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Exam #4
Nervous System
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Neural Tube Defects
Definition
Due to low levels of vitamin B called Folic acid
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
failure of laminae of spine to unite
Term
Anencephaly
Definition
absence of skull and cerebral hemispheres
Term
The Brain Stem
Definition
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
thalamus, hypothalmus, pineal gland
Term
Cortex (Gray Matter)
Definition
contains cell bodies of 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
Term
Gyri
Definition
Convolutions(bumps)
Term
Sulci
Definition
Grooves
Term
Fissures
Definition
deeper grooves
Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition
Separates left and right hemispheres
Term
Lissencephaly
Definition
Condition where the brain is smooth
Term
Lateral Fissure
Definition
Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Transverse Fissure
Definition
Seperates the cerebrum and the cerebellum
Term
Insula
Definition
Lies deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes; separated from them by the circular sulcus
Term
White Matter
Definition
Lies under the cortex and makes up the bulk of the cerebrum
Term
association fibers
Definition
between gyri in the same hemisphere
Term
Commissural Fibers
Definition
Between corresponding gyri in opposite hemispheres
Term
Projection Fibers
Definition
form ascending and descending tracts to and from brain and spinal cord
Term
Association Areas in cerebrum
Definition
concerned with more complex integrative functions, memory, emotion, reasoning, will, judgement, and intellegence
Term
Sensory areas of cortex
Definition

Primary somatosensory area- parietal lobe in post central gyrus: revieves impulses for pain, thermal sensation, and proprioception

Primary Visual Area-Occipital Lobe, receives impulses for vision(shape&Color)

Primary Auditory Area- Receives sound, pitch & Rhythm

Primary Gustatory Area- base of postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe, receives info on taste

Primary Olefactory Area- temporal lobe, recieves info on smell

Term
Primary Motor Areas
Definition
postcentral gyrus of frontal lobe, controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles on opposite sides of body
Term
Brocas Speech (motor area)
Definition
anterior to primary motor cortex in frontal lobe, planning and production of speech, found in left frontal lobe in 97% of population
Term
Association Areas
Definition
Intergrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness
Term
Association Areas
Definition

Sosatosensory association area: recieves input from primary somatosensory area, integrates and interprets senses

Prefrontal Cortex- complex learning skills, judgment, personality

visual area- occipial lobe nect to primary visual area, relates past and present experience

auditory area- temporal lobe allows u 2 recongnize sound

Wernickes area- L temporal and parietal lobes, interprets meaning of speech by recongnizing words

common integrative area- integrates all sensory data so you respond appropraitely

premotor area- controls learned skills of a repitious nature(typing)

frontal eye field area- frontal cortex, controls scanning movement of the eye

 

Term
Motor Neurons
Definition

Pyramidal cells

upper motor neurons

fibers cross over in the medulla

 

Term
Corticospinal Tracts
Definition
Direct or pryamidal pathways
Term
Motor Neurons TL
Definition

Axons end in the anterior gray horn where they synapse with an association neuron

2) The association neuron then synapse with a lower motor neuron

3) Lower motor neurons innervate muscle

4) Damage to lower motor neurons results in a flaccid paralysis

5) Damage to upper motor neurons results in a spastic paralysis: increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes and pathological reflexes such as babinski sign

Term
Indirect Pathways
Definition

Reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts

Follow complex, polysnaptic circuts that involve motor cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation and nuclei of the brain stem- five major tracts

Term
Lower Motor Neurons
Definition

1) Receive both exitatory and inhibitory input from both direct and inderect pathways

2) Final common pathway

3)Sum of input determines whether or not a muscle will contract

Term
Hemisphere Dominance
Definition

1) Over 90% of the human population the left hemisphere is dominant for the spoken and written language

2) Left hemispheres controls numerical and scientific skills and reasoning

3) Right hemispheres control left side of the body, relationships, imagination, awareness, space

Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
The hemispheres are connected by a thick band of white matter
Term
Memory Consolidation
Definition
Reinforcement due to frequent retrieval
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
Produce most of the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine and help to control automatic muscular movements and muscle tone. These degenerate in Parkinsons disease
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition

Globus Pallidus-Regulates muscle tone

Leniform Nucleus- putamen and globus pallidus together

Corpus Striatum- putamen and caudate nucleus

Term
The Diencephalon
Definition

Located in the cerebral hemisperes and above the brainstem

 

Term
Thalamus
Definition

Makes up 80% of diencephalon

-Plays a role in emotion, memory, awareness, and cognition

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

-Control the autonomic nervous system

-controls the pituitary gland

-regulates eating and drinking

-controls body temp

regulation of diurnal rhythms and states of consciousness

Term
Limbic System
Definition

Located in the cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon

-"the emotional Brain"

Term
Brain Stem
Definition

Connects spinal cord to diencephalon

Made up of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

 

Term
parts of midbrain
Definition

Cerebral Peduncles- Contain tracts which carry some of the motor fibers from the cerebral cortex to the pons, medulla and spinal cord.

 

Term
Corpora Quadrigemina
Definition

Superior Colliculi -  reflex centers for movements of eyes, head and neck in response to visual

-Inferior Colliculi- Reflex centers for movement of head and trunk in response to sound

Term
Pons
Definition
Connects the spinal cord with brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts
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