A period of enormous economic growth and ostentatious displays of wealth during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Industrialization dramatically changed U.S. society and created a newly dominant group of rich entrepreneurs and an impoverished working class 

Jay Gould operated railroads. The nations first big business. Railroads provided transportation. 

Andrew Carnegie build Carnegie Steel, the biggest steel business in the world during the Gilded Age. Also known as the "King Steel". 

Business model that controls from the beginning to end. For example from mining to transport to the production of steel.

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to the distribution. 

A steel-making process developed by Henry Bessemer that helped produce cheap and better steel.

(By Blowing more oxygen)

You can't touch the seed money. You can only touch how much you are making. (Interest)

John D. Rockefeller controlled the oil business. He founded the Standard Oil Company that succeeded in controlling nine-tenths of the oil-refining business. 

Horizontal Integration is business model that is the combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation. 

(control one part)

(John D. Rockefeller controlled about 90& of the oil refineries)

A system in which corporations give shares of their stock to trustees who hold the stocks "in trust" for their stockholders, thereby coordinating in the industry to ensure profits to the participating corporations and curb competition. 

(All trustees must report to J.D Rockefeller)

Holding Company are companies that owns stock of companies that produce goods, but doesn't actually produce anything itself. 

(Separate Companies but with one central administrator)

Standard Oil is own by John D. Rockefeller it was formed in 1870. It controlled nine-tenths of the oil-refining business. 

(EXXON Mobil)

J.P Morgan dominated American Banking. He was driven by power. 

Social Darwinism: A social theory popularized in the late nineteenth century by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. Proponents believed only relentless competition could produce social progress and wealth was a sign of "fitness" and poverty a sign of "unfitness" for survival. 

(The unfit should not be helped)

Gospel of Wealth: The idea that the financially successful should use their wisdom, experience, and wealth as stewards for the poor. Andrew Carnegie promoted this view in an 1889 essay in which he maintained that the wealthy should serve as stewards for society as a whole. 

(An idea that the financially successful should help the poor.) 

Nativism is the dislike of foreigners. 

(Promotes Americanism)

Laissez-Faire: the idea that government should play a small role as possible in economic affairs or business. 

(French for "Leave it alone")

Spoil System: System in which politicians doled out government positions to their loyal supporters. This patronage system led to a widespread corruption during the Gilded Age. 

(rewarding campaign loyal supporters)

Ida Wells began an anti lynching campaign in 1892 after a friend's murder.  

Woman's Christian Temperance Union: All-women organization founded in 1874 to advocate for total abstinence from alcohol. The WCTU provided important political training for women, which many used in the suffrage movement. 

(combat alcohol consumption)

Civil Service Reform: Effort in the 1880's to end the spoil system and reduce government corruption. 

An exam that proves your capable of doing the job. 

(counters the spoil system)

Mud slinging the use of insults and accusations, especially unjust ones, with the aim of damaging the reputation of an opponent.

(Personal Attacks. Candidates start attacking each other.)

Tariff a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

(Tax on imports)

Sherman Anti-trust Act: 1890 act that outlawed pools and trusts, ruling that businesses could no longer enter into agreements to restrict competition. Government inaction, combined with the Supreme Court's narrow reading of the act in the United States v. E. C. Knight Company decision, undermined the law's effectiveness. 

(the Sherman Ant-trust is and 1890 act that targets unfair business practices.)

Interstate Commerce Commission: Federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry. Congress created it through the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act after the Supreme Court decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) effectively denied states the right to regulate railroads. The ICC proved weak and did not immediately pose a threat to the industry.

  (Interstate Commerce Commission: Federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry. )

(First Regulatory agency) 

Gold Standard currency valued with gold. It can be backed up with gold. 

Free Silver: Term used in the late nineteenth century by those who advocated minting silver dollars in addition to supporting the gold standard and the paper currency backed by gold. Western silver barons and poor farmers from the West and South hoped this would result in inflation, effectively providing them with debt relief. 

(Free silver: using silver to back up currency)

Jane Addams founded Hull House. 

Progressivism: A reform movement that often advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism. Progresivism reached its peak in 1912 with the creation of the Progressive Party. The term progressivism has to come to mean any  general effort advocating for social welfare programs. 

The Anti- Saloon League, was formed in 1895 under the leadership of Protestant clergy, it wanted to end the sale of liquor. 

(Combat Alcohol)

Triangle Shirt Waist Factory was a fire tragedy in 1911 where many workers died because of the working conditions.

Reform Darwinism: Sociological theory developed in the 1880's that argued humans could speed up evolution by altering their environment. A challenge to the laissez-faire approach of social Darwinism, reform Darwinism insisted the liberal state should play an active role in solving social problems.  

• Humans can make a difference 
• Improvements and change
• Society we don't have to wait for natural sources
• the Rich trying to help society

• Trust buster
• Reformer
• Conservationist 
• Big Stick Diplomacy 
• Diplomat
• 26th president

Upton Sinclair a socialist that wrote the novel The Jungle. In this novel he exposes the filthy conditions in the meat packaging plants. 

Breaker Boys are children who worked in mines. 

(Child Labor)

The square deal was President Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. 

(A fair deal)

A policy by Theodore Roosevelt where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It was a way to intimidate countries without harming them.  

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in the South and Central America by using military force. 

(Became the police men of the World)

Taft's policy effort for the United States to use its foreign policy through the use of economic power by gar-entering loans to foreign countries.  He could substitute "Dollars for Bullets"

New Nationalism: Theodore's 1912 campaign slogan, which reflected his commitment to federal planning and regulation. Roosevelt wanted to use the federal government to act as "steward for the people" to regulate giant corporations.

(Federal and regulations)  

The New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson's 1912 campaign slogan, which reflected his belief in limited in limited government and states' rights. Wilson promised to use antitrust legislation to eliminate big corporations and to improve opportunities for small businesses and farmers.   

(limit government and boost trade)

The Federal Reserve Act established a national banking system composed of twelve regional banks, privately controlled but regulated and supervised by the Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president. 

Clayton Anti-Trust Act regulated big trusts. Outlawed unfair competition. 

Margaret Sanger was a reformer who wanted to legalize birth control. 

Booker T. Washington African-American activist who meets with president Roosevelt in the White House. 

W.E Dubious African-American who was pro power aggressive. 

The league of United Latin American Citizens is Latinos Civil rights organization in the United States. 

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy 

Lusitania: British passenger liner torpedoed by a German  U-Boat on May 7,1915. The attacked killed 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans. The incident challenged American neutrality during WWI and moved the United States on a path toward entering the war. 

Zimmerman Telegram is a German Telegram where the Germans wanted Mexico to join the war and in return they would get the land back they lost. A British Spy intercepted this telegram and told the U.S what Germany was trying to do. 

Selective Service Act was a Military Act that Wilson signed this act authorize a draft of all young men in the armed forces.

Dough Boys nickname given to African American soldiers in Europe. 

American Expeditionary  Force American armed Forces under the command of General John Pershing who fought under a separate American command in Europe during WWI.They helped defeat Germany when they entered the conflict in full force in 1918. 

• Trench warfare
• Poison Gas 
• Tanks 
• Planes
• Barbed Wire
• Submarines
• Flame Throwers

Items the soldiers used for the war

Alice Paul was a women's suffragist. Said "we are not a democracy."

Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson's plan, proposed in 1918, to create a new democratic wold order with lasting peace. Wilson's plan affirmed basic liberal ideals, supported the right to self-determination, and called for the creation of a League of Nations. Wilson compromised on his plan at the 1919 Paris peace conference, and the U.S Senate refused to ratify the resulting treaty.

(a blueprint for a new democratic world order)

International organization proposed in Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points  designed to secure political independence and territorial integrity for all states and thus  ensure enduring peace. The U.S Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and the United States never became a member.

(A group of nations) If we join this we should be able to defend ourselves. Congress was against this. 

The widespread fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution and that swept the United States in 1919 and resulted in suppression. 

(fear of communism) 

African Americans: Migrating North

      No jobs in the South they believed they will be treated fairly in the North. 

Mexican Americans: Population arose

1910: 222,000

1920: 478,000

From natural reproduction and migration