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Exam #2
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, reproductive
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/07/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The pulmonary circuit
Definition

Carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs

 

Term

The Systemic Circuit

Definition

Carries blood to and from the body

 

Term
arteries and veins
Definition
carry blood away from and to the heart
Term
capilaries
Definition

Networks between arteries and veins
Exchange materials between blood and tissues

 

Term

arterioles

AA

Definition

Are the smallest branches of arteries

 

Term
right atrium
Definition
collects blood from systemic circuit
Term
left atrium
Definition
collects blood from pulmonary circiut
Term
right ventricle
Definition
pumps blood into pulmonary circuit
Term
left ventricle
Definition
pumps blood into systemic circuit
Term
pericardium
Definition
double lining of pericardial cavity
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
out layer of pericardium
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
inner layer of pericardium
Term
epicardium
Definition

outer layer

visceral pericardium

covers the heart

Term
myocardium
Definition

middle layer

muscular wall of the heart

concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue

Term
endocardium
Definition

inner layer 

continuous with blood vessels

Term
intercalated discs
Definition
interconnect cardiac muscle cells
secured by desmosomes
linked by gap junctions
convey force of contraction
propagate action potentials
Term
interatrial septum
Definition
separates atria
Term
interventricular septum
Definition
separates ventricles
Term
atrioventricular (AV) valves
Definition
connects right atrium to right ventricle and connects left atrium to left ventricle
the fibrous flaps that form the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
permit flow in one direction: atria to ventricles
Term
cardiac skeleton of the heart
Definition
physically support cardiac muscle fibers
distribute forces of contraction
add strength and prevent over expansion of the heart
elastic fibers return heart to originall shape after contraction
Term
the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton
Definition
four bands around heart valves and bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta
stabilize valves
electrically insulate ventricular cells from atrial cells
Term
heartbeat
Definition
single contraction
in series: first atria then ventricles
Term
contractile cells (type of cardiac muscle cell)
Definition
produce contractions that propel blood
Term
conducting system (type of cardiac muscle cell)
Definition
controls and coordinates heartbeat
Term
role of calcium ions in cardiac contractions
Definition
contraction of cardiac muscle is produced by an increase of calcium ion concentration around myofibrils
Term
automaticity
Definition
cardiac muscle tissue contracts automatically
Term
a system of specialized cardiac muscles cells initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction
Definition
Term
sinoatrial node (SA)
Definition
wall of right atrium
Term
atrioventicular (AV) node
Definition
junction between atria and ventricals
Term
conducting cells
Definition
throughout myocardium
Term
bradycardia
Definition
abnormally slow heartrate
Term
tachycardia
Definition
abnormally fast heart rate
Term
electrocardiogram
Definition
recording of electrical events in the heart
Term
systole
Definition
contraction
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation
Term
blood pressure
Definition
rises during systole, falls during diastole
blood flows from high to low pressure
controlled by timing of contractions
directed by one-way valves
Term
S (1)
Definition
produced by AV valves
Term
S (2)
Definition
produced by semilunar valves
Term
CO (cardiac output)
Definition
HR*SV
mL/min
Term
HR (heat rate)
Definition
beats/min
Term
SV (stroke volume)
Definition
mL/beat
Term
atrial reflex
Definition
adjusts heart rate in response to venous return
Term
autonomic innervation
Definition
sympathetic: norepinephrine increases heart rate
parasympathetic: acetylcholine decreases heart rate
Term
hormones can effect heart rate
Definition
Term
systolic (blood) pressure
Definition
peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole
Term
diastolic (blood) pressure
Definition
minimal arterial pressure during diastole
Term
pulse (blood) pressure
Definition
difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
Term
neurons
Definition
cells that send and receive signals
Term
neuroglia (glial cells)
Definition
cells that support and protect neurons
Term
dendrites
Definition
gathers information
Term
cell body (soma) process information
Definition
processes informations
Term
axon
Definition
transfers information
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
common in the CNS
include all skeletal muscle motor neurons
Term
unipolar neurons
Definition
found in sensory neurons of PNS
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing)
Term
somatic sensory receptors
Definition
monitor the outside world and our position in it
Term
visceral/internal sensory receptors
Definition
monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems
Term
afferent division
Definition
collects sensory information
Term
efferent division
Definition
concenrning motor commands
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
efferent division
effects skeletal muscle
no long-term survival
voluntary
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
part of efferent division
automatic reactions including the sympathetic and parasympathetic
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (visceral)
Term
external receptors
Definition
external senses (touch, temp, pressure)
distance sense (sight, smell, hearing)
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
Term
astrocytes
Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
maintain blood/brain barrier
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
myelinate axons in CNS
(mylein: thick lipid covering on an axon, increases action potential)
Term
microglia
Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
phagocytic cells, removes waste and pathogens
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
neuroglia (CNS)
cells line central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles, produces cerebral spinal fluid
Term
satellite cells
Definition
(neuroglia in PNS)
surround ganglia
regulate environment around neuron
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
neuroglia in PNS
form myelin sheath (neurilamma) around peripheral axons
one Schwann cell sheaths one segment of axon
Term
enlargements of the spinal cord
Definition
caused by amount of gray matter in segment and involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs
cervical and lumbar englargements
Term
ventral root
Definition
contains axons of motor neurons
Term
dorsal root
Definition
contains axons of sensory neurons
Term
dorsal root ganglia
Definition
contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
the spinal nerve
Definition
each side of spine:dorsal and ventral roots join to form spinal nerve
mixed nerves:carry both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers
Term
white matter (in spinal cord)
Definition
superficial
contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Term
grey matter (in spinal cord)
Definition
surrounds central canal
contains neuron bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons
has horn-like projections (grey horns
Term
posterior white columns (spinal cord)
Definition
lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus
Term
anterior white columns (spinal cord)
Definition
lie between anterior grey horns and anterior median fissure
Term
anterior white commissure (spinal cord)
Definition
area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other
Term
lateral white columns
Definition
located on each side of the spinal cord between anterior and posterior columns
Term
spinal cord segments
Definition
cervical are named for inferior vertebra and all others are named for superior vertebra
Term
spinal reflexes
Definition
preserve homeostasis, fast, sensory/motor/inter neurons
brain can facilitate/inhibit
Term
monosynaptic reflex
Definition
fastest spinal reflex
Term
posterior column pathway (sensory)
Definition
delivers highly localized sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and propriocepetion to the primary sensory cortex
Term
corticospinal pathway
Definition
pyramidal system
conscious control of skeletal muscles
Term
medial and lateral pathways (motor)
Definition
subconscious regulation
muscle tone,controls reflexive skeletal muscle responses to equilibrium sensations and to sudden or strong visual and auditory stimuli
lateral-more distal/precise movement
Term
sympathetic division
Definition
increases alertness, metabolic rate, muscular abilities
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion
Term
ganglionic neurons
Definition
sympathetic chain ganglia-both sides of vertebral column, control effectors in body wall, inside thoracic cavity, in head, in limbs
collateral ganglia-anterior to vertebral bodies, contain ganglionic neurons that innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity
suprarenal (adrenal) medullae-short axons, neurotransmetter in bloodstream, function as hormones (affect target cells)
Term
parts of parasympathetic division
Definition
autonomic nuclei-in midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia-near target organ
Term
hormones
Definition
stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
increase or decrease rate of synthesis
turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off"
structure:amino acid derivatives, peptides, lipids
Term
target cells
Definition
specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind ad "read" hormonal messages
Term
hormone receptor
Definition
is a protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly
responds to several different hormones
different tissues have different combinations of receptors
presence or absence of specific receptor determines hormonal sensitivity
Term
hypophyseal portal system
Definition
arrangement of capillary beds to ensure that all the blood reaches target cells in the pituitary gland
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
type 1:insulin deficiency
hyperglycemia:high blood glucose
symptoms: increased thirst, frequent urination, increased food consumption, weight loss, ketosis
treatment: inject insulin
type 2:
body cells do not respond to insulin, no transport of glucose across cell membrane
regulated by diet
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
due to iodine insufficiency-causes goiter
listlessness, low bmr, sleepiness, mental sluggishness, impaired memory, slowed speech, slowed reflexes
Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition
high BMR-weight loss despite ample food
restlessness
hyper-excitable
sweating
irritability
increased heart rate
exaggerated response stimuli
Term
Releasing hormones (RH)
Definition
stimulate the production of one or more hormones in the anterior pituitary (from the hypothalamus)
Term
inhibiting hormones (IH)
Definition
prevent the synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones (from the hypothalamus)
Term
hypothalamus in endocrine regulation
Definition
RH and IH
ADH and oxytocin to posterior pituitary to body
autonomic nervous centers control endocrine cells of adrenal medullae-sympathetic-hormones to blood stream
Term
blood (anatomy and physiology)
Definition
specialized fluid of connective tissue
contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
transportation of dissolved substances
regulations of pH and ions
restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
defense against toxins and pathogens
stabilization of body temperature
Term
composition of whole blood
Definition
46-63% plasma
37-54% formed elements
Hematocrit (PCV)-percentage of RBC
males greater
Term
red blood cells
Definition
thin in middle thicker at edge
high surface to volume ratio
can squeeze thru small capillaries
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
red pigment
binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia)
due to disease or high altitude
Term
blood typing
Definition
surface proteins that identify cells to immune system
only sensitized Rh- blood has anti-Rh antibodies
normal cells ignored/foreign cell attacked
blood types-genetically determined-RBC surface antigens A,B, Rh
Term
white blood cells
Definition
also called leukocytes
no hemoglobin
have nuclei and other organelles
functions: defend against pathogens, remover toxin and wastes, attack abnormal cells
Term
types of white blood cells
Definition
neurophils-phagocytosis-kill bacteria
eosinophils-attack large parasites via Nitric oxide&Cytotoxic enzymes
basophils-release histamine/dilates blood vessels, release heparin/prevents blood clotting
monocytes-enter peripheral tissue and become macrophages, secret attract immune system cells
lymphocytes-migrate in and out of blood, part of specific defense system
Term
platelets
Definition
cell fragments involved in clotting system
hemostasis- cessation of bleeding
Term
the meninges
Definition
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
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