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Eyes & Ears
JJC Vet Tech SAN
169
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2013

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Cards

Term
Other names for eye socket?
Definition
orbital socket, eye cavity
Term
term relating to the eyelids
Definition
palpebral
Term
function of eye lids
Definition
distribute tears, keep eyes moist, protect eyes
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
MM layer covering globe between fornix and cornea, third eyelid, and inner surface
Term
3 layers of conjunctiva?
Definition
palpebral, bulbar, fornix
Term
palpebral conjunctiva
Definition
posterior surface of eyelids, in contact with the eyeballs
Term
bulbar conjunctiva
Definition
anterior portion of eyeballs
Term
fornix
Definition
junction between eyelids and eyeballs
Term
gland that secretes tears
Definition
lacrimal gland
Term
Tears flow through the __ to the lacrimal puncta.
Definition
lacrimal duct
Term
opening in the palpebral surface where tears exit the lacrimal duct
Definition
lacrimal punctum (plural = puncta)
Term
What do you call the corners of the eye?
Definition
lateral and medial canthus
Term
white of the eye
Definition
sclera
Term
cornea
Definition
thin, transparent layer on the anterior eye
Term
What part of the eye is avascular?
Definition
cornea
Term
border between the cornea and sclera
Definition
limbus
Term
lens
Definition
transparent, biconvex structure
Term
Where in the eye is the third eyelid located?
Definition
medially
Term
Another name for third eyelid?
Definition
nictitating membrane
Term
What part of the eye is responsible for 1/3 of pre-corneal tear production?
Definition
nictitating membrane
Term
Which part of the eye can prolapse?
Definition
nictitating membrane
Term
Which part of the eye can luxate?
Definition
lens
Term
choroid
Definition
vascular layer of the eye between the retina and sclera which provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of retina
Term
uveal tract
Definition
ciliary body and choroid
Term
Which part of the eye is vascular, contains connective tissue, and nourishes the retina?
Definition
choroid
Term
In Latin,"tapetum" means what?
Definition
"bright tapestry"
Term
Where is the tapetum located?
Definition
choroid
Term
tapetum
Definition
reflective region in the choroid
Term
retina
Definition
part of the eye where light is focused and starts a series of nerve impulses to the brain via the optic nerve
Term
What part of the eye is a photosensory structure?
Definition
retina
Term
Where is the origin and exit point of the optic nerve?
Definition
origin: optic disc
exit: optic foramen
Term
The optic nerve acts as a pathway from the ganglion cells in the __ to the brain.
Definition
ganglion cells in the retina to the brain
Term
part of the eye that transmits visual stimuli to the brain for interpretation
Definition
optic nerve
Term
3 chambers of the eye
Definition
Anterior, Posterior, Vitreous
Term
Describe the anterior chamber of the eye.
Definition
Portion of the eye in front of the lens which is filled with aqueous humor.
Term
Describe the posterior chamber of the eye.
Definition
Portion surrounding the lens which is filled with aqueous humor.
Term
Describe the vitreous chamber of the eye.
Definition
Portion behind the lens which is filled with vitreous humor.
Term
Right, Left, Both eyes
Definition
R: OD
L: OS
both: OU
Term
Name the instrument used to shine light at the eye for external exams or to test PLR.
Definition
transilluminator
Term
Features of a transilluminator.
Definition
-focal illumination
-optimal light for external eye exam
-can test PLR because light doesn't scatter
Term
dazzle reflex
Definition
when bright light is shined into the eyes, they should blink
Term
menace reflex
Definition
when an object approaches the eye, it should blink; used to test for vision problems
Term
Name the instrument used to examine internal anatomy of the eye.
Definition
ophthalmoscope
Term
How should the ophthalmoscope be held?
Definition
Direct the light into the animal's eye so that the beam is almost parallel with your own line of sight.
Term
The ophthalmoscope can aid in the FDT because it has...
Definition
color filters (blue for Fluorescein, green for differentiating pigment from retinal hemorrhage)
Term
STT
Definition
Schirmer Tear Test
Term
Procedure for STT:
Definition
-gently remove debris with cotton
-while still wrapped, fold at notch
-place in conjunctival sac of lower lid
-leave for one minute, measure dye migration
Term
STT evaluates __.
Definition
tear production
Term
STT aids in the Dx of __.
Definition
KCS
Term
KCS
Definition
keratoconjunctivitis sicca, aka "dry eye"
Term
STT unit of measurement
Definition
mm/min
Term
What ocular test should be performed before any other tests, drops, ointments, manipulations, etc?
Definition
STT
Term
Normal tear production in dogs and cats?
Definition
Dogs: 15mm/min
Cats: lower and varies
Term
KCS is seen more in __ than __.
Definition
more in dogs than cats
Term
Which breeds are more likely to get KCS?
Definition
dogs with droopy eyes or lots of hair; hounds, bearded collie
Term
FDT
Definition
fluorescein dye test
Term
FDT is used to evaluate...
Definition
corneal integrity
Term
FDT aids in the Dx of __ and can also help determine...
Definition
corneal ulcers, patency of nasolacrimal duct
Term
patency
Definition
openness
Term
How does fluorescein dye work?
Definition
the dye cannot penetrate intact corneal epithelium, but can penetrate ulcers and mix with the water-soluble fluid beneath the cornea
Term
Also do a FDT before using __.
Definition
steroid ointments
Term
Corneal abrasions are sensitive to __.
Definition
light
Term
FDT procedure:
Definition
-local/topical anesthetics can prevent blepharospasm
-moisten strip or drop strip into syringe casing with saline
-apply dye to eye
-allow blinking
-flush with sterile saline
-examine with focal light and/or wood's lamp
-observe for nasolacrimal duct patency
Term
Procedure for Ocular Culture & Conjunctival Scraping:
Definition
-topical anesthetic drops
-evert lower eyelid
-firm, gentle pressure to wipe conjunctiva
-place directly on culture media or slide
-Gram's, Wright's, or Giemsa stains for microscopic evaluation
Term
Conjunctival scrapings can help Dx __ and __.
Definition
K9 distemper, feline chlamydia
Term
tonometry
Definition
assessing IOP
Term
IOP
Definition
intraocular pressure
Term
How to restrain an animal for Schiotz tonometry?
Definition
excessive restraint will increase IOP; use jaw to lift head straight toward ceiling; hold eyelids open with sockets
Term
2 types of tonometry
Definition
indentation, applanation
Term
The Schiotz tonometer uses what type of tonometry?
Definition
indentation
Term
What is indentation tonometry?
Definition
measures the extent of indentation of the cornea using a Schiotz tonometer
Term
What is applanation tonometry?
Definition
measures the variable force needed to flatten a small area of the cornea using a TonoPen
Term
A lower scale # obtained with the Schiotz tonometer means a __ IOP.
Definition
higher
Term
Always apply __ __ to the eyes before conducting a tonometry test.
Definition
topical anesthetic
Term
Unit of measurement for tonometry?
Definition
mmHG
Term
mmHG
Definition
millimeters of mercury
Term
glaucoma
Definition
an abnormal increase in IOP which can lead to blindness
Term
Symptoms of acute glaucoma?
Definition
pain, tearing, light sensitivity, dilated & nonresponsive pupil, cloudy cornea
Term
Symptoms of chronic glaucoma?
Definition
enlargement of the globe
Term
Normal range IOP
Definition
15-25 mmHG
Term
Rule of thumb - with a 5.5g weight, what should a Schiotz tonometer reading be for dogs and cats?
Definition
dogs: 3-7 cats: 2-6
Term
Scale readings less than ___ imply elevated IOP / hypertensive eye / glaucoma.
Definition
2-3
Term
Scale readings greater than ___ are considered hypotensive.
Definition
7
Term
Smaller eyes tend to have __ IOP.
Definition
higher
Term
Younger animals tend to have __ IOP.
Definition
higher
Term
Scarred corneas tend to have __ IOP.
Definition
higher
Term
Schiotz tonometer procedure:
Definition
-clean and assemble, test calibration
-topical anesthetics
-lift head to ceiling so cornea is horizontal
-hold perpendicular and apply as centrally as possible
-do 3 readings and take average
-refer to conversion chart
Term
TonoPen procedure:
Definition
-topical anesthetic
-minimal restraint, eyes can be forward
-cover tip with eye condom
-calibrate according to instructions
-gently tap eye, long beep = measurement taken
-3 readings, TonoPen gives # automatically
Term
Other terms for prolapsed third eyelid?
Definition
prolapsed nictitating membrane, prolapsed membrane nictitans, cherry eye
Term
Cherry eye refers to what condition?
Definition
prolapsed third eyelid
Term
Tx proptosis?
Definition
-depends on PE findings
-replacement of globe (lateral canthotomy)
-removal of glove (enucleation)
Term
Tx cherry eye?
Definition
surgical replacement or excision
Term
Treating cherry eye can lead to KCS. Why?
Definition
third eyelid helps produce precorneal tear film
Term
traumatic proptosis
Definition
prolapse of globe through palpebral fissure, usually due to trauma but can also be due to excessive restraint
Term
Breeds most at risk of proptosis?
Definition
brachycephalic dogs
Term
What should you do immediately to a proptosed eye?
Definition
saturate with saline and bland opthalmic ointment to keep it moist; repeat every ~20min
Term
lateral canthotomy
Definition
cut a slit in the lateral canthus of the eye, pop eyeball back in, sew shut with some sort of pressure over the eye to keep it in
Term
Causes of strabismus?
Definition
-congenital (Siamese cats)
-neurological lesion
-trauma/weakening of extra-ocular muscles
Term
Tx for strabismus?
Definition
-treat underlying condition
-surgical repositioning difficult
Term
Strabismus can be either __ or __.
Definition
medial/convergent (toward nose) or lateral/divergent (toward ears)
Term
Another term for strabismus?
Definition
crossed eyes
Term
nystagmus
Definition
involuntary movement of the eyes made of alternating slow and fast phases
Term
slow phase
Definition
in nystagmus, the phase in which eyes move away from the primary position is slower
Term
fast phase
Definition
in nystagmus, the phase in which eyes return to primary gaze position is faster
Term
4 causes of nystagmus
Definition
-positional (only occurs in certain positions)
-spontaneous (present without moving head to certain position)
-abnormal (central/peripheral vestibular disease)
-head trauma, cerebral injury, disease
Term
post-ictal
Definition
after a seizure
Term
brain-related causes of nystagmus can include
Definition
-lesions
-trauma
-seizures
-neoplasia
Term
Causes of conjunctivitis:
Definition
-allergies
-lesions
-foreign objects/irritants/trauma
-immune-mediated disease
-bacteria or viruses
-tear film deficiency
Term
Symptoms of conjunctivitis:
Definition
-redness
-discharge
-pruritis
-visually inflamed conjunctiva
Term
Tx conjunctivitis
Definition
treat whatever is causing it
Term
anterior uveitis
Definition
inflammation of the uvea (pigmented middle layer of the eye consisting of iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
Term
Another term for anterior uveitis?
Definition
"squishy eye"
Term
Causes for anterior uveitis?
Definition
-metabolic
-neoplasia
-immune-mediated
-trauma
-idiopathic
Term
Major symptoms of anterior uveitis?
Definition
-low IOP ("squishy")
-change in eye appearance
-hyphema
Term
hyphema
Definition
blood filled anterior chamber of the eye
Term
With hyphema, blood spills through the __ into the part that we __.
Definition
through pupil into the part we see
Term
Some causes of hyphema:
Definition
-trauma
-neoplasia
-retinal detachment
-parasite migration
Term
Tx of hyphema?
Definition
It's a CS, not a disease.
Term
Causes of cataracts:
Definition
-genetic
-diabetes
-trauma
Term
lens luxation
Definition
dislocation of the lens from its normal position
Term
To where can a lens luxate?
Definition
-into vitreous chamber
-into anterior chamber through pupil
Term
Causes of lens luxation?
Definition
-glaucoma
-cataracts
-trauma
-restraint
Term
Glaucoma is caused by...
Definition
continuous fluid flow within the chambers of the eye; if it fills too quick or drains too slow, interruption in pressure leads to glaucoma
Term
Surgical correction for an eyelid growth/tumor?
Definition
Cut out a triangular section, then suture together. Best removed when small!!!
Term
entropion
Definition
inward rolling of the eyelid/s; hair rubs ocular surface
Term
Tx of entropion?
Definition
surgical correction - remove crescent shaped section of skin between eye margin, suture together
Term
ectropion
Definition
outward rolling of the eyelid/s
Term
Tx for ectropion?
Definition
Only treat if causing dryness, irritation. Surgical correction.
Term
Breeds who naturally have ectropion?
Definition
hounds
Term
Causes of retinal detachment?
Definition
-systemic problems
-toxins
-thyroid disorders
-neoplasia
-infection
-immune-mediate
-idiopathic
Term
Correct order for performing ocular diagnostics:
Definition
1. STT
2. Culture
3. FDT
4. Wood's Lamp
5. topical anesthetic
6. Schiotz
7. conjunctival scraping
Term
Function of the pinna?
Definition
funnel sound into ear canal
Term
middle ear
Definition
section of the ear separated from the external canal by the tympanic membrane; contains ossicles
Term
bulla
Definition
bony cavity enclosing the middle and inner ear
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
tube leading from bulla to the back of the mouth (but not open in cats/dogs like it is in humans)
Term
inner ear
Definition
portion of the ear that connects to the brain and contains nerves and centers for balance and hearing
Term
auricular cartilage
Definition
makes up the pinna
Term
Instrument used to evaluate the ear?
Definition
otoscope
Term
Signs of scratching at the external ear?
Definition
-hair loss on pinna or base
-scratches/tears
-self-trauma/damage/hematoma
Term
aural hematoma
Definition
bleeding between the skin and cartilage of the pinna
Term
Aural hematomas have a __ appearance.
Definition
"pillow"
Term
Tx for aural hematoma?
Definition
-can lance/drain, but usually recurs
-surgical correction by suturing all the layers together and compression wrapping
Term
The inner side of the pinna should be a __ color.
Definition
pink
Term
Signs of an ear infection:
Definition
-inflammation
-ulceration
-discharge/debris
-odor
-head shaking/scratching
-rubbing ears on floor/etc
Term
Obtain cytological samples from the ear before __.
Definition
cleaning or applying meds
Term
Procedure for obtaining cytological samples from the ear:
Definition
-inoculate sterile swab 1-2cm into vertical canal
-swirl swab to collect debris
-roll onto microscope slides (2 slides per eye, 1 dyed & 1 normal)
Term
ear mites
Definition
Otodectes cynotis
Term
Types of microorganisms found in the ear:
Definition
-bacteria (rods or cocci)
-yeast
-mites (Otodectes cynotis)
-spirochetes (rare)
Term
HPF
Definition
high power field
Term
Bacterial Counts from ear cytologies
Definition
-exact counts
-subjective +, ++, or +++ estimates
Term
classic yeast appearance
Definition
budding, like footprint/snowman
Term
type of yeast that is really stinky
Definition
Malassezia
Term
Negative effects of hair in ear canal:
Definition
-reduces airflow
-traps debris
-traps moisture
Term
How to help distribute ear medications throughout the canal?
Definition
rub the base of the ear
Term
otitis externa
Definition
-most common type of ear infection in cats/dogs
-can lead to stenosis, thickening/calcification, excessive ear wax production
Term
otitis media
Definition
-often due to ruptured tympanic membrane, but not necessarily
-can also be caused by polyps or neoplasia
Term
Systems affected by otitis media?
Definition
integument, nervous (inflammation of vestibulocochlear nerve)
Term
otitis interna
Definition
-usually extension of otitis media
-can be caused by systemic infection or from oral/nasopharyngeal cavities via Eustachian tube
Term
Systems affected by otitis interna?
Definition
nervous (vestibular), ophthalmic (eye infection or dryness from nerve damage), GI (taste/chewing/swallowing impaired)
Term
Signs of otitis interna?
Definition
-ataxia
-pawing at face/head/mouth
-loss of hearing
-vomiting
-anisocoria, protrusion of third eyelid (Horner's syndrome)
Term
Tx for otitis interna?
Definition
-inpatient if severe
-culture, clean, medicate
-is ear drum intact?
-surgical ablation
Term
Breeds commonly affected with ear problems?
Definition
-pendulous ears (spaniels, retrievers, basset hounds)
-hirsute external canals (poodles, terriers)
Term
Breed that often gets stenosis of external ear canal?
Definition
Shar-Peis
Term
Head tilt may indicate a problem with...
Definition
middle or inner ear
Term
Causes of ear problems?
Definition
-hypersensitivites, food allergies, and atopy
-Otodectes cynotis
-ototoxic rxn
-foreign bodies
-obstructions (neoplasia, polyp)
-increased keratin/cerumen
-autoimmune diseases
Term
Another term for eyelashes?
Definition
cilia
Term
Name the structures leading from the lacrimal puncta to the nose, in order.
Definition
V/D lacrimal puncta > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nose
Term
Other terms for pinna?
Definition
ear flap or auricle
Term
Cats with suppurative lymphadenitis may have __.
Definition
bubonic plague
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