Term
|
Definition
many common disinfectants
chlorinated water
high levels of ammonia
pesticides |
|
|
Term
| Amphibian Toxicities Signs |
|
Definition
flaccid paralysis
lethargy
seizures |
|
|
Term
| Reptile Nutritional Neuropathies |
|
Definition
Hypothiaminosis
Biotin deficiency
Hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutritional neuropathy in reptiles
leukoencephalopathy
muscle twitching, incoordination, blindness, seizures, abnormal posturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutritional neuropathy in reptiles
muscle tremors
weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutritional neuropathy in reptiles
muscle twitching
tetany
seizures |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative Osteoarthritis and Osteoarthrosis |
|
Definition
neuropathy in reptiles
lytic proliferative spinal lesion
pain, weakness, loss of motor function
progressive
may lead to pathologic fractures |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative Osteoarthritis and Osteoarthrosis Causes |
|
Definition
active bacterial infection (Salmonella, Strep)
inflammatory osteoarthrosis
degenerative osteoarthrosis and ankylosis |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative Osteoarthritis and Osteoarthrosis Treatment |
|
Definition
long term antimicrobial therapy
spinal changes may be permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorhexidine (2%)
Insecticides
Ivermectin
Fipronil (Frontline) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious neuropathy in reptiles
affects all major snake families
RNA virus
primary respiratory pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Acute/Peracute Paramyxovirus Signs |
|
Definition
nonspecific signs
regurgitation, star gazing, flaccid paralysis
virus can overwhelm the immune system
animals often die of secondary infections |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Poor Doer Paramyxovirus Signs |
|
Definition
anorexia
regurgitation
poor muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| Healthy Paramyxovirus Signs |
|
Definition
may remain asymptomatic for up to 10 months
infected animals eventually become poor doers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibody titers
necropsy (liver, kidney, lung, brain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supportive care
prevent secondary bacterial infections
quarantine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious neuropathy in reptiles
eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial cells and neurons of CNS
can affect all boidae (boas)
affects pythons more than boas |
|
|
Term
| Inclusion Body Disease Histology |
|
Definition
nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis
neuronal degeneration
gliosis
demyelination |
|
|
Term
| Inclusion Body Disease Signs |
|
Definition
can be anything
no signs are pathogneumonic |
|
|
Term
| Inclusion Body Disease Treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inclusion Body Disease Prevention |
|
Definition
6 month-1 year quarantine for any new reptile
good hygiene between handling other animals
mites may play a role in transmission |
|
|
Term
| Avian Nutritional Neuropathies |
|
Definition
Hypovitaminosis B1 (thiamin)
Hypovitaminosis B2 (riboflavin)
Hypovitaminosis E and Se
hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avian nutritional neuropathy
deficiency in thiamin
myelin degeneration
treat with parenteral B1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avian nutritional neuropathy
deficiency of riboflavin
nerve edema and peripheral neuritis
chronic cases may be irreversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avian nutritional neuropathy
encephalomalacia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avian nutritional neuropathy
long term diet deficiency combined with decreased vitamin D3
tetany most commonly seen in adult African grey parrots
subtle signs first (head twitching)
progresses to seizures
treatment with parenteral Ca
changes in diet and access to UVB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lead
Botulism
Organophosphates |
|
|
Term
| Lead Toxicosis in Birds Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
affects CNS and bone marrow
competes with Ca at neuromuscular junction resulting in blockage
inhibits heme synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Lead Toxicosis in Birds Signs |
|
Definition
paresis, paralysis
head tilt
convulsions |
|
|
Term
| Lead Toxicosis in Birds Treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Botulism in Birds Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
| toxins from botulism interfere with release of Ach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ataxia
flaccid paralysis
sudden death |
|
|
Term
| Botulism in Birds Treatment |
|
Definition
| anti-toxin and supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Organophosphates in Birds Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
inhibits acetylcholinesterase
birds are 10-20 times more sensitive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than mammals
results in continued stimulation of nerve due to build up of Ach |
|
|
Term
| Organophosphates in Birds Signs |
|
Definition
ataxia, tremors
seizures, paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Organophosphates in Birds Treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proventricular Dilation Disease |
|
Definition
Macaw wasting disease
affects mainly psittacine birds
viral etiology likely (Bornavirus)
affect peripheral and autonomic nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| Proventricular Dilation Disease Signs |
|
Definition
emaciated, dehydrated
prolonged history of regurgitation and passing undigested seeds
proventriculus is dilated and very thin walled
some cases rupture and result in peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Proventricular Dilation Disease Diagnosis |
|
Definition
contrast radiography
fluoroscopy with contrast to assess GI motility
biopsy |
|
|
Term
| Proventricular Dilation Disease Treatment |
|
Definition
100% mortality in untreated birds
NSAIDS-COX2 selective (antiviral effects?)-Celaxocib
Vaccination for Clostridium
Metaclopramide
B-complex supplementation
Omega 3 and Omega 6 FAs |
|
|
Term
| Canine Distemper in Farrets |
|
Definition
100% fatal
muscle tremors, salivation, seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infectious neuropathy of rabbits
obligate intracellular protozoan parasite
infected through ingestion or inhalation
infective spores shed in urine |
|
|
Term
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi Signs |
|
Definition
head tilt
seizures
encephalomyelitis can lead to motor paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi Treatment |
|
Definition
benzimidazole anthelmintics
dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hindlimb paresis and ataxia
progresses to tetraparesis
unknown etiology
supportive care |
|
|
