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EXSS 175
Joe Myers UNC Exam 1
139
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/14/2012

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Term
"Prone"
Definition
body lying face down
Term
"supine"
Definition
body lying face up
Term
Anterior
Definition
Front, in Front of
Term
Posterior
Definition
behind, back
Term
Proximal
Definition
Near, closer to point of attachment
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from point of attachment
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
On same side of body
Term
Contralateral
Definition
On opposite side of body
Term
Frontal Plane
Definition
Divides body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
-Cross sectional/horizontal
-Divides the body into superior(above) and inferior(below) planes
Term
Flexion
Definition
Making a decrease in angle

ex. touching chin the chest
Term
Extension
Definition
Making an increase in angle

ex. Tilting head back
Term
Abduction(ABD)
Definition
Moving away from Midline of the body.

Ex. Standing in anatomical position, as you lift your arm(like doing jumping jacks) you are "abducting"
Term
Adduction(ADD)
Definition
Moving towards the midline of the body

Ex. As your arm is coming down from a jumping jack you are "adducting"
Term
Medial Rotation
Definition
-Internal rotation
-Anterior(front) surface moves TOWARD midline.

Ex. When standing up straight, put your right arm forward with palm facing down. Move your arm toward your heart for medial rotation.
Term
Lateral Rotation
Definition
-External Rotation
-Anterior(front) surface moves AWAY from midline.

-Ex. When standing up straight, put your right arm forward with palm facing down. Move your arm away from heart for lateral rotation.
Term
Supination
Definition
Rotating hand/forearm laterally

"hold the soup"
Term
Pronation
Definition
Rotating hand/forearm medially

"pour the soup"
Term
Plantarflexion
Definition
Point toes downward

"tippy toes"
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Point toes up

"foot off gas pedal"
Term
Protraction
Definition
Moving forward on plane parallel to ground

"punch"
Term
Retraction
Definition
Moving backward on plane parallel to ground

"start lawn mower"
Term
Inversion
Definition
Move sole of foot inward
Term
Eversion
Definition
Movement of sole of foot outward
Term
Radial flexion or deviation (ABD)
Definition
Move wrist outwards or away from midline of body
Deviate towards radius

Ex. Standing straight up with arms by your side and palms facing forward rotate right hand away from body.
Term
Ulnar flexion or deviation (ADD)
Definition
Move wrist inwards or towards the midline of body
Deviate towards ulna

Ex. Standing straight up with arms by your side and palms facing forward rotate right hand towards body.
Term
The cranial cavity contains what?
Definition
The Brain
Term
The vertebral cavity is formed by what?

What does it contain?
Definition
Formed by the vertebral column

Contains the spinal cord.
Term
What is the Thoracic Cavity formed of?
Definition
Ribs, Chest Muscles, Sternum, Thoractic Portion of V.C.
Term
What are the three compartments of the Body Cavity?

Describe them.
Definition
1.Pericardial Cavity
-fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.

2. Pleural Cavities(2)
-Each pleural cavity surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid.

3. Mediastinum
Region between the lungs extending from sternum to the V.C. and from the neck to the diaphragm.
Term
What is between the Body Cavity that separates it from the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Definition
The Diaphragm
Term
The Abdominopelvic Cavity extends from what to what?
Definition
The diaphragm to groin
Term
What are the two compartments of the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

Describe them.
Definition
Abdominal Cavity
-Contains stomach, spleen, liver gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Pelvic Cavity
-Contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.
Term
What are the organs inside the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity called?
Definition
Viscera
Term
The Abdomniopelvic Cavity is made up of how many quadrants?
Definition
Four. Upper/Lower Right Upper/Lower Left
Term
What organs are contained in the Right Upper Quadrant?
Definition
Liver, Gall bladder, Ascending Colon, Right Kidney
Term
What organs are located in the lower right quadrant?
Definition
Cecum, Appendix
Term
What organs are in the left upper quadrant?
Definition
Spleen, Body of Stomach, Descending Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
Term
What Organs are located in the lower left quadrant?
Definition
Sigmoid Colon
Term
The Axial Skeleton is made up of how many bones?
Definition
80
Term
The Axial Skeleton lies along what axis?
Definition
Longitudinal Axis
Term
What are the major categories of bones in the Axial Skeleton?
Definition
Skull, Hyoid, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Ear Ossicles
Term
The Skull is composed of how many bones?
Definition
22
Term
What are the 8 cranial bones?
Definition
Frontal, Parietal(2), Temporal(2), Occipital, Sphenoid.
Term
How many Facial Bones are there?

What are their purpose?
Definition
14

-Protect sense organs-smell, taste, vision
-support entrances to digestive and respiratory system
Term
Condyle Process
Definition
Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
Term
Facet Process
Definition
Smooth, flat articular surface
Term
Head Process
Definition
Rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

i.e. head of femur
Term
What are the 14 Facial Bones?
Definition
Nasal(2), Mandible, Inferior Nasal Conchae(2), Maxillae(2), Lacrimal(2), Palatine(2), Vomer, Zygomatic(2)
Term
Starting at the eyebrows and going to the back of the head, name the bones in order they connect, then come back through the side of the head to the last cranial bone
Definition
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Spinoid, Ethmoid

2 of Temporal and Parietal
Term
Sutures
Definition
immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together.
Term
What suture unites the frontal and both parietal bones?
Definition
Coronal
Term
What Suture unites the two parietal bones?
Definition
Sagittal
Term
What Suture unites the two parietal bones to the occipital?
Definition
Lambdoid
Term
What suture unites the parietal and temporal bones?
Definition
Squamous
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
Cavities in the bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.
Term
Fontanels
Definition
Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. They remain unossified at birth but close early in a child's life.

The major fontanels are the anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals.
Term
What are the two major functions of fontanels?
Definition
1. They enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.
2.They permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy.
Term
What is the Hyoid Bone and why is it unique?
Definition
-It is the bone located below the mandible and above the larynx.
-It is U-shaped.
-It doesn't articulate with any other bone of the body.
-Supports the tounge and provides attachment for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles.
Term
The backbone or spine is composed of how many vertebrae?
Definition
26
Term
What are the five vertebral regions, how many are in each, and where are they located?
Definition
-cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck
-thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) in the thorax
-lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) in the low back region
-sacrum (5, fused)
-coccyx (4, fused)
Term
What are the primary curves of the Vertebral Column and when are they formed?
Definition
Throacic and Sacral are primary curves, they're formed during fetal development
Term
What are the secondary curves of the Vertebral Column and when are they formed?
Definition
-Cervical is formed when infant raises head at 4 months
-Lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to walk at 1 year.
Term
List the seven cervical vertebrae and their function.
Definition
-The first cervical vertebra is the ATLAS and supports the skull(think greek)
-The second cervical vertebra is the AXIS, which permits side to side rotation of the head.
-The third-sixth correspond to the typical cervical vertebrae.
-The seventh is called the VERTEBRA PROMINENS
Term
What is the strongest and largest type of Vertebrae?
Definition
Lumbar Vertebrae
Term
Sacrum
Definition
Union of 5 vertebrae(S1-S5) by age 30.
Term
Coccyx
Definition
-The Coccyx is formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
-Union of 4 vertebrae(Co1-Co4) by age 30.
Term
Thorax
Definition
-The term thorax refers to the entire chest.
-The skeletal part of the thorax (a bony cage) consists of the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
-The thoracic cage encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. It also provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs
Term
Describe the different ribs in the thorax
Definition
1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
--These increase in length from 1-7, thereafter decreasing

8-12 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)

11-12 are floating ribs
Term
Describe the 3 parts of the Sternum and what each contains.
Definition
Manubrium
-1st and 2nd ribs
-clavicular notch

Body
-costal cartilages of 2-10 ribs

Xiphoid
-ossifies by 40
-CPR position
-abdominal mm
Term
What are the functions of the muscle tissue?
Definition
1.Produce body movements
2.Stabilize body positions
3.Regulating organ volumes
4.Movement of substances within the body
5.Producing heat
Term
What is the "origin" of a muscle?
Definition
attachment of a muscle & tendon to a stationary bone; end opposite to the insertion
Term
What is the "insertion" of a muscle?
Definition
attachment of a muscle & tendon to a moveable bone; end opposite to the origin
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and their functions?
Definition
1. Skeletal muscle
-attaches to bone, skin or fascia
-striated with light & dark bands visible with scope
-voluntary control of contraction & relaxation
-multi-nucleated cells

2.Cardiac muscle
-striated in appearance
-involuntary control
-autorhythmic because of built in pacemaker
-single nucleus per cell

3. Smooth muscle
-attached to hair follicles in skin
-in walls of hollow organs -- blood vessels & GI
-nonstriated in appearance
-involuntary
Term
What is the order of muscle composition and structure? Big --> Small
Definition
Skeletal Muscle bundle-->Fascicles-->Muscle Fibers-->Myofibrils-->Sarcomeres-->Filaments
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
functional unit of skeletal muscle
Term
One Motor end plate on each muscle cell. 1 cell has how many nerves?
Definition
1
Term
What's the difference between Isotonic Contractions and Isometric contractions?
Definition
An Isotonic contraction means that a load was moved. There are two types:
(a)concentric contraction:a muscle shortens to produce force and movement
(b) eccentric contraction:a muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement

In an Isometric contraction, NO movement occurs.
-Tension is generated without muscle shortening
-Maintaining posture supports objects in a fixed position.
Term
What are the Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton and how many are there of each?
Definition
2 Scapula (1 per side)
2 Clavicle (1 per side)
2 Humerus (1 per side)
2 Radius (1 per side)
2 Ulna (1 per side)
16 Carpals (8 per side)
10 Metacarpals (5 per side)
28 Phalanges (14 per side)
Term
Ulna and Radius
Definition
Two bones that attach the Humerus to the hand
Term
What are the Carpal Bones on the Proximal Row?
Definition
-Scaphoid(S)
-Lunate(L)
-Triquetrum(Tq)
-Pisiform(P)

"Some Ladies Try Postions"
Term
What are the Carpal Bones on the Distal Row?
Definition
-Trapezium(Tm)
-Trapezoid(Td)
-Capitate(C)
-Hamate(H)

"That They Can't Handle"
Term
How are metacarpals numbered?
Definition
1-5

Thumb is 1
Term
What are the landmarks of the Metacarpals?
Definition
Base
Shaft
Head
Condyles
Term
How many bones are in the Phalanges?
Definition
14
Term
If you broke your middle finger at the outer most tip what bone did you break?
Definition
3rd Distal Phlanx
Term
Coxal Bone
Definition
Hipbone
Term
What are the three bones that are fused to make the hipbone?
Definition
Ilium (superior)
Ischium (inferior and posterior)
Pubis (inferior and anterior)

Think "HIP" (PII)=Hippii
Term
What does the Pelvic Brim/Inlet do?
Definition
-It seperates the superior and Inferior portions of the pelvis
-Is is the superior boundary of pelvis oblique plane
Term
What is the Greater Pelvis also referred to as?
Definition
"False" Pelvis
Term
What is the Lesser Pelvis also referred to as?
Definition
"True" Pelvis
Term
Describe the Greater "False" Pelivs
Definition
Above the pelvic brim

Borders:
Lumbar vertebrae
Upper portions of hipbone
Abdominal wall

Contains urinary bladder (full) and uterus (pregnancy)
Term
Describe the Lesser "True" Pelvis
Definition
Below the pelvic brim

Borders:
Sacrum & Coccyx
Ilium & Ischium
Pubic

Surrounds the pelvic cavity

“Pelvic Brim/Inlet”
Superior opening of lesser pelvis
“Pelvic Outlet”
Inferior opening
Term
What are some differences between the Male and Female Pelvis?
Definition
Female Pelvis has wide pelvic outlet, it's shallow, and the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees.

Male Pelvis has a narrow pelvic outlet, it's deep, and the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees.
Term
Femur
Definition
Longest, Heaviest, and Strongest bone in the body.
Term
What bone does the Femur proximally articulate with? Distally?
Definition
Proximally-Hipbone
Distally-Patella
Term
Large, medial bone of lower leg
Definition
Tibia
Term
"Kneecap"
Definition
Patella
Term
"Shinbone"
Definition
Fibula
Term
What are the differences in the medial bones of the shin?
Definition
The Tibia is larger and carrys most of the body weight.
Term
"Heel Bone"
Definition
Calcaneus
Term
What is the most superior Tarsal bone?
Definition
Talus
Term
Medial Tarsal Bone
Definition
Navicular
Term
Lateral Tarsal Bone
Definition
Cuboid
Term
Metatarsal Landmarks(proximal to distal)
Definition
-Base
-Shaft
-Head
-Condyles
Term
Where are the Sesamoid Bones located?
Definition
Head of 1st metatarsal

"Big Toe"
Term
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
Definition
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial
Term
Fibrous Joins
Definition
Lack a synovial cavity

Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue

Little or no movement (synarthroses or a
mphiarthroses)

3 structural types
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
Term
Fibrous Joint

Sutures
Definition
Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skill

Immovable
Term
Fibrous Joints

Syndesmosis
Definition
-Bones united by ligament

ex. Anterior tibiofibular ligament and Interosseous membrane
Term
Fibrous Joints

Gomphosis
Definition
-Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
-Immovable "synarthrosis"

Ex. Teeth in alveolar processes
Term
What are the two types of Cartilaginous Joints?
Definition
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Term
Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondrosis
Definition
-Connecting material is hyaline cartlidge
-Immovable "synarthrosis"

Ex. Epiphyseal plate (growing bones) or joints between ribs and sternum
Term
Cartilaginous Joints

Symphysis
Definition
-Fibrocartilage is connecting materal
-Slightly movable "amphiarthroses

Example:Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
Term
Synovial Joins
Definition
General Structure:
Joint cavity
Separates articulating bones
Articular cartilage
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid containing slippery hyaluronic acid
Brings nutrients to articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Provides stability
Synovial fluid
Separates articulating bones
Joint lubrication
Shock absorption
Supply oxygen and nutrient to articular cartilage
Accessory ligaments and discs
Extracapsular ligament
Thickenings of fibrous capsule
Intracapsular ligament
Inside the articular capsule
Articular Discs (menisci)
Subdivide the synovial cavity to allow separate movements
Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly
Increase joint stability
Term
Synovial Joint

Articular Capsule

What does is it? What does it do? What is it composed of?
Definition
-Surrounds a diarthrosis
-Encloses the synovial cavity
-Unites the Articulating Bones

Composed of two layers
-Outer fibrous capsule
-Inner synovial membrane
Term
What is the Bursae and what does it do?
Definition
-Fluid filled saclike extensions of the joint capsule
-Reduce friction between moving structures such as skin rubs over bone.
Term
What are the six types of Synovial Joints
Definition
Planar Joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
Term
Plantar Joint
Definition
Side to side movement only
Term
Hinge Joint
Definition
like a doorhinge, convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another

knee, elbow, etc.
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
Rounded surface of bone articulate with ring by another bone and ligament

Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis

ex. Atlanto-axial joint "turning head side to side saying no"
Term
Condyloid or Ellipsoiidal Joint
Definition
Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible
Examples:
wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5
Term
Saddle Joint
Definition
One bone is saddle shaped other bone fits as a person would be sitting in the saddle

ex. Trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb
Term
Ball and Socket Joint
Definition
Self Explanatory
Ball fitting into cuplike depression
Multiaxial

only two
Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint
Term
Temporomandibular Joint
Definition
-Combined hinge and planar joint
-Only movable joint in the skull
Term
What's an example of a ball and socket joint?
Definition
Shoulder Joint
Term
Glenohumeral Joint is also called...
Definition
Shoulder Joint
Term
What is the Elbow Joint called?
Definition
Humeroulnar Joint
Term
What do extrinsic ligaments in the wrist and hand joints do?
Definition
attach between carpal between bones and radius or metacarpals

Ulnar Collateral ligament
Radial Collateral ligament
Term
What are the 3 major areas of the Hip Joint?
Definition
Hip Joint Proper
Sacroiliac joint
Symphysis pubis
Term
Hip Joint Proper
Definition
-ball and socket joint
-sacrifices mobility for stability
-extremely stable due to bones making up the joint and the ligaments and muscles
Term
What are the three hip joint structures?
Definition
Acetabular
Ligament of the head of the femur
Articular capsule
Term
The hip joint capsule is dense and strong, what are the three ligaments that reinforces it?
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Term
Sacroiliac(SI) Joint consists of five ligaments, what are they?
Definition
Anterior Sacroiliac
Posterior Sacroiliac
Sacrotuberous
Sascrospinous (Ischial spine)
iliolumbar
Term
What are the three joints in the knee?
Definition
Tibiofemoral "true knee joint"
Patellofemoral
Proximal tibiofibular
Term
What is the "true ankle joint"
Definition
Talocrural Joint

It is a hinge joint
Term
The ankle injury is common, what TYPE of ankle injury is most common?
Definition
Lateral(plantar/flexion/inversion)
-more common than eversion
Term
What is the examination of a joint?
Definition
Arthroscopy
Term
What is the replacement of joints?
Definition
Anthroplasty
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