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exam/practical #2
review for exam and practical 2
84
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/26/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 proteins that make up a thin filament?
Definition
troponin, tropomyosin, actin
Term
which of the 3 proteins binds calcium?
Definition
troponin
Term
Which of these cover the myosin binding sites on actin?
Definition
tropomyosin
Term
What protein makes up thick filaments?
Definition
myosin
Term
What organelle stores calcium in the myofiber?
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
What neurotransmitter is utilized by skeletal muscle to contract?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
What enzyme is activated in smooth muscle contraction?
Definition
myosin kinase
Term
What is a sarcomere?
Definition
filaments arranged in compartments for muscle contraction
Term
What are the ends of a sarcomere called?
Definition
z-lines
Term
What structure anchors the thin filaments in smooth muscle?
Definition
dense bodies
Term
What are the two cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Definition
Macula densa & juxtaglomerular cells
Term
Which of these cells serve as the sensors?
Definition
macula densa
Term
What enzyme does juxtaglomerular cells secrete?
Definition
renin
Term
What reaction does renin catalyze?
Definition
Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
Term
What organ produces angiotensinogen?
Definition
liver
Term
What enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
Definition
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Term
Where is ACE located?
Definition
lung capillaries
Term
What are the functions of angiotensin II?
Definition
A) induces thirst, B) induce vasoconstriction, C) induce the release of ADH/vasopressin from hypothalamus to induce water re-absorption in the kidneys, & D) induce the release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex which induces the re-absorption of sodium
Term
Which cells in the kidneys are sensitive to ADH?
Definition
principal cells
Term
Where are principal cells located?
Definition
distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts
Term
What are the names of the two arterioles that bring blood into and out of the glomerulus?
Definition
afferent(into), efferent(out)
Term
What is the name of the capillary bed that surrounds the renal tubules?
Definition
peritubular capillary
Term
What are the 3 layers/structures that filter blood plasma from the glomerular capillary bed into Bowman’s capsule space?
Definition
endothelial fenestrations, basement membrane, slit membrane
Term
What cells form the slit membranes?
Definition
podocytes
Term
What cells in the kidney tubules secrete hydrogen ions?
Definition
intercalated cells
Term
Starting from Bowman’s capsule space, name the rest of the tubular portion of the nephron?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, papillary ducts
Term
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Definition
stratum basale, stratum spinosus, stratum granuolsum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Term
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
Definition
reticular, papillary
Term
What cell is responsible for the sensation of touch?for immunity?for pigment production? ones that make up the bulk of you skin cells?
Definition
merkel, langerhan, melanocytes, keratinocytes
Term
what is the difference between sudoriferous and sebaceous glands?
Definition
sudoriferous glands(holocrine) are oil glands and sebaceous are sweat glands
Term
what is the difference between eccrine and apocrine glands?
Definition
eccrine-evaporative cooling function,apocrine- not functional until puberty
Term
Which layer of the epidermis is made up of a single layer of mitotically active cells?
Definition
basale
Term
what is keratohyalin?
Definition
keratin precursor
Term
what is eleidin?
Definition
keratin intermediate
Term
what is keratin?
Definition
waterproofs skin and protects
Term
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Definition
naso-, oro-, hypo-
Term
Of these 3 sections of the pharynx which ones are lined with stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition
oro-, hypo-
Term
Name the 3 single pieces of cartilage in the larynx?
Definition
thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
Term
Name the 3 paired pieces of cartilage in the larynx?
Definition
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Term
What type of epithelium would you find on the superior surface of the epiglottis?
Definition
stratified squamous; inferior surface-pseudostratified ciliated
Term
Which lung possesses 3 lobes? 2 lobes?
Definition
3=right 2=left
Term
What fissures separate the lobes of the lung?
Definition
oblique, horizontal=right oblique=left
Term
What would you find in the hilus of the lung?
Definition
where bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit
Term
What portion of the brain controls the basic rhythm of respiration?
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
What portion of the pons prolongs inspiration? Stops inspiration?
Definition
apneustic; pneumotaxic
Term
What main muscle is responsible for inspiration?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
What chemical induces bronchoconstriction? Bronchodilation?
Definition
histamine; epinephrine
Term
What chemical induces bronchoconstriction? Bronchodilation?
Definition
histamine; epinephrine
Term
Would you find cartilage in the walls of your trachea? Main bronchi? Smallest bronchiole?
Definition
yes; no; no
Term
What are 3 major salivary glands?
Definition
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Term
Would you find cartilage in the walls of your trachea? Main bronchi? Smallest bronchiole?
Definition
yes; no; no
Term
What are 3 major salivary glands?
Definition
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Term
What are the 3 types of papillae? Which ones possess taste buds?
Definition
filiform, fungiform, circumvillate; circumvillate, fungiform
Term
What enzymes are secreted in saliva? What do they each digest?
Definition
Salivary amylase=initiates breakdown of starch
lingual lipase= triglycerides
lysozyme= antibacterial
Term
What enzymes are secreted in your stomach? From what cells? What do they each digest?
Definition
Mucous neck cells=secrete mucus
Chief cells=secrete pepsinogen (protein digestion) & gastric lipase (triglyceride)
Parietal cells=secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin (active form), & intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption
G cells=in the pyloric antrum secrete gastrin which stimulates digestive activities
Term
What hormones are secreted from the endocrine portion of the pancreas? What cells produce these hormones?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans. They secrete the hormones:
A. Glucagon (alpha cells - raise blood sugar levels)
B. Insulin (beta cells - lower blood sugar levels)
C. Somatostatin (delta cells - inhibits the secretion of glucagon & insulin)
D. Pancreatic polypeptide (F cells - regulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes)
Term
What enzymes are secreted from the exocrine portion of the pancreas? What are their functions?
Definition
A. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes - trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase for protein digestion
B. Pancreatic amylase for carbohydrates
C. Pancreatic lipase for fats
D. Pancreatic aqueous alkaline secretion to neutralize stomach acid
E. Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease for nucleic acid digestion
Term
What is the function of the gall bladder? Liver?
Definition
liver=
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
2. Lipid metabolism
3. Protein metabolism
4. Removal of drugs & hormones
5. Excretion of bilirubin
6. Synthesis of bile salts
7. Storage of vitamins & minerals
8. Phagocytosis
9. Activation of vitamin D

gall bladder=
stores and concentrates bile
Term
What are the 4 sections of the stomach?
Definition
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
Term
What valve controls the amount of chime released into the duodenum?
Definition
pylorus sphincter
Term
What are the macrophages found in the liver?
Definition
Kupffer's cells
Term
How many muscle layers make up the stomach?
Definition
3; inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitundinal
Term
What are the lamina propria? Muscularis mucosae? Meisnner’s plexus? Auerbach’s plexus?
Definition
areolar CT, supports epithelium connecting it to muscularis mucosae; thin layer of smooth muscle which undulates creating peaks and valleys and increases surface area; autonomic nerve supply to the muscularis mucosae which serves to control secretions; the major nerve supply to the GI tract - controls GI tract motility
Term
What is the difference between segmentation and peristalsis?
Definition
segmentation=mixes
peristalsis= movement of chyme within small intestines. weak contractions
Term
What are the divisions of the large intestines?
Definition
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
What is the function of the ileocecal valve?
Definition
regulates passage of chyme from ilium into the cecum
Term
What are the 3 male accessory sex glands? What do they each secrete? What are the functions of these chemicals?
Definition
Seminal vesicle secretion is/contains:
1. Alkaline to reduce the acidity in the female reproductive tract
2. Fructose for energy
3. Prostaglandins for motility, viability of the sperm, & to induce female muscular contractions once inside the female
4. Semenogelin (fibrinogen derivative) for the coagulation of the semen following ejaculation = helps keep the ejaculated sperm in the female reproductive tract following the withdrawal of the penis

Prostate gland secretion is/contains:
1. Slightly acidic
2. Citric acid for energy
3. Clotting enzymes which cause semenogelin to coagulate following ejaculation
4. Fibrinolysin which de-coagulates the semenogelin a short time later (5 -20 minutes) allowing the sperm to become motile following ejaculation
5. Constitutes ~25% of the volume of the semen

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland secretion consists of alkaline mucus to lubricate the lumen of the urethra
Term
What ligaments support the penis?
Definition
suspensory ligament, fundiform ligament
Term
What are the spongy masses found within the penis?
Definition
corpora cavernosum, corpus spongiosum
Term
What tubules are the site for sperm production?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
What are the functions of Sertoli & Leydig cells?
Definition
Sertoli cells support developing sperm cells, mediate the effects of testosterone, secrete fluid for serm transport, secrete inhibin

Leydig cells secrete testosterone
Term
What are the sections of the sperm?
Definition
acrosome, midpiece, flagellum
Term
Where would you find mitochondria in a sperm?
Definition
midpiece
Term
What is the function of the acrosome?
Definition
breaking through the protective layers surrounding the egg
Term
What structures is the acrosome designed to penetrate?
Definition
egg
Term
What are the 3 sections of the fallopian tubes?
Definition
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
Term
What are the 3 sections of the uterus’ wall?
Definition
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
Term
What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
Definition
stratum basalis, stratum functionalis
Term
What are the 4 phases of the uterine and ovarian cycle?
Definition
menstrual, preovulatory, ovulation, postovulatory
Term
A decline in what hormone induces menses?
Definition
progesterone
Term
What is the function of FSH? LH? hCG? Estrogen? Progesterone?
Definition
FSH-stimulates the growth & development of numerous secondary follicles, each of which will secrete estrogen & inhibin
LH-induces ovulation
hCG-maintains corpus luteum past its 2 weeks life span
estrogen-thickens endometrium, regulates menstrual cycle
progesterone-stimulates growth of lining in uterus where the egg can fertilize and grow
Term
What gene controls the development of the male sex organs?
Definition
SRY(sex determining region of the Y chromosome)
Term
What are the 2 embryonic ducts found in a developing embryo?
Definition
wolffian(primitive male), mullerian(primitive female)
Term
What is the function of the HY antigen? Mullerian inhibiting hormone? Dihydroxytestosterone?
Definition
-HY antigen directs the differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes
-Mullerian inhibiting factor destroys the Mullerian ducts (female embryonic reproductive tubes), while testosterone transforms the Wolffian ducts into the internal male reproductive tube organs
-dihydroxytestosterone directs the development of the male external genitalia
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