteries
Term
What provides innervation to the dura of the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
Ethmoidal nerve (of V1), and meningeal branches (of V1) to the falx cerebri and tetnroium cerebelli
Term
What provides innervation to the dura of the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
Meningeal branches of V2 and V3
Term
What provides innervation tot he dura of the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
Meningeal branches of cervical spinal nerves C1-3
Term
What space lies between the inner diploe of the skull and the periosteal layer of the dura?
Definition
Epidural space
Term
What space lies between meningeal layer of the dura and the arachnoid mater?
Definition
Subdural space
Term
What space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater?
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
What is contained within the subarachnoid space?
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Brain tissue drains venous blood backward from what major sinuses to the confluence of sinuses?
Definition
Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses
Term
What does the confluence of the major sinuses drain into?
Definition
Transverse sinus
Term
What drains venous blood from the eyeball and orbital structures to the cavernous sinus?
Definition
Ophthalmic veins
Term
What allows venous blood to drain from the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus?
Definition
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Term
What does the transverse sinus drain into?
Definition
Sigmoid sinus
Term
What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?
Definition
Internal jugular vein
Term
What is the developmental origin of facial muscles responsible for expression?
Definition
2nd pharyngeal arch
Term
What innervates muscles of the face responsible for expression?
Definition
CN VII (facial nerve)
Term
What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle gently closes eyelids in order to blink?
Definition
Palpebral portion
Term
What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle forcefully closes eyelids in order to wink?
Definition
Orbital portion
Term
What part of the orbicularis oculi muscle helps drainage of tears into lacrimal ducts?
Definition
Lacrimal portion
Term
What facial muscle allows for vertical wrinkling of the forehead such as in frowning?
Definition
Corrugator supercili muscle
Term
What cosmetic treatment also used to address migraines can surgically sever or paralyze the currugator supercili?
Definition
Botulinum toxin (botox)
Term
What causes horizontal wrinkling of the forehead and the raising of eyebrows?
Definition
Frontalis muscle
Term
What facial muscle raises the corners of the mouth as in a smile?
Definition
Zygomaticus major and minor
Term
What facial muscle deepens the furrow between the nose and the corners of the mouth?
Definition
Levator labii superioris
Term
What facial muscle elevates the upper lip and helps dilate the nostrils as in a snarl?
Definition
Lavator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Term
What facial muscle both elevates the corners of the mouth and helps deepen the furrow between the nose and mouth?
Definition
Levator anguli oris
Term
What facial muscle pulls the corners of the mouth laterally and upward as in a grin?
Definition
Risorius (frequently absent)
Term
What singular muscle encircles the mouth and is responsible for symmetrical movements of the lips as in whistling?
Definition
Orbicularis oris
Term
What facial muscle depresses the corners of the mouth as in frowning?
Definition
Depressor angluli oris
Term
What facial muscle depresses the lower lip and moves it laterally?
Definition
Depressor labii inferioris
Term
What facial muscle is the "pouting" muscle that raises and protrudes lower lip as in when drinking from a cup
Definition
Mentalis
Term
What are the two parts of the nasalis muscle and what are their functions?
Definition
Transverse part - compression of nostrils, and alar part - dilation of nostrils
Term
What facial muscle draws medial parts of the eyebrows downward to produce transverse wrinkles over the nasal bridge?
Definition
Procerus
Term
What is the function of the depressor septi nasi muscle?
Definition
Assists alar partof nasalis in dilation of the nostrils
Term
What are the three types of auricular muscles?
Definition
Anterior, posterior and superior
Term
What are the origin and insertion points of the buccinator muscle?
Definition
Originates from the outer surface of maxilla and mandibles and the anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe and inserts in the angle of the mouth
Term
What is the action performed by the buccinator muscle?
Definition
Compresses cheeks against teeth to help mastication, puffs on blowing as in trumpet playing
Term
What innervates the buccinator muscle?
Definition
Buccal branch of CN VII (facial nerve)
Term
What nerve pierces the buccinator muscle to innervate cheek mucous membrane and overlying skin?
Definition
Buccal branch of CN V (trigeminal nerve)
Term
Where are the parotid glands located?
Definition
Bony depression between the external auditory canal, mastoid process, and ramus of the mandible
Term
What encapsulates the parotid gland?
Definition
Tough fibrous paraotid sheath
Term
What are the two layers of the parotid gland?
Definition
Superficial and deep
Term
What nerve pierces the parotid gland?
Definition
CN VII (facial nerve), divides inside parotid substance into upper & lower trunks - does not provide innervation
Term
What does the parotid duct open into?
Definition
Oral vestibule against upper 2nd molar
Term
What innervates the parotid gland?
Definition
Sensory by auriculotemporal nerve branch of V3, parasympathetic (secretomotor) via preganglionic fibers from CN IX (glossopharyngeal n.) and postganglionic fibers from OTIC ganglion
Term
What branches of the external carotid supply blood to the face?
Definition
Inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular, superficial temporal, and maxillary arteries
Term
What are the branches of the superficial temporal artery that supply blood to the face?
Definition
Transverse facial artery
Term
What are the branches of the maxillary artery that supply blood to the face?
Definition
Infra-orbital, buccal, and mental arteries
Term
What are the branches of the internal carotid that supply blood to the face?
Definition
Branches of the opthalmic artery
Term
What branches of the opthalmic artery supply blood to the face?
Definition
Zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, and dorsal nasal artery
Term
Describe the route blood in the angular vein takes to reach the internal jugular vein?
Definition
Angular vein -> facial vein and anterior division of retromandibular vein -> common facial vein -> internal jugular vein
Term
What connects facial veins to the cavernous sinus?
Definition
Directly via superior and inferior opthalmic veins, indirectly via pterygoid plexus of veins
Term
What are the branches of the upper/temporofacial trunk of CN VII (facial n.) that provide motor innervation to facial muscles?
Definition
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal nerves
Term
What are the branches of the lower/cervicofacial trunk of CN VII (facial n.) that provide motor innervation to facial muscles?
Definition
Marginal mandibular and cervical nerves
Term
What are the branches of the V1 (opthalmic) that provide sensory innervation to the face?
Definition
Supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, and external nasal nerves
Term
What are the branches of V2 (maxillary) that provide sensory innervation to the face?
Definition
Infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, and zygomaticotemporal nerves
Term
What are the branches of V3 (mandibular) that provide sensory innervation to the face?
Definition
Mental, inferior alveolar, and auriculotemporal nerves
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