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| Near, closer to point of attachment |
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| Farther from point of attachment |
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| Divides body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions |
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-Cross sectional/horizontal
-Divides the body into superior(above) and inferior(below) planes |
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Making a decrease in angle
ex. touching chin the chest |
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Definition
Making an increase in angle
ex. Tilting head back |
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Definition
Moving away from Midline of the body.
Ex. Standing in anatomical position, as you lift your arm(like doing jumping jacks) you are "abducting" |
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Definition
Moving towards the midline of the body
Ex. As your arm is coming down from a jumping jack you are "adducting" |
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Definition
-Internal rotation
-Anterior(front) surface moves TOWARD midline.
Ex. When standing up straight, put your right arm forward with palm facing down. Move your arm toward your heart for medial rotation. |
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-External Rotation
-Anterior(front) surface moves AWAY from midline.
-Ex. When standing up straight, put your right arm forward with palm facing down. Move your arm away from heart for lateral rotation. |
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Rotating hand/forearm laterally
"hold the soup" |
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Rotating hand/forearm medially
"pour the soup" |
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Definition
Point toes downward
"tippy toes" |
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Definition
Point toes up
"foot off gas pedal" |
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Moving forward on plane parallel to ground
"punch" |
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Moving backward on plane parallel to ground
"start lawn mower" |
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Definition
| Movement of sole of foot outward |
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| Radial flexion or deviation (ABD) |
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Definition
Move wrist outwards or away from midline of body
Deviate towards radius
Ex. Standing straight up with arms by your side and palms facing forward rotate right hand away from body. |
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Term
| Ulnar flexion or deviation (ADD) |
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Definition
Move wrist inwards or towards the midline of body
Deviate towards ulna
Ex. Standing straight up with arms by your side and palms facing forward rotate right hand towards body. |
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Term
| The cranial cavity contains what? |
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Definition
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Term
The vertebral cavity is formed by what?
What does it contain? |
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Definition
Formed by the vertebral column
Contains the spinal cord. |
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| What is the Thoracic Cavity formed of? |
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Definition
| Ribs, Chest Muscles, Sternum, Thoractic Portion of V.C. |
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Term
What are the three compartments of the Body Cavity?
Describe them. |
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Definition
1.Pericardial Cavity
-fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.
2. Pleural Cavities(2)
-Each pleural cavity surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid.
3. Mediastinum
Region between the lungs extending from sternum to the V.C. and from the neck to the diaphragm. |
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Term
| What is between the Body Cavity that separates it from the Abdominopelvic Cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Abdominopelvic Cavity extends from what to what? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two compartments of the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Describe them. |
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Definition
Abdominal Cavity
-Contains stomach, spleen, liver gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
Pelvic Cavity
-Contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system. |
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| What are the organs inside the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity called? |
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Definition
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| The Abdomniopelvic Cavity is made up of how many quadrants? |
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Definition
| Four. Upper/Lower Right Upper/Lower Left |
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Term
| What organs are contained in the Right Upper Quadrant? |
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Definition
| Liver, Gall bladder, Ascending Colon, Right Kidney |
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Term
| What organs are located in the lower right quadrant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organs are in the left upper quadrant? |
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Definition
| Spleen, Body of Stomach, Descending Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas |
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Term
| What Organs are located in the lower left quadrant? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Axial Skeleton is made up of how many bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Axial Skeleton lies along what axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major categories of bones in the Axial Skeleton? |
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Definition
| Skull, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Ear Ossicles |
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Term
| The Skull is composed of how many bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 8 cranial bones? |
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Definition
| Frontal, Parietal(2), Temporal(2), Occipital, Sphenoid. |
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Term
How many Facial Bones are there?
What are their purpose? |
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Definition
14
-Protect sense organs-smell, taste, vision
-support entrances to digestive and respiratory system |
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Definition
| Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone |
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Definition
| Smooth, flat articular surface |
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Definition
Rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
i.e. head of femur |
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Term
| What are the 14 Facial Bones? |
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Definition
| Nasal(2), Mandible, Inferior Nasal Conchae(2), Maxillae(2), Lacrimal(2), Palatine(2), Vomer, Zygomatic(2) |
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| Starting at the eyebrows and going to the back of the head, name the bones in order they connect, then come back through the side of the head to the last cranial bone |
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Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Spinoid, Ethmoid
2 of Temporal and Parietal |
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Definition
| immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together. |
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| What suture unites the frontal and both parietal bones? |
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Definition
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| What Suture unites the two parietal bones? |
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Definition
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| What Suture unites the two parietal bones to the occipital? |
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Definition
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Term
| What suture unites the parietal and temporal bones? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cavities in the bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity. |
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Definition
Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. They remain unossified at birth but close early in a child's life.
The major fontanels are the anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals. |
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Term
| What are the two major functions of fontanels? |
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Definition
1. They enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.
2.They permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy. |
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Term
| What is the Hyoid Bone and why is it unique? |
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Definition
-It is the bone located below the mandible and above the larynx.
-It is U-shaped.
-It doesn't articulate with any other bone of the body.
-Supports the tounge and provides attachment for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles. |
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| The backbone or spine is composed of how many vertebrae? |
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Definition
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| What are the five vertebral regions, how many are in each, and where are they located? |
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Definition
-cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck
-thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) in the thorax
-lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) in the low back region
-sacrum (5, fused)
-coccyx (4, fused) |
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| What are the primary curves of the Vertebral Column and when are they formed? |
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Definition
| Throacic and Sacral are primary curves, they're formed during fetal development |
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Term
| What are the secondary curves of the Vertebral Column and when are they formed? |
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Definition
-Cervical is formed when infant raises head at 4 months
-Lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to walk at 1 year. |
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Term
| List the seven cervical vertebrae and their function. |
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Definition
-The first cervical vertebra is the ATLAS and supports the skull(think greek)
-The second cervical vertebra is the AXIS, which permits side to side rotation of the head.
-The third-sixth correspond to the typical cervical vertebrae.
-The seventh is called the VERTEBRA PROMINENS |
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| What is the strongest and largest type of Vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Union of 5 vertebrae(S1-S5) by age 30. |
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Definition
-The Coccyx is formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
-Union of 4 vertebrae(Co1-Co4) by age 30. |
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Term
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Definition
-The term thorax refers to the entire chest.
-The skeletal part of the thorax (a bony cage) consists of the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
-The thoracic cage encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. It also provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs |
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Term
| Describe the different ribs in the thorax |
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Definition
1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
--These increase in length from 1-7, thereafter decreasing
8-12 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)
11-12 are floating ribs |
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Term
| Describe the 3 parts of the Sternum and what each contains. |
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Definition
Manubrium
-1st and 2nd ribs
-clavicular notch
Body
-costal cartilages of 2-10 ribs
Xiphoid
-ossifies by 40
-CPR position
-abdominal mm |
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Term
| What are the functions of the muscle tissue? |
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Definition
1.Produce body movements
2.Stabilize body positions
3.Regulating organ volumes
4.Movement of substances within the body
5.Producing heat |
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Term
| What is the "origin" of a muscle? |
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Definition
| attachment of a muscle & tendon to a stationary bone; end opposite to the insertion |
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Term
| What is the "insertion" of a muscle? |
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Definition
| attachment of a muscle & tendon to a moveable bone; end opposite to the origin |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and their functions? |
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Definition
1. Skeletal muscle
-attaches to bone, skin or fascia
-striated with light & dark bands visible with scope
-voluntary control of contraction & relaxation
-multi-nucleated cells
2.Cardiac muscle
-striated in appearance
-involuntary control
-autorhythmic because of built in pacemaker
-single nucleus per cell
3. Smooth muscle
-attached to hair follicles in skin
-in walls of hollow organs -- blood vessels & GI
-nonstriated in appearance
-involuntary |
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| What is the order of muscle composition and structure? Big --> Small |
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Definition
| Skeletal Muscle bundle-->Fascicles-->Muscle Fibers-->Myofibrils-->Sarcomeres-->Filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of skeletal muscle |
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Term
| One Motor end plate on each muscle cell. 1 cell has how many nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between Isotonic Contractions and Isometric contractions? |
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Definition
An Isotonic contraction means that a load was moved. There are two types:
(a)concentric contraction:a muscle shortens to produce force and movement
(b) eccentric contraction:a muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement
In an Isometric contraction, NO movement occurs.
-Tension is generated without muscle shortening
-Maintaining posture supports objects in a fixed position. |
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| What are the Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton and how many are there of each? |
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Definition
2 Scapula (1 per side)
2 Clavicle (1 per side)
2 Humerus (1 per side)
2 Radius (1 per side)
2 Ulna (1 per side)
16 Carpals (8 per side)
10 Metacarpals (5 per side)
28 Phalanges (14 per side) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two bones that attach the Humerus to the hand |
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Term
| What are the Carpal Bones on the Proximal Row? |
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Definition
-Scaphoid(S)
-Lunate(L)
-Triquetrum(Tq)
-Pisiform(P)
"Some Ladies Try Postions" |
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Term
| What are the Carpal Bones on the Distal Row? |
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Definition
-Trapezium(Tm)
-Trapezoid(Td)
-Capitate(C)
-Hamate(H)
"That They Can't Handle" |
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Term
| How are metacarpals numbered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the landmarks of the Metacarpals? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bones are in the Phalanges? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you broke your middle finger at the outer most tip what bone did you break? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three bones that are fused to make the hipbone? |
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Definition
Ilium (superior)
Ischium (inferior and posterior)
Pubis (inferior and anterior)
Think "HIP" (PII)=Hippii |
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Term
| What does the Pelvic Brim/Inlet do? |
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Definition
-It seperates the superior and Inferior portions of the pelvis
-Is is the superior boundary of pelvis oblique plane |
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Term
| What is the Greater Pelvis also referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Lesser Pelvis also referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Greater "False" Pelivs |
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Definition
Above the pelvic brim
Borders:
Lumbar vertebrae
Upper portions of hipbone
Abdominal wall
Contains urinary bladder (full) and uterus (pregnancy) |
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Term
| Describe the Lesser "True" Pelvis |
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Definition
Below the pelvic brim
Borders:
Sacrum & Coccyx
Ilium & Ischium
Pubic
Surrounds the pelvic cavity
“Pelvic Brim/Inlet”
Superior opening of lesser pelvis
“Pelvic Outlet”
Inferior opening |
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Term
| What are some differences between the Male and Female Pelvis? |
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Definition
Female Pelvis has wide pelvic outlet, it's shallow, and the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees.
Male Pelvis has a narrow pelvic outlet, it's deep, and the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Longest, Heaviest, and Strongest bone in the body. |
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Term
| What bone does the Femur proximally articulate with? Distally? |
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Definition
Proximally-Hipbone
Distally-Patella |
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Term
| Large, medial bone of lower leg |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences in the medial bones of the shin? |
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Definition
| The Tibia is larger and carrys most of the body weight. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most superior Tarsal bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Metatarsal Landmarks(proximal to distal) |
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Definition
-Base
-Shaft
-Head
-Condyles |
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Term
| Where are the Sesamoid Bones located? |
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Definition
Head of 1st metatarsal
"Big Toe" |
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Term
| What are the 3 structural classifications of joints? |
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Definition
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial |
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Term
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Definition
Lack a synovial cavity
Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement (synarthroses or a
mphiarthroses)
3 structural types
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses |
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Term
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Definition
Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skill
Immovable |
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Term
Fibrous Joints
Syndesmosis |
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Definition
-Bones united by ligament
ex. Anterior tibiofibular ligament and Interosseous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
-Immovable "synarthrosis"
Ex. Teeth in alveolar processes |
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Term
| What are the two types of Cartilaginous Joints? |
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Definition
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Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis |
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Definition
-Connecting material is hyaline cartlidge
-Immovable "synarthrosis"
Ex. Epiphyseal plate (growing bones) or joints between ribs and sternum |
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Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis |
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Definition
-Fibrocartilage is connecting materal
-Slightly movable "amphiarthroses
Example:Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
General Structure:
Joint cavity
Separates articulating bones
Articular cartilage
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid containing slippery hyaluronic acid
Brings nutrients to articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Provides stability
Synovial fluid
Separates articulating bones
Joint lubrication
Shock absorption
Supply oxygen and nutrient to articular cartilage
Accessory ligaments and discs
Extracapsular ligament
Thickenings of fibrous capsule
Intracapsular ligament
Inside the articular capsule
Articular Discs (menisci)
Subdivide the synovial cavity to allow separate movements
Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly
Increase joint stability |
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Term
Synovial Joint
Articular Capsule
What does is it? What does it do? What is it composed of? |
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Definition
-Surrounds a diarthrosis
-Encloses the synovial cavity
-Unites the Articulating Bones
Composed of two layers
-Outer fibrous capsule
-Inner synovial membrane |
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Term
| What is the Bursae and what does it do? |
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Definition
-Fluid filled saclike extensions of the joint capsule
-Reduce friction between moving structures such as skin rubs over bone. |
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Term
| What are the six types of Synovial Joints |
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Definition
Planar Joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball and Socket Joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Side to side movement only |
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Term
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Definition
like a doorhinge, convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
knee, elbow, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Rounded surface of bone articulate with ring by another bone and ligament
Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis
ex. Atlanto-axial joint "turning head side to side saying no" |
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Term
| Condyloid or Ellipsoiidal Joint |
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Definition
Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible
Examples:
wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5 |
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Term
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Definition
One bone is saddle shaped other bone fits as a person would be sitting in the saddle
ex. Trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb |
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Term
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Definition
Self Explanatory
Ball fitting into cuplike depression
Multiaxial
only two
Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint |
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Term
|
Definition
-Combined hinge and planar joint
-Only movable joint in the skull |
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Term
| What's an example of a ball and socket joint? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Glenohumeral Joint is also called... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Elbow Joint called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do extrinsic ligaments in the wrist and hand joints do? |
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Definition
attach between carpal between bones and radius or metacarpals
Ulnar Collateral ligament
Radial Collateral ligament |
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Term
| What are the 3 major areas of the Hip Joint? |
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Definition
Hip Joint Proper
Sacroiliac joint
Symphysis pubis |
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Term
|
Definition
-ball and socket joint
-sacrifices mobility for stability
-extremely stable due to bones making up the joint and the ligaments and muscles |
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Term
| What are the three hip joint structures? |
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Definition
Acetabular
Ligament of the head of the femur
Articular capsule |
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Term
| The hip joint capsule is dense and strong, what are the three ligaments that reinforces it? |
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Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament |
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Term
| Sacroiliac(SI) Joint consists of five ligaments, what are they? |
|
Definition
Anterior Sacroiliac
Posterior Sacroiliac
Sacrotuberous
Sascrospinous (Ischial spine)
iliolumbar |
|
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Term
| What are the three joints in the knee? |
|
Definition
Tibiofemoral "true knee joint"
Patellofemoral
Proximal tibiofibular |
|
|
Term
| What is the "true ankle joint" |
|
Definition
Talocrural Joint
It is a hinge joint |
|
|
Term
| The ankle injury is common, what TYPE of ankle injury is most common? |
|
Definition
Lateral(plantar/flexion/inversion)
-more common than eversion |
|
|
Term
| What is the examination of a joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the replacement of joints? |
|
Definition
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