Term
| Other names for eye socket? |
|
Definition
| orbital socket, eye cavity |
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Term
| term relating to the eyelids |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| distribute tears, keep eyes moist, protect eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| MM layer covering globe between fornix and cornea, third eyelid, and inner surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| palpebral, bulbar, fornix |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior surface of eyelids, in contact with the eyeballs |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior portion of eyeballs |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between eyelids and eyeballs |
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Term
| gland that secretes tears |
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Definition
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Term
| Tears flow through the __ to the lacrimal puncta. |
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Definition
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Term
| opening in the palpebral surface where tears exit the lacrimal duct |
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Definition
| lacrimal punctum (plural = puncta) |
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Term
| What do you call the corners of the eye? |
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Definition
| lateral and medial canthus |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, transparent layer on the anterior eye |
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Term
| What part of the eye is avascular? |
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Definition
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Term
| border between the cornea and sclera |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| transparent, biconvex structure |
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Term
| Where in the eye is the third eyelid located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for third eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the eye is responsible for 1/3 of pre-corneal tear production? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the eye can prolapse? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of the eye can luxate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vascular layer of the eye between the retina and sclera which provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the eye is vascular, contains connective tissue, and nourishes the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Latin,"tapetum" means what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the tapetum located? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| reflective region in the choroid |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the eye where light is focused and starts a series of nerve impulses to the brain via the optic nerve |
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Term
| What part of the eye is a photosensory structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the origin and exit point of the optic nerve? |
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Definition
origin: optic disc
exit: optic foramen |
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Term
| The optic nerve acts as a pathway from the ganglion cells in the __ to the brain. |
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Definition
| ganglion cells in the retina to the brain |
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Term
| part of the eye that transmits visual stimuli to the brain for interpretation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Anterior, Posterior, Vitreous |
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Term
| Describe the anterior chamber of the eye. |
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Definition
| Portion of the eye in front of the lens which is filled with aqueous humor. |
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Term
| Describe the posterior chamber of the eye. |
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Definition
| Portion surrounding the lens which is filled with aqueous humor. |
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Term
| Describe the vitreous chamber of the eye. |
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Definition
| Portion behind the lens which is filled with vitreous humor. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name the instrument used to shine light at the eye for external exams or to test PLR. |
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Definition
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Term
| Features of a transilluminator. |
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Definition
-focal illumination
-optimal light for external eye exam
-can test PLR because light doesn't scatter |
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Term
|
Definition
| when bright light is shined into the eyes, they should blink |
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Term
|
Definition
| when an object approaches the eye, it should blink; used to test for vision problems |
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Term
| Name the instrument used to examine internal anatomy of the eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| How should the ophthalmoscope be held? |
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Definition
| Direct the light into the animal's eye so that the beam is almost parallel with your own line of sight. |
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Term
| The ophthalmoscope can aid in the FDT because it has... |
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Definition
| color filters (blue for Fluorescein, green for differentiating pigment from retinal hemorrhage) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-gently remove debris with cotton
-while still wrapped, fold at notch
-place in conjunctival sac of lower lid
-leave for one minute, measure dye migration |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| STT aids in the Dx of __. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| keratoconjunctivitis sicca, aka "dry eye" |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What ocular test should be performed before any other tests, drops, ointments, manipulations, etc? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Normal tear production in dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
Dogs: 15mm/min
Cats: lower and varies |
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Term
| KCS is seen more in __ than __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which breeds are more likely to get KCS? |
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Definition
| dogs with droopy eyes or lots of hair; hounds, bearded collie |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| FDT is used to evaluate... |
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Definition
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Term
| FDT aids in the Dx of __ and can also help determine... |
|
Definition
| corneal ulcers, patency of nasolacrimal duct |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does fluorescein dye work? |
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Definition
| the dye cannot penetrate intact corneal epithelium, but can penetrate ulcers and mix with the water-soluble fluid beneath the cornea |
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Term
| Also do a FDT before using __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Corneal abrasions are sensitive to __. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-local/topical anesthetics can prevent blepharospasm
-moisten strip or drop strip into syringe casing with saline
-apply dye to eye
-allow blinking
-flush with sterile saline
-examine with focal light and/or wood's lamp
-observe for nasolacrimal duct patency |
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Term
| Procedure for Ocular Culture & Conjunctival Scraping: |
|
Definition
-topical anesthetic drops
-evert lower eyelid
-firm, gentle pressure to wipe conjunctiva
-place directly on culture media or slide
-Gram's, Wright's, or Giemsa stains for microscopic evaluation |
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|
Term
| Conjunctival scrapings can help Dx __ and __. |
|
Definition
| K9 distemper, feline chlamydia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How to restrain an animal for Schiotz tonometry? |
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Definition
| excessive restraint will increase IOP; use jaw to lift head straight toward ceiling; hold eyelids open with sockets |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| The Schiotz tonometer uses what type of tonometry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is indentation tonometry? |
|
Definition
| measures the extent of indentation of the cornea using a Schiotz tonometer |
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Term
| What is applanation tonometry? |
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Definition
| measures the variable force needed to flatten a small area of the cornea using a TonoPen |
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Term
| A lower scale # obtained with the Schiotz tonometer means a __ IOP. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Always apply __ __ to the eyes before conducting a tonometry test. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unit of measurement for tonometry? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal increase in IOP which can lead to blindness |
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Term
| Symptoms of acute glaucoma? |
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Definition
| pain, tearing, light sensitivity, dilated & nonresponsive pupil, cloudy cornea |
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Term
| Symptoms of chronic glaucoma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Rule of thumb - with a 5.5g weight, what should a Schiotz tonometer reading be for dogs and cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scale readings less than ___ imply elevated IOP / hypertensive eye / glaucoma. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Scale readings greater than ___ are considered hypotensive. |
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Definition
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Term
| Smaller eyes tend to have __ IOP. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Younger animals tend to have __ IOP. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Scarred corneas tend to have __ IOP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Schiotz tonometer procedure: |
|
Definition
-clean and assemble, test calibration
-topical anesthetics
-lift head to ceiling so cornea is horizontal
-hold perpendicular and apply as centrally as possible
-do 3 readings and take average
-refer to conversion chart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-topical anesthetic
-minimal restraint, eyes can be forward
-cover tip with eye condom
-calibrate according to instructions
-gently tap eye, long beep = measurement taken
-3 readings, TonoPen gives # automatically |
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|
Term
| Other terms for prolapsed third eyelid? |
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Definition
| prolapsed nictitating membrane, prolapsed membrane nictitans, cherry eye |
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Term
| Cherry eye refers to what condition? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-depends on PE findings
-replacement of globe (lateral canthotomy)
-removal of glove (enucleation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| surgical replacement or excision |
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Term
| Treating cherry eye can lead to KCS. Why? |
|
Definition
| third eyelid helps produce precorneal tear film |
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Term
|
Definition
| prolapse of globe through palpebral fissure, usually due to trauma but can also be due to excessive restraint |
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Term
| Breeds most at risk of proptosis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do immediately to a proptosed eye? |
|
Definition
| saturate with saline and bland opthalmic ointment to keep it moist; repeat every ~20min |
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Term
|
Definition
| cut a slit in the lateral canthus of the eye, pop eyeball back in, sew shut with some sort of pressure over the eye to keep it in |
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Term
|
Definition
-congenital (Siamese cats)
-neurological lesion
-trauma/weakening of extra-ocular muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
-treat underlying condition
-surgical repositioning difficult |
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Term
| Strabismus can be either __ or __. |
|
Definition
| medial/convergent (toward nose) or lateral/divergent (toward ears) |
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Term
| Another term for strabismus? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| involuntary movement of the eyes made of alternating slow and fast phases |
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Term
|
Definition
| in nystagmus, the phase in which eyes move away from the primary position is slower |
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Term
|
Definition
| in nystagmus, the phase in which eyes return to primary gaze position is faster |
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Term
|
Definition
-positional (only occurs in certain positions)
-spontaneous (present without moving head to certain position)
-abnormal (central/peripheral vestibular disease)
-head trauma, cerebral injury, disease |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain-related causes of nystagmus can include |
|
Definition
-lesions
-trauma
-seizures
-neoplasia |
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Term
| Causes of conjunctivitis: |
|
Definition
-allergies
-lesions
-foreign objects/irritants/trauma
-immune-mediated disease
-bacteria or viruses
-tear film deficiency |
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Term
| Symptoms of conjunctivitis: |
|
Definition
-redness
-discharge
-pruritis
-visually inflamed conjunctiva |
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Term
|
Definition
| treat whatever is causing it |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the uvea (pigmented middle layer of the eye consisting of iris, ciliary body, and choroid) |
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Term
| Another term for anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes for anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
-metabolic
-neoplasia
-immune-mediated
-trauma
-idiopathic |
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|
Term
| Major symptoms of anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
-low IOP ("squishy")
-change in eye appearance
-hyphema |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood filled anterior chamber of the eye |
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Term
| With hyphema, blood spills through the __ into the part that we __. |
|
Definition
| through pupil into the part we see |
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Term
|
Definition
-trauma
-neoplasia
-retinal detachment
-parasite migration |
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Term
|
Definition
| It's a CS, not a disease. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dislocation of the lens from its normal position |
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|
Term
| To where can a lens luxate? |
|
Definition
-into vitreous chamber
-into anterior chamber through pupil |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-glaucoma
-cataracts
-trauma
-restraint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous fluid flow within the chambers of the eye; if it fills too quick or drains too slow, interruption in pressure leads to glaucoma |
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|
Term
| Surgical correction for an eyelid growth/tumor? |
|
Definition
| Cut out a triangular section, then suture together. Best removed when small!!! |
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Term
|
Definition
| inward rolling of the eyelid/s; hair rubs ocular surface |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical correction - remove crescent shaped section of skin between eye margin, suture together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outward rolling of the eyelid/s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only treat if causing dryness, irritation. Surgical correction. |
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|
Term
| Breeds who naturally have ectropion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of retinal detachment? |
|
Definition
-systemic problems
-toxins
-thyroid disorders
-neoplasia
-infection
-immune-mediate
-idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| Correct order for performing ocular diagnostics: |
|
Definition
1. STT
2. Culture
3. FDT
4. Wood's Lamp
5. topical anesthetic
6. Schiotz
7. conjunctival scraping |
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Term
|
Definition
| funnel sound into ear canal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| section of the ear separated from the external canal by the tympanic membrane; contains ossicles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bony cavity enclosing the middle and inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube leading from bulla to the back of the mouth (but not open in cats/dogs like it is in humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the ear that connects to the brain and contains nerves and centers for balance and hearing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Instrument used to evaluate the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of scratching at the external ear? |
|
Definition
-hair loss on pinna or base
-scratches/tears
-self-trauma/damage/hematoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding between the skin and cartilage of the pinna |
|
|
Term
| Aural hematomas have a __ appearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can lance/drain, but usually recurs
-surgical correction by suturing all the layers together and compression wrapping |
|
|
Term
| The inner side of the pinna should be a __ color. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Signs of an ear infection: |
|
Definition
-inflammation
-ulceration
-discharge/debris
-odor
-head shaking/scratching
-rubbing ears on floor/etc |
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|
Term
| Obtain cytological samples from the ear before __. |
|
Definition
| cleaning or applying meds |
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|
Term
| Procedure for obtaining cytological samples from the ear: |
|
Definition
-inoculate sterile swab 1-2cm into vertical canal
-swirl swab to collect debris
-roll onto microscope slides (2 slides per eye, 1 dyed & 1 normal) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of microorganisms found in the ear: |
|
Definition
-bacteria (rods or cocci)
-yeast
-mites (Otodectes cynotis)
-spirochetes (rare) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Counts from ear cytologies |
|
Definition
-exact counts
-subjective +, ++, or +++ estimates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| budding, like footprint/snowman |
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|
Term
| type of yeast that is really stinky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative effects of hair in ear canal: |
|
Definition
-reduces airflow
-traps debris
-traps moisture |
|
|
Term
| How to help distribute ear medications throughout the canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common type of ear infection in cats/dogs
-can lead to stenosis, thickening/calcification, excessive ear wax production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-often due to ruptured tympanic membrane, but not necessarily
-can also be caused by polyps or neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| Systems affected by otitis media? |
|
Definition
| integument, nervous (inflammation of vestibulocochlear nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually extension of otitis media
-can be caused by systemic infection or from oral/nasopharyngeal cavities via Eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
| Systems affected by otitis interna? |
|
Definition
| nervous (vestibular), ophthalmic (eye infection or dryness from nerve damage), GI (taste/chewing/swallowing impaired) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ataxia
-pawing at face/head/mouth
-loss of hearing
-vomiting
-anisocoria, protrusion of third eyelid (Horner's syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inpatient if severe
-culture, clean, medicate
-is ear drum intact?
-surgical ablation |
|
|
Term
| Breeds commonly affected with ear problems? |
|
Definition
-pendulous ears (spaniels, retrievers, basset hounds)
-hirsute external canals (poodles, terriers) |
|
|
Term
| Breed that often gets stenosis of external ear canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head tilt may indicate a problem with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-hypersensitivites, food allergies, and atopy
-Otodectes cynotis
-ototoxic rxn
-foreign bodies
-obstructions (neoplasia, polyp)
-increased keratin/cerumen
-autoimmune diseases |
|
|
Term
| Another term for eyelashes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the structures leading from the lacrimal puncta to the nose, in order. |
|
Definition
| V/D lacrimal puncta > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct > nose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats with suppurative lymphadenitis may have __. |
|
Definition
|
|
