Term
| What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine? |
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Definition
| Endocrine glands secrete into the body, while exocrine excretes to outside the body (remebering that the GIT is technically outside the body) |
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Term
| Is the pancrease endocrine or exocrine? |
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Definition
| It is both, acinar cells produce digestive enzymes (exocrine) while the Islets of Langerhans produce glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin and pancreatic polypeptids |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of cells in the islets of langerhans and what do they produce? |
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Definition
Alpha - Glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatastatin and gastrin
F - pancreatic polypeptides |
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Term
| What is the only simple sugar that circulates in the blood stream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones that control blood glucose? |
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Definition
| Insulin, glucagon, catecholmines, glucocoritcoids |
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Term
| What are the effects of insulin? |
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Definition
Released in reponse to high blood glucose. This increases the cellular uptake of glucose and therefore a decrease in blood glucose
Promotes lipogenesis in adipocytes
Glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle
Protein synthesis
Inhibits gluconeogensis |
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Term
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Definition
| Released in the face of decreased blood glucose, it sitmulates glycognolysis and gluconeogensis in the liver as wekk as lipolysis and ketogenesis. This leads to an increase in blood glucose |
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Term
| What are some common catecholmines? |
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Definition
| Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine |
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Term
| What hormones can also increase [glucose]? |
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Definition
Catecholmines
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone
Progesterone |
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Term
| How long should you fast a small animal prior to glucose sampling and why? |
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Definition
| 12 or more hours to avoid post prandial increases |
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Term
| How long should you fast a small animal prior to glucose sampling and why? |
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Definition
| 12 or more hours to avoid post prandial increases |
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Term
| Which species show the highest glucose increase as a result of stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which species show the highest glucose increase as a result of stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long after sampling should whole blood be examined for glucose? |
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Definition
| No more than 20 mins post collection |
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Term
| How long after sampling should whole blood be examined for glucose? |
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Definition
| No more than 20 mins post collection |
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Term
| If testing must be delayed for longer than 20mins, what should be done? |
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Definition
| Either collected in grey top tubes (fluoride oxolate)or seperate plasma/serum and refridgerate |
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Term
| If testing must be delayed for longer than 20mins, what should be done? |
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Definition
| Either collected in grey top tubes (fluoride oxolate)or seperate plasma/serum and refridgerate |
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Term
| Can lab and patient side measurements be compared? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can lab and patient side measurements be compared? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does post prandial hyperglycaemia occur in ruminants? Why? |
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Definition
| No, due the constant microbe action, they are never postprandial |
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Term
| Does post prandial hyperglycaemia occur in ruminants? Why? |
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Definition
| No, due the constant microbe action, they are never postprandial |
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Term
| What can cause a transient hyperglycaemia? |
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Definition
| Postprandial, adreniline (fear, pain, stress), Moribund cows, iatrogenic (glucocoritcoids, progerterone, xyalzine, ketamine, morphine, furosamide), IV glucose fluids |
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Term
| What can cause a transient hyperglycaemia? |
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Definition
| Postprandial, adreniline (fear, pain, stress), Moribund cows, iatrogenic (glucocoritcoids, progerterone, xyalzine, ketamine, morphine, furosamide), IV glucose fluids |
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Term
| In cats,could you see glucosuria from transient stress? |
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Definition
| Yes, possibly, but not all the time |
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Term
| What is Type 1 Diabetes ve Type 2 Diabetes? |
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Definition
Type 1: Absoulte insulin deficiency
Type 2: insulin resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunolocial destruction of beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin resitance of 'dysfunctional' beta cells |
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Term
| In dogs, is Type 1 or 2 DM more common? |
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Definition
| Type 1, or type 2 (but the insulin dependant form) |
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Term
| What is a danger of chronic hyperglyceamia? |
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Definition
| Low insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance |
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Term
| What are the causes of DM? |
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Definition
Type 1 (idiopathic or immune mediated)
Type 2
Pancreatic DM (inflammation or neoplasia of the pancreas)
Endocrine (neoplasia)
Druc induced |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of hypoglycaemia? |
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Definition
Incorrect sample management
Use of hand held glucometers
Iatrogenic insulin overdose
Functional beta cell tumours
Neoplasia (rare)
Sepsis
Extreme leukocytosis
Extreme physical exertion
Pre Tox
ketosis
Dietary
Decreased storage or production (hepatic disease, hypoadrenocorticism/hypopituitarism) |
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Term
| What measurement can be used to look at glucose concentration without having to worry about a postprandial spike? |
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Definition
| Fructosamine, indicates the average glucose conc of the last 2-3 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by irreversably binding glucose to protein molecules, it will be affected by anything that causes a drop in protein |
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Term
| What are the ref ranges for fructosamine in dogs? |
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Definition
Prolones hypoglucaemia - <300umol/L
Excellent contol - 350-400umol/L
Good control - 400-450umol/L
Fair control - 450-500umol/L
Poor control - >500umol/L |
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Term
| What is seen in the haematology in DM cases? |
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Definition
Stress leukogram in uncomplicated cases
In complicted, it may be a stress or an inflam leukogram
Evidence of dehydration
Pancretitis |
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Term
| What does potassium need to enter cells? |
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Definition
| Insulin, meaning that serum potassium may drop a lot following insulin admin |
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Term
| Is specific gravity going to necessarily be accurate in DM cases? |
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Definition
| No, there may be glucose in the urine, increasing the SG without the kidneys concentrating anythign |
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Term
| Is proteinuria commonly seen? |
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Definition
| It is expected if there is glomerular damage (which there will often be if the glucose is high) |
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Term
| In a fasted patient the insulin is increased or a high normal what should you consider? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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