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exploration and colonization unit 1
unit 1
100
History
11th Grade
05/10/2016

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Term
highland scots
Definition
first big group of immigrants to NC in the 1700s; settled mostly in Eastern NC in Coastal Plain; mostly wealthy planters/gentry
Term
scots irish
Definition
mostly settled in backcountry of NC and were small farmers
Term
pennsylvania dutch
Definition
mostly settled in backcountry of NC and were craftsmen, doctors, and small farmers
Term
moravians
Definition
a religious group of Pennsylavnia Dutch who settled in the backcountry of NC and served as doctors and craft workers
Term
backcountry
Definition
thinly populated area along frontier of American colonies; characterized by Appalachian Mountains and small farmers
Term
great wagon road
Definition
a main road European immigrants took to arrive in colonial NC
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and goods from New World (Americas) to the Old World (Europe)
Term
Francisco Pizarro
Definition
conquistadore who conquered the Incas
Term
Hernando Cortes
Definition
conquistadore who conquered the Aztecs
Term
Ponce de Leon
Definition
conquistadore who searched for fountain of youth and claimed St. Augustine as Spanish land in Florida
Term
Hernando de Soto
Definition
explorer who explore NC and attempted to set up the first permanent Spanish colony in NC
Term
Triangle Trade
Definition
trading system that involved the sending of slaves from Africa to the Americas, raw products such as sugar and tobacco were farmed and sent to Europe, and then Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa. It was a continuous cycle.
Term
Cultural Diffusion
Definition
process of exchanging and mixing cultural traits such as language and religion
Term
Sir Walter Raleigh
Definition
Queen Elizabeth of England gave him a charter to explore a set up a permanent colony in North America at Roanoke Island.
Term
Ralph Lane Colony
Definition
1585 colony attempt which failed at Roanoke Island due to conflict with natives, poor eadership, and lack of food
Term
John White/Lost Colony
Definition
England's 2nd attempt to set up a permanent colony in North America at Roanoke Island. It ran low on supplies, had conflict with natives, and is a mystery as to why it exactly vanished.
Term
Amadas and Barlowe Expedition
Definition
young sailors who explorerd Roanoke Island and reported back to England their good report as a place that would suitable for settlement
Term
Manteo and Wanchese
Definition
Two Native Americans who befriended English colonists at Roanoke Island.
Term
Virginia Dare
Definition
The first English child born in America
Term
Henry Hudson
Definition
English explorer who sailed for the Dutch and claimed New Amsterdam, at the coast of prsent-day New York City
Term
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Definition
Italian sailor who sailed for France in hopes of finding an all-water direct route from Europe to Asia (explored parts of NC coast)
Term
Spanish Armada
Definition
Spain sent large fleet of ships in 1580s to invade England and restore Catholicism in England; England was ruled by Queen Elizabeth I at the time who was a Protestant
Term
Queen Elizabeth I
Definition
a Protestant Queen of England in the late 1500s who was eager to challenge Spain's power in North America
Term
New France
Definition
a territory claimed by France in the area surrounding what is today Michigan
Term
New Netherlands
Definition
area where present-day New York was; it was settled by the Dutch originally
Term
Samuel de Champlain
Definition
founded New France in 1608
Term
John Cabot
Definition
Claimed Newfoundland , Canada for England in 1497
Term
Mesoamerica
Definition
region that stretches from modern-day Mexico to Central America; some of first advanced major civilations in the Americas developed here thousands of years ago
Term
migration
Definition
is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups.
Term
Myans, Incas, and Aztecs
Definition
Advanced/complex Native American civilizations that existed and were taken over by Europeans or unknown causes
Term
Great Plains Native American Culture Region
Definition
defined by hunting large animals, farming, lots of open grass land,
Term
Eastern Woodlands Native American Culture Region
Definition
defined by slash and burn farming, using forests, farming, hunting,and fishing from rivers and ocean
Term
Southwest Native American Culture Region
Definition
culture region which included the Pueblo tribes who invented irrigation systems to get water into the desert-like environment they lived in
Term
Pacific Northwest Native American Culture Region
Definition
relied on ice fishing and whale hunting in a cool and wet climate
Term
Jamestown
Definition
Established in 1607, it was England's 1st permanent colony in North America
Term
John Rolfe
Definition
discovered how to grow a sweet tobacco in Jamestown, and he married Pocohontas which helped bring peace between colonists and the Powhattan tribe.
Term
John Smith
Definition
strong leader of Jamestown who forced the colonists to plant food and build shelter rather than look for gold
Term
Lord De La Warr
Definition
strong leader of Jamestown who forced the colonists to plant food and build shelter rather than look for gold
Term
indentured servant
Definition
someone who works for free to pay off a debt and then is free to work for pay; many English colonists came over to America this way
Term
representative government
Definition
when people have a say in their leaders and laws; it was a type of government set up at Jamestown called the House of Burgesses
Term
House of Burgesses
Definition
first representative form of government based on English laws in America
Term
Powhattan
Definition
tribal chief of Native Americans at Jamestown who had conflict and peace at times with English colonists
Term
Middle Colonies
Definition
region of the 13 colonies chracterized by diversity, religious tolerance, and farming as well as trade
Term
William Penn
Definition
established Pennsylvania as a holy experiment for Quakers to escape persecution from Anglicans and other Protestants
Term
cultural pluralism/diversity
Definition
refers to a mix of different types of ethnic groups, langugaes, beliefs, etc..
Term
port cities
Definition
cities with large sea ports for trading goods such as New York City or Philadelphia
Term
New Netherlands
Definition
in present-day New York, was a very diverse colony originally created by the Dutch
Term
New Amsterdam
Definition
the name given to a city created by the Dutch, where present-day New York City is on Manhattan Island
Term
Duke of York
Definition
led the fight to take New Netherlands from the Dutch and put it in English control
Term
religious toleration
Definition
being open and able to co-exist with other eligions peacefully
Term
Transatlantic Slave Trade/Triangle Trade
Definition
system of exchange of slaves , weapons, rum, sugar, molasses, and tobacco involving
Term
New England Colonies
Definition
region of the 13 colonies characterized by cold weather, manufacturing, sea-port trade, and Puritan culture
Term
Puritans
Definition
religious group of Protestants who were very intolerant of others and established Massahcussetts Bay Colony as a "city upon a hill" to escape religious persecution in England
Term
Pilgrims/Separatists
Definition
a religious group in the New England colonies who escaped persecution in England, signed the Mayflower Compact, and settled Plymouth
Term
New England Way
Definition
phrase used to describe culture in the New England colonies where hard work, education, church, and close communities were valued
Term
Dissenters
Definition
anyone who disagreed with the Puritans in Mass. Bayand challenged their authority
Term
Quakers
Definition
religious group who the Purtians persecuted in MA Bay because they challenged Puritan beleifs
Term
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Definition
dissenters who challenged the Puritans culture and set up a new colony called Rhode Island
Term
John Winthrop
Definition
leader of the Puritans when Mass. Bay was first established
Term
Puritan Migration
Definition
1630-1640, a period when 20,000 Puritans fled persecution in England and came to Mass. Bay
Term
Mayflower Compact
Definition
Document signed by Pilgrims on their voyage to America that set up laws and rules for all settlers to follow
Term
religious persecution
Definition
when people are discriminated against due to their religious beleifs
Term
Overland March
Definition
when slaves were marched across land to West Coast of Africa to be shipped to the Americas
Term
Middle Passage
Definition
process where slaves were placed on slave ships and shipped across Atlantic to the Americas (hundreds of thousands died before arriving)
Term
Slave Auction
Definition
Process by which slaves were bought and sold once they arrived in the Americas. Plantation owners paid top price (5-10,000 dollars) for a healthy strong male slave
Term
cash crops
Definition
crops such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, which were grown for tremdnous amounts of profit
Term
naval stores
Definition
products from pine trees commonly traded in the 13 colonies, especially NC,and used on ships
Term
cash crops
Definition
crops which are primarily grown for profit such as tobacco, cotton
Term
Navigation Acts
Definition
laws which England passed to restrict trade in the 13 colonies and tax them; 13 colonies could only trade using English ships and could only trade certain goods to England
Term
plantations
Definition
large farms where slaves worked to produce cash crops usually in the South
Term
proprietary colonies
Definition
colonies where the King of England granted land in America to wealthy investors; these investors then controlled the colonies
Term
royal colonies
Definition
colonies directly controlled by England, with no proprietors involved
Term
Lord's Proprietors
Definition
men who established and controlled the Carolina Colony in 1665 until it became a royal colony in 1729
Term
Lord Baltimore
Definition
established Maryland as a heaven for Catholics to escapr religious persecution
Term
James Oglethorpe
Definition
established Georgia as a place where people could move to escape debt
Term
English Civil War
Definition
War between Puritans and Anglicans (Royalists) in England which forced Anglicans to immigrate in large numbers to the Southern and Middle Colonies
Term
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition
treaty signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, agreeing to divide lands in western hemisphere between them; the agreement set up a boundary called the Line of Demarcation
Term
mercantalism
Definition
economic system where a country increases its profit by setting up a favorable balance of trade
Term
missionary
Definition
people sent by Christian churches to convert Native Americans to Christianity
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.
Term
imperialism
Definition
the extension or imposition of one country's power, authority, or influence at the expense of other countries or groups; For example, Spain conquering land and spreading its culture in South America
Term
Henry the Navigator
Definition
Portuguese sailor who created his own sailing school to train explorers to sail the world
Term
conquistadores
Definition
Spanish word for conquerer, referring to explorers in the 1500-1600s who conquered new lands for gold and glory
Term
Protestant Reformation
Definition
Christian church in 1500s split into two groups, Protestants and Catholics; Protestants led by Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Christian church;also called the schism
Term
region
Definition
places are grouped together by shared characterisitcs (human or physical)
Term
formal region
Definition
precise, a formal name given to it

Examples: The Piedmont Region, The Coastal Plain Region, The Southeast, The Northeast, The Midwest
Term
vernacular region
Definition
imprecise, not a formal name for a region, the sense of place that is revealed in ordinary people's language;
examples: the southern part of NC,
the far west
Term
functional region
Definition
regions with similar activity
Examples: The Corn Belt
Term
physical geography
Definition
physical characteristics of a place such as landforms, climate, etc...
Term
human geography
Definition
non-physical characteristics of a place such as economy, culture, etc..
Term
Coastal Plain Region
Definition
region in NC and on Atlantic East Coast characterized by flat land, fertile soil, and warm weather
Term
Piedmont Region
Definition
central region of NC characterized by rolling hills and red-clay soil
Term
Mountain Region
Definition
region of NC characterized by cold weather and rocky soil
Term
Outer Banks
Definition
a narrow strip of islands off of the coast of NC
Term
Appalachian Mountains
Definition
Mountain system that makes up Western border of NC and extends throughout eastern part of U.S.
Term
Northeast Region
Definition
cooler climate, rocky soil, characterized by more manufacturing than farming, major landforms include Hudosn River
Term
Southeast Region
Definition
characterized by moderate climate with fertile soil, a Coastal Plain and Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains
Term
Midwest Region
Definition
characterized by rolling hills with some flat land, the central part of the U.S. the Great Plains,the Great Lakes, the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers
Term
Northwest
Definition
characterized by cooler climate, the Rocky Mountains, and near pacific Coast a marine climate (wet and rainy)
Term
Southwest Region
Definition
characterized by hot and dry weather, desert-like climate, major landforms include Mojave Desert, Rio Grande River, Grand Canyon,
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