Term
|
Definition
| ribs 1-7 are considered the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribs 8-12 are considered the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribs 11-12 are called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ribs contain of __ main parts |
|
|
Term
| 1. head, 2. neck, 3. body, 4. tubercle |
|
Definition
| what are the four main parts that the ribs contain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first rib is the only one with a __ tubercle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is very uncommon for the __ rib to fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the majority of rib fractures are the __ ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ rib fractures are uncommon and very dangerous if this does happen |
|
|
Term
pleura,
kidney,
liver,
and spleen |
|
Definition
| lower rib fractures can lead to damage of the __, the __, __, and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when you have multiple rib fractures, thoracic wall moves freely and is very painful with impaired ventilation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ rib occurs when the rib is attached to the cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually ribs are attached to the __ vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include ischemic muscle pain due to compression of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include pain in the __ side of the forearm and hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include a palpable mass over the __ |
|
|
Term
brachial plexus,
cardiac,
neck |
|
Definition
| a cervical rib can cause pain in the __, __ pain, and __ pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thoracic cage is expanded during __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you breathe in, the thorax therefore __ |
|
|
Term
1. costovertebral joints
2. sternum
3. manubrio-sternal joint
4. costal cartilages
5. kyphosis |
|
Definition
what five things can cause expansion of the thoracic cage?
1. mobility in the __
2. elevation of the __
3. mobility at the __
4. elasticity of __
5. increased __ of the thoracic column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ joints are joints in which the head of each rib articulates with 2 adjacent vertebrae and the disk between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when the thoracic and sacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly, and therefore the person appears hunched over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ scalene muscles |
|
|
Term
1. scalene anterior
2. scalene medius
3. scalene posterior |
|
Definition
| what are the three scalene muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scalene muscles are important because they help with the movement of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scalene muscles help to elevate the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scalene muscles are innervated by the _ |
|
|
Term
brachial plexus
subclavian artery |
|
Definition
| the scalene gap consists of the __ and the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ passes in front of the anterior scalene muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ passes over the anterior scalene muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 12 intercostal nerves consist of __ and __ intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
respiration
elevate
depress |
|
Definition
| the intercostal muscles function in __ and help to __ and __ the ribs |
|
|
Term
| external intercostal muscle |
|
Definition
| __ - starts as a muscle in the front, and then comes around to the back and becomes membrane |
|
|
Term
| internal intercostal muscle |
|
Definition
| __ - starts as membrane in the front, and then comes around to the back and becomes muscle |
|
|
Term
| 1st - 11th intercostal nerves |
|
Definition
| the external intercostal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles are innervated by the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thoracic diaphragm is the main __ muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both the heart and lungs are covered by a __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heart is covered by a membrane called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both the right and left lungs are covered by a membrane called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space in the middle of the lungs is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the mediastinum consists of what?
1. __ mediastinum
2. __ mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superior mediastinum is also called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is found underneath the supracardia or superior mediastinum |
|
|
Term
anterior,
middle,
posterior |
|
Definition
| the inferior mediastinum consists of an __, __, and __ portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supra-cardiac mediastinum consists of __ layers of structures |
|
|
Term
1. thymus
2. great veins
3. arch of aorta
4. trachea
5. esophagus |
|
Definition
| what 5 layers of structures does the supra-cardiac mediastinum consist of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is found partially in the anterior mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ are those that are found near and related to the phrenic nerves, the heart, and the thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ includes its branches and the vagus nerves |
|
|
Term
sympthetic
parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| the arch of aorta includes the __ and __ nerves of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ comes down in between the right and left lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lungs are surrounded by a double-layered membrane called __ |
|
|
Term
| parietal layer or membrane |
|
Definition
| the outer layer of the pleura is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inner layer of the pleura is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pleural cavity contains __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is pressure inside the pleural cavity that leads to the expansion of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during expiration, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is __ of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during inspiration, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is __ of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ pressure inside the pleural cavity is the driving force for expansion of the thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive number for pressure inside the pleural cavity means that the lungs are __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air goes into the pleural cavity |
|
Definition
| what happens if the outside layer of the pleura is damaged? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air going into the pleural cavity leads to __ and the pressure inside the thorax now becomes __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air going into the pleural cavity because the outside layer of the pleura is damaged __ the lungs and can lead to death if the person does not have the fluid inside his __ sucked out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when there is blood found in the thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemothorax is not as serious as when there is blood found in the liver. if one is bleeding from the liver, they can die within __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when air goes in but still comes out. it is not very serious but there is a mediastinal flutter that causes the mediastinum found between the right and left lungs to shift towards the normal side in inspiration but shift to the injured side in expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when air goes in but doesn't come out. this is more damaging than the sucking pneumothorax. the patient usually has a blue tone to his or her face, or cyanosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid found in the pleural cavity is called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when excess fluid is found in the pleural cavity, it is called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when there is excess water found in the thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an example of hydrothorax is __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when there is an infection, usually a pus infection that fills the thorax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs where there is injury to the thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| your senses that allow you to feel something, such as warm coffee, are the __ |
|
|
Term
radial nerve
medial nerve
etc |
|
Definition
| what are some examples of somatic nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ nerves cannot convey pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visceral pleura, or inner layer of the pleura is innervated by __ nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ are the organs of respiration |
|
|
Term
anterior,
posterior,
inferior |
|
Definition
| the lungs are covered by an ___, __, and __ border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inferior boarder of the lungs is at __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in an x-ray the right lung is a bit __ than the left lung |
|
|
Term
larger
shorter
smaller
longer |
|
Definition
| the right lung is __ and __, while the left lung is __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right lung contains __ lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left lung contains __ lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right lung contains a __, __, and __ lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left lung contains a __ and __ lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ - when you tap on the surface of the body to listen for resonance |
|
|
Term
| fluid is found in the cavity |
|
Definition
| percussion can usually measure how much __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when the heart is on the right side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 95% of people have the heart on the __ side, but the heart is often found on the __ side of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ lung also has an impression that the __ lung lacks |
|
|
Term
cardiac impression
the heart |
|
Definition
| the large impression found in the left lung is called a __ and is due to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the trachea is divided into __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ main branches of bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main bronchi is also called the __ bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the secondary bronchus is also called the __ bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tertiary bronchus is also called the __ bronchi |
|
|
Term
| secondary bronchus, or the lobar bronchi |
|
Definition
| the main bronchi or primary bronchus divide into the __ |
|
|
Term
| tertiary bronchus or the segmental bronchi |
|
Definition
| the secondary bronchus or lobar bronchi divide into the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the division of the bronchi into two main primary bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the movement of the blood from the heart and to the lungs, and then back to the heart again |
|
|
Term
deoxygenated blood
oxygentaed blood |
|
Definition
| pulmonary circulation is a circular system that consists of __ and __ |
|
|
Term
pulmonary trunk
arteries
pulmonary veins |
|
Definition
| in pulmonary circulation, the dexygenated blood leaves the heart through the __ and __, gets oxygenated in the lungs, and then travels back to the heart by the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the only vein that contains oxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
middle mediastinum
pericardium |
|
Definition
| the heart occupies the __ and is enclosed by the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pericardium is composed of __ parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the tough layer that is found on the outside of the pericardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visceral and the parietal layer combined form the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is a cavity or space that is found in between the visceral and the parietal layer and this is called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the parietal cavity often contains __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when there is an excess amount of fluid around the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in pericardial effusion, fluid from the perdicardial cappilaries flows into the __ |
|
|
Term
movement
compressible
ineffective |
|
Definition
| in pericardial effusion, fluid from the perdicardial capillaries flows into the pericardial cavity and it restricts the __ of the heart. the heart becomes __ and is __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when the pumping activity of the heart is blocked |
|
|
Term
cardiac output
cardiac tamponade |
|
Definition
| if extensive pericardial effusion exists, or excess fluid is found inside the pericardial cavity, the volume of the sac does not allow full movement or expansion of the heart. this in turn reduces __ which causes __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heart consists of __ chambers |
|
|
Term
1. right atrium
2. left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle |
|
Definition
| what are the four chambers of the heart? |
|
|
Term
| propel blood to all parts of the body |
|
Definition
| the parts of the heart work to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right side of the heart receives __ blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the __, the blood is sent to the lungs to be oxygenated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left side of the heart contains __ blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left side of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs through the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ are chambers of the heart that pump blood into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms the right border of the heart |
|
|
Term
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinuses |
|
Definition
| the right atrium receives blood from the __ and the __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right atrium contains a right __, a muscular pouch that project from this chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms the largest part of the anterior surface of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right ventricle covers almost the entire __ border of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right ventricle receives blood from the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms most of the base of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left atrium contains a muscular left __ that projects from the chamber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left atrium sends oxygenated blood that it receives from the pulmonary veins to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle forms the __ of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle has walls that are two to three times as thick of that of the __ |
|
|
Term
coronary arteries
cardiac veins |
|
Definition
| the blood vessels of the heart consist of the __ and the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coronary arteries and the cardiac veins (blood vessels of the heart) carry blood to and from most of the __ |
|
|
Term
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| the blood vessels of the heart are affected by both __ and __ innervations |
|
|
Term
| aortic sinuses at the proximal part of the ascending aorta |
|
Definition
| the right and left coronary arteries arise from the corresponding __ |
|
|
Term
| left and right atria and ventricles |
|
Definition
| the coronary arteries supply both the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right coronary artery supplies the __ |
|
|
Term
right marginal artery
right posterior interventricular artery
SA nodal artery
AV nodal artery |
|
Definition
| the right coronary artery branches consist of the __, the __, the __, and the __ |
|
|
Term
ventricles
interventricular septum |
|
Definition
| the left coronary artery supplies both of the __, along with the __ |
|
|
Term
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
left marginal artery |
|
Definition
| the left coronary artery branches consist of the __, the __, and the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left marginal artery is a branch of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right atrium has __ parts |
|
|
Term
1. sinus venarum
2. pectinate muscle |
|
Definition
| what two parts make up the right atrium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the smooth part of the right atrium that is found on the posterior side of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the rough part of the right atrium that is found on the anterior side of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth and rough parts of the right atrium atrial wall are separated both __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinus veranum and the pectinate are separated externally by a groove, called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinus veranum and the pectinate are separated internally by a vertical ridge called the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ separates the atria in the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interatrial septum contains a depression about the size of a thumb-print called the __ in adults and __ in newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you are born with a foramen ovale in the interatrial septum, this hole soon closes up and becomes the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when there is an incomplete closure of the foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
left atrium
right atrium
ventricle |
|
Definition
| atrial septal defect often allow oxygenated blood from the lungs to be moved from the __ into the __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when atrial septal defect occurs and the oxygenated blood from the lungs is moved from the left atrium into the right atrium and ventricle, this left to right shift of blood overloads the __ and often causes the right side of the heart to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the largest of the anterior part of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms most of the inferior border of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the superior part of the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conus arteriosus leads into the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inside of the right ventricle contains irregular muscle elevations that are called __ |
|
|
Term
papillary muscles
cusps of the tricuspid valve |
|
Definition
| the tendinous cords extend from the __ to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ gaurds the right AV orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ arise from the papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the papillary muscles are __ projections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
1. anterior
2. posterior
3. septal |
|
Definition
| what are the three papillary muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three papillary muscles arise from the __ |
|
|
Term
cords (cordae tendineae)
cusps |
|
Definition
| the three papillary muscles are supplied by __ that attach to inferior surface of __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the contraction of the papillary muscles tightens the __ and draws the __ together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the contraction of the papillary muscles closes the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the backwards flow of blood is blocked by the __ which are closed in the contraction of the papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms the base of the heart |
|
|
Term
pulmonary veins
superior
inferior |
|
Definition
| the left atrium consists of two __, __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pulmonary veins in the left atrium bring blood from the __ to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left atrium is very similar to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left atrium contains an ear-like __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when fetus' we have whats called a __ which is found in between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of aorta |
|
|
Term
right atrium
left atrium
left ventricle
arch of aorta |
|
Definition
| fetal circulation allows blood to flow from the __ to the __ to the __ and to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal circulation bypasses the __ because it already contains oxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after fetal life (birth), the ductus arteriosus is converted to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ductus arteriosus converting to ligamentum arteriosum allows for the normal __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the ductus arteriosus is not converted to ligamentum arteriosum, it can lead to a __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heart murmur is __ in the flow of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heart murmur is usually due to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle is __ thicker than the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle works harder than the right ventricle because it has to produce a larger and stronger force to pump the blood __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle contains __ papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the two papillary muscles in the left ventricle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unlike the right ventricle, the left ventricle lacks a __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the wall of the left ventricle also contains trabeculae carneae which are more numerous than that found in the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle contains a double-leaflet __ |
|
|
Term
| gaurd the left AV orifice |
|
Definition
| the left ventricles mitral or bicuspid valve works to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricle mitral valve contains __ cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left ventricles mitral valves two cusps are __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each of the cusps of the left ventricles mitral valve connects to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heart contains its own specialized __ system |
|
|
Term
cardiac muscles
conducting fibers |
|
Definition
| the hearts impulse-conducting system consists of __ and highly specialized __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ of the hearts impulse-conducting system initiate impulses and conduct them rapidly throughout the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conducting fibers of the impulse-conducting system of the heart stimulate the rest of the heart muscles to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is located anterolaterally, or at the anterior margin of the orifice of the Superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is a small collection of nodal tissue and specialized cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinuatrial (SA) node is also called the __ of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinuatrial (SA) node initiates and regulates the impulses for contraction, and it gives off an impulse approximately __ times per minute |
|
|
Term
| AV (atrioventricular) node |
|
Definition
| the sinuatrial (SA) nodes impulses for contraction is then sent to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular (AV) node is a __ collection of nodal tissue than the sinuatrial node |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
| the __ is located in the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
right atrium
atrioventricular (AV) bundle (or Bundle of His) |
|
Definition
| the signal generated by the sinuatrial (SA) node passes through the walls of the __. the atrioventricular (AV) node then receives this signal and distributes the signal to the ventricles the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular (AV) bundle is also called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular (AV) node is a bit __ than that of the sinuatrial (SA) node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atriobentricular (AV) node has an impulse frequency of about __ per minute |
|
|
Term
| coronary artery bypass grafting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of __ in America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many things can cause coronary artery disease. all of them, however, end in a decrease in blood supply to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ usually results from a decrease in the blood supply to the myocardial tissue |
|
|
Term
infracted
virtually bloodless |
|
Definition
| in a myocardial infarction, a major artery is blocked and the vessels become __, or __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myocardial infarction leads to __, or death of the vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ means that the pain that occurs from a pinched or narrowed artery |
|
|
Term
| Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
|
Definition
| some patients with severe angina or obstruction of an artery have to undergo a __ procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure is when a part of the artery is cut and grafted onto the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure, the artery used to graft onto the aorta is commonly the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is a fairly large artery that can be easily taken from the lower limb if need be for a CABG procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in CABG, the grafted artery provides a detour for the blood to go around the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is a procedure that often occurs when there is plaque found in an artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coronary angioplasty works to remove plaque from the artery through __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a coronary angioplasty, a __ is placed through the artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the catheter used for a coronary angioplasty has a __ attached to its tip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during a coronary angioplasty, the catheter with a small inflatable balloon is __ at first as it approaches the blockage |
|
|
Term
obstruction
blood to flow through |
|
Definition
| during a coronary angioplasty, the balloon is inflated once reaching the __ and the vessel is stretched so as to allow __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is a way to determine the size and density of the heart using a tapping technique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the common technique of percussion is to create vibration by tapping the chest with a __. you then listen and feel for differences sounds |
|
|
Term
absolute cardiac dullness
relative cardiac dullness |
|
Definition
| percussion of the heart ranges from __ to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is when you listen for sounds in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ main areas in the heart that clinician's are interested in to hear valve sounds (auscultation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the four main areas in the heart that clinician's hear valve sounds are pretty __ apart so the sound produced may be clearly distinguished from the others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ sites of auscultation |
|
|
Term
1. aortic valve
2. pulmonary valve
3. tricuspid valve
4. mitral valve |
|
Definition
| what are the four sites of auscultation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ can be heard through the right second intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ can be heard through the left second intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ can be heard through the left fifth rib |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ can be heard through the left fifth intercostal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the time period when the heart is contracting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ occurs when the heart is in the relaxation phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in systole, an electrical impulse travels down the conducting fibers and triggers the heart to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during systole, the __ and __ contract at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during systole, the right and left atria work to pump blood through the __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in systole, in the beginning of the contraction, all of the valves are __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in systole, when blood is about to be ejected into the aorta, the __ opens. it closes again after the heart is done contracting |
|
|
Term
left
right atria
ventricles |
|
Definition
| during diastole, blood fills both the __ and __ and then beings to fill the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the beginning of the relaxation phase (diatole), the __ and the __ are closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during diastole, the __ then opens during the filling time of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is a large structure in the body that descends from the superior mediastinum into the posterior mediastinum |
|
|
Term
esophageal hiatus
diaphragm |
|
Definition
| the esophagus is a large structure in the body that descends from the superior mediastinum into the posterior mediastinum. it then passes through the __ into the __ at the level of T10 vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus into the diaphragm at the level of __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the esophagus has __ narrowings |
|
|
Term
1. upper sphincter
2. aortic narrowing
3. diaphragmatic narrowing |
|
Definition
| what are the three narrowings of the esophagus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the esophagus is connected to the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the point where the esophagus enters the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the function of the esophagus is to __, or __, to the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thoracic duct is found at __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inferior vena cava is found at __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the basic structure of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells range from __ to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything that is living is composed of __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cell has __ main regions |
|
|
Term
1. nucleus
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| what are the three main regions of the cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the region of the cell that contains the genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ forms the outer structure of the cell |
|
|
Term
internal structure
environment |
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane separates the __ of the cell from the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane of the cell provides a __ between the environment and the cell's internal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane allows certain __ and __ to move into and out of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cells plasma membrane is composed of a __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cells plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids that have both a __ and __ part |
|
|
Term
hydrophilic
water-loving
outside |
|
Definition
| the polar part of the bilayer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane is __, or __, and is therefore on the __ of the membrane |
|
|
Term
hydrophobic
water-fearing
inside |
|
Definition
| the nonpolar part of the bilayer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane is __, or __, and is therefore on the __ of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane of a cell contains __ that can arrange themselves differently within the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane part of the cell has proteins that span the membrane and therefore act as __ and allow molecules to flow through the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane part of the cell has proteins that are found on the __ or __ surface of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ types of membrane proteins that the plasma membrane part of the cell has |
|
|
Term
1. integral proteins
2. peripheral proteins |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of membrane proteins that the plasma membrane part of the cell has? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ span the membrane and extend into the lipid bilayer. they can act as receptors and usually form channels to permit the flow of molecules through the plasma membrane of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ are found on the inner and outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. they support the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ types of transport are used to move substances throughout the membrane of a cell |
|
|
Term
1. passive transport
2. active transport |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of transport are used to move substances throughout the membrane of a cell? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ moves substances into and out of the cell down a gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no energy is needed for __ transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no __ is consumed during passive transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive transport consists of both __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the movement of substances from a higher-concentration region to a lower-concentration region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only small chemicals, such as __ and __ freely diffuse throughout the membrane of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the diffusion of water from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is the movement of a substance across the membrane against the gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy is needed for __ transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy needed for active transport is provided by the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is consumed during active transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are plenty of __ that can be found within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles are found in the __ of the cell |
|
|
Term
1. ribosomes
2. lysosomes
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. mitochondrion ; etc |
|
Definition
| what are examples of organelles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is an organelle that contributes to the distribution of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the endoplasmic reticulum is the pathway for transporting __ and __ throughout the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the endoplasmic reticulum also stores lipids and proteins until __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ types of endoplasmic reticula |
|
|
Term
1. rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| what are the two types of endoplasmic reticula? |
|
|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| the __ is the type of endoplasmic reticula that is covered by ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| the __ is the type of endoplasmic reticula that is smooth and not covered by ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribosomes are the sites for synthesizing __ on the rough endoplasmic reticulum within a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a __ is an organelle within the cell that synthesizes polypeptides, or proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ of ribosomes found within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ribosome is comprised of subunits consisting of __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| ribosomes can be found on the surface of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the packaging and distribution part of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think of the Golgi apparatus as the __ of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Golgi apparatus packages and delivers __, __, and __ throughout the cell and to the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Golgi apparatus contains __ which are sacs or vessels that are then used to package the proteins or lipids and transport them to other areas of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ contain enzymes that are used to digest molecules that have entered the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomes are the __ system of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the __ is the organelle that is comprised of a series of folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mitochondrion's seris of folds are called __ |
|
|
Term
energy production
cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| the mitochondrion's cristae is responsible for the cell's __ and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think of the mitochondrion as the __ of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are __ basic tissues in the body |
|
|
Term
1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. nerve tissue |
|
Definition
| what are the four basic tissues of the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is responsible for covering the entire surface of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in the epithelial tissue are __ packed together and range in __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the epithelial tissue forms the lining for the __ and __ body |
|
|
Term
intercellular spaces
intercellular substance |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells are so tightly packed together that there is almost no __ and a small amount of __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue is usually separated from the underlying tissue by the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basement membrane = a thin sheet of __; it's what what separates the epithelial tissue from the underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basement membrane provides a __ for the epithelium |
|
|
Term
shape
number of layers of which it is composed |
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue can be divided into groups depending on whether you are looking at their __ or the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue can be divided into __ groups concerning the number of cell layers that it contains |
|
|
Term
1. simple epithelium
2. stratified epithelium |
|
Definition
| what two groups can epithelial tissue be divided into concerning the number of cell layers that it contains? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ is epithelial tissue that is only one cell layer thick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _ is the epithelial tissue that consists of multiple layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial cells can also be divided __ groups according to the type of shape they form |
|
|
Term
1. squamos
2. cuboidal
3. columnar |
|
Definition
| what three groups can epithelial cells be divided into according to the type of shape they form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ epithelial cells have a flat appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos epithelial cells consist of very __, __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the shape of the __ sometimes help to clarify what type of cell form the epithelial cell is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos cells tend to have __, __ nuclei due to the flattened form of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos cells are located in the __ |
|
|
Term
1. peritoneum
2. the pericardium
3. the pleura |
|
Definition
| what are examples of the serous membranes in which squamos cells are located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos epithelium is also the __ of the epithelia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squamos epithelium form the lining of __ |
|
|
Term
1. blood vessels
2. heart
3. lungs,
4. mouth |
|
Definition
| what are some examples of squamos epithelium forming the lining of cavities? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ cells roughly take on a square shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuboidal cells also take on a __ shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simple cuboidal epithelium contain a __, __ neuclei |
|
|
Term
glands
lining of the kidney tubules |
|
Definition
| the cuboidal epithelium is found in the __ and also in the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cuboidal cells are also found in the __ and __ portion of the small glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ epithelial cells are usually located in the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the columnar epithelial cells are the __ type |
|
|
Term
stomach,
anal canal,
gall bladder,
excretory ducts of the glands |
|
Definition
| the columnar epithelial cells are found in the __, __, __, and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nuclei of the columnar epithelial cells is __ and usually located near the __ of the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ cells are unicellular glands that are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
secreting mucous
slime like lubricating substance |
|
Definition
| gobler cells are responsible for __, or a __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gobler cells secreting mucous, or a slime like lubricating substance works to keep the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the epithelial tissue are responsible for __ of the underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
chemicals
invading bacteria |
|
Definition
| the epithelial tissue can protect against harmful things such as __ or __ and keep the underlying tissue safe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue are responsible for __ of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the glands, the epithelial tissue is specialized to secret __ |
|
|
Term
1. enzymes
2. hormones
3. lubricating fluids |
|
Definition
| what are examples of chemical substances that the epithelial tissue is secreting in the glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue can also function in __ reception of the body |
|
|
Term
| olfactory epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| epithelial tissue work to protect the sensory reception, such as the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory stimuli penetrate specialized __ cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the __, __, __, and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ are one or more cells that are specialized to secrete a certain product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands can be classified as either __ or __ types |
|
|
Term
| where they release their products |
|
Definition
| whether glands are classified as exocrine or endocrine depend on __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ glands are glands that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine glands are glands that secrete hormones, which end up entering into __ and reach the __ |
|
|
Term
embryological surfaces
ducts |
|
Definition
| during development, endocrine glands lose their contact with __, or __, and become isolated as small blocks of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine glands are often called __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is an example of an endocrine gland? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocrine glands secrete their products __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocrine glands are the glands that retain __ to __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is an example of exocrine glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is a great difference between the __ of glands, specifically between the different types of exocrine glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exocrine glands are classified into __ and __ types |
|
|
Term
1. tubular
2. branched tubular
3. coiled tubular
4. branched alveolar |
|
Definition
| what are the simple types of exocrine glands? |
|
|
Term
1. tubular
2. alveolar
(both look like tree branches with leaves) |
|
Definition
| what are the compound types of exocrine glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocrine and exocrine glands differ in the __ they produce and __ these are sent or released |
|
|
Term
duct
surface to which the duct is in contact |
|
Definition
| in exocrine glands, products of these cells or secreted hormones collect in the __ of the gland and flow toward the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interstitial spaces around the cells |
|
Definition
| since endocrine glands lack ducts, the product is released across the cell membrane into __ |
|
|
Term
1. adhesive proteins
2. contours of adjacent cell membranes
3. cell junctions |
|
Definition
| what holds epithelial cells together? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ proteins are proteins that are responsible for linking the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
tight junctions,
adhering junctions,
desmosomes |
|
Definition
| the special junctions of the cell include __, __, and __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the main parasympathetic nerve of the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many pairs of ribs total are there? |
|
|
Term
| they’re true since they are directly connected to the sternum |
|
Definition
| what makes true ribs true? |
|
|
Term
| they are indirectly joined to the sternum via the cartilage of the 7th rib |
|
Definition
| what makes false ribs false? |
|
|
Term
| they have no connection to the sternum at all |
|
Definition
| what makes floating ribs floating? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs most commonly fractured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which ribs fractures could lead to a damaged pleura and abdominal viscera? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the leading cause of tharicc outlet syndrome? |
|
|
Term
| Upper 1/3 of the sternum; the hips (at the iliac crest) |
|
Definition
| Where can bone marrow be taken from in the body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is located on the sternum at the level of T4? |
|
|
Term
| Bronchi (Corina Biforkation) |
|
Definition
| What biforkates at the level of T4? |
|
|
Term
| When 2 parts of the sternum don’t fuse together leaving vital organs exposed (ex. Heart and lungs) |
|
Definition
| What is a complete sterna cleft? |
|
|
Term
| Scalene muscles., pectoralis major/minor, sternocleidomastoid |
|
Definition
| Which muscles elevate the thoracic cage? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is one of the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| Internal mammary (internal thoracic artery) and great saphenous vein; if you’re not that good use the internal thoracic so that you only have to use 1 cut instead of 2 |
|
Definition
| What are two vessels that can be used for coronary bypasses |
|
|
Term
| - When there’s a narrowing in the aorta so blood from the heart get wspumped more from the upper limbs to the head (heart) leading to a hemmorage. |
|
Definition
| What is coarcation of aorta |
|
|
Term
| - 45X0, female, hypogonadism/many cardiovascular problems |
|
Definition
| What is Turner’s Syndrome? (Genetically, which sex, problems associated with it) |
|
|
Term
| from 2nd-6th rib and from sternum to mid-axillary line |
|
Definition
| Where is the breast anatomically located |
|
|
Term
pectoralis major muscle
serratus anterior |
|
Definition
| 2/3 of the breast rests on the __ and 1/3 of the __ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invasion of the lymphatic system of the breast causes discoloration of what color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the most common place for timorous cells in the breast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20) When breast cancer is present, what could the dimpling skin most likely resemble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 21) During a mastectomy which nerve might be in damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What anatomical structure lies in dermatome T4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 23) What anatomical structure lies in dermatome T10 |
|
|
Term
| Space in between the right and left lungs |
|
Definition
| 24) What is the mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25) What is the main innervations of the diaphragm and its roots |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
Definition
| 26) Which nerve, if disturbed during surgery, could lead to a hoarse sounding voice |
|
|
Term
| - The lungs; parietal, visceral; visceral is closer to the lungs |
|
Definition
| 27) What anatomic structure does the pleura surround and what are its layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 28) Pressure in the lungs is positive or negative at the beginning of inspiration |
|
|
Term
| - Negative pressure (pressure moves from high to low) |
|
Definition
| 29) What is the driving force of inspiration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30) About how many fingers below the viscera of the lung is the costodiaphgramtic recess? |
|
|
Term
| - True, so it’s sharp angle when there is no pathology. |
|
Definition
| 31) The costodiaphragmatic angle is blunt when there is a pnemo/heo thorax; t/f? |
|
|
Term
| When air is able to enter/.leave pleural cavity – not too severe |
|
Definition
| 32) What is sucking pnemothorax? Is it severe |
|
|
Term
| - Air enters the pleural cavity but does not leave, very several build up pressure on lungs making breathing very difficult. |
|
Definition
| 33) What is tension pneumothorax? Is it severe? |
|
|
Term
| - Dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cyanosis (blue), hyper-resonant percussion, black area in lungs on xray. |
|
Definition
| 34) What are some signs of pneumothorax? |
|
|
Term
| - Catherization of Subclavian Vein, brachial pleux block, injures in the neck of the clavicle (apex of the lung extends past the clavicle), during kidney surgery |
|
Definition
| 35) What are some ways in which the pleura could be accidentally damaged? |
|
|
Term
| - True; about 2.5 inches. |
|
Definition
| 36) True/false; the lugns rise above the clavicle? |
|
|
Term
| - Inflammation of the pleura. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - When the parietal layer of the pleura is involved. |
|
Definition
| 38) When would pleuritis cause pain? |
|
|
Term
- Always go superior to the inferior rib. ***
Because there are no interocstals vessesl we want to make sure we don’t damage |
|
Definition
| 39) When puncturing the intercostals space, what is the rule to puncture? why is this a rule? |
|
|
Term
| - A procedure to drain pleural fluid in pathological conditions. |
|
Definition
| 41) What is thoracocentesis (aka Pleural tap)? |
|
|
Term
| - 1-2 ribs below fluid level (determined by percussion) |
|
Definition
| 42) Where should a thoracocentesis be performed? |
|
|
Term
| - Below the 9th intercostals space, because there is a danger of possible damaging the liver. |
|
Definition
| 43) Where should you never perform thorococentesis? Why? |
|
|
Term
| - to give local anesthesia in the case of rib fractures, herpes zosters (shingles ) knee surgery. |
|
Definition
| 44) When would you give someone an intercostals nerve block? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 45) Is the pharynx part of the respirator or digestive tract? |
|
|
Term
| - naso, oro, hypo (laryngo) pharynx |
|
Definition
| 46) What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 47) What, in the pharynx, reflexes to cover the airways when eating food? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 48) What in the esophagus expands laterally to allow the food to pass? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are teeth important in how a singers voice sounds? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 19) How many lobes does the right lung contain? |
|
|
Term
| - Yes; sometimes the Azygous Vein makes an impression on the lung creating a “4th lobe” |
|
Definition
| 50) Does the right lung ever contain a 4th lobe? If so, when? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 51) How many lobes does the left lung contain? |
|
|
Term
| - Lingual, left, when the heart beats. |
|
Definition
| 53) What anatomical structure is known as the “dogs tongue” which lung is it found in? |
|
|
Term
| - Right because the liver pushes it superiorly. |
|
Definition
| 54) Which lung is shorter and thicker? Why is this so? |
|
|
Term
| - 12 cm long. From C6-T4. |
|
Definition
| 55) How long is the trachea? Where does it extend to/from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 56) Which bronchi is shorter/thicker/more vertical? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which bronchi are foreign objects more likely to intrue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 58) What kind of blood do Pulmonary Arteries carry? |
|
|
Term
- Returns to the heart via the inferior/superior vena cava’s->right atrium->tricuspid->pulmonary semilunar valve->pulmonary arteries->lungs **oxygenated ->pulmonary veins ->left atrium->biscupid (mitral valves)->left ventricles->aortic semilunar valve->aorta.
- Blood barrers; pneomocytes; know the numbers.
- Vessel pressure of the oxygen is 46mm of mercury; inside is 98. |
|
Definition
| 59) What is the circulation of blood through the heart? |
|
|
Term
| - Pnemocyte type 2-keeps alveoli open. |
|
Definition
| 60) What type of pnemocytes produces surfactant? What does it do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 61) What do type 1 pnemocytes do? |
|
|
Term
| - from high to low pressure; from alveolas to the blood |
|
Definition
| 62) Which direction does oexygen move in the blood air barrier? |
|
|
Term
| - From the blood vessels to the alveolus. |
|
Definition
| 63) In which direction does CO2 move in the blood air barrier? |
|
|
Term
| - CO2 built up in the blood -> patient turns blue/dark; syanosis. |
|
Definition
| 64) What happens when a person has chronic bonrchitis? |
|
|
Term
| - Blood clots in the lung originating mainly from veins to the lower limb (can happen after surgery) |
|
Definition
| 65) What is pulmonary thromboemboism? |
|
|
Term
| - When blood clots block the pulmonary arteries, can get dislodged during forceful events. (ex. Defacation) |
|
Definition
| 66) What is a saddle embolism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 67) In which direction does the left Vagus Nerve turn in fetal life once the digest tract starts to develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 68) In which direction does the right Vagus Nerve turn in fetal life once the digestive tract starts? |
|
|
Term
| - Endocardium (inside)-myocardium (heart itself)-serrous pericardium (2 layers visceral aka epicardium and parietal)-fibrous pericardium (outermost later) |
|
Definition
| 69) What are the layers of the heart? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 70) From looking at the picture on page 2/slide 3/ppt 2 – where is the finger in the figure? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 71) What structure in the heart can a hand pass through? |
|
|
Term
| - Infection/inflammation of pericardium (can hear friction in the heart) |
|
Definition
| 72) What is pericarditis? |
|
|
Term
| - Accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity. |
|
Definition
| 73) What is pericardial effusion? |
|
|
Term
| - When fluid is removed from the area surround the heart; between 5th and 6th intercostalis (close to the xiphoid process; top) |
|
Definition
| 74) What is pericardiocentesis and where is it performed? |
|
|
Term
| - 2 3 5 and 6; 2-3 incostals spaces; 6-6th costal cartilage; 5-5th intercostals space.at midclavicular line- find the apex of the heart here. |
|
Definition
| 75) What are the boarders of the heart? |
|
|
Term
- SA node -> av node -> of of His -> purkinje fibers
- Sa node – pacemaker
- Avnode – can be pacemaker but not efficient enough |
|
Definition
| 76) What is the conduction system of the heart? |
|
|
Term
| - A foramen ( in embryonic life) that shunts blood way from the pulmonary system from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs; it is found on the interatrial septum. |
|
Definition
| 77) What is the foramen ovale and where is it found? |
|
|
Term
| - Turns into the fossa ovale because of the pressure differences when the baby takes its first breath. |
|
Definition
| 78) What does the foramen ovale turn into after birth and what causes this change? |
|
|
Term
| - Septomarginal trabecula. |
|
Definition
| 79) What is another anme for the moderator band? |
|
|
Term
| - 1 umbilical vein, carries oxygenated blood to the fetus; pulmonary vein also carries oxygenated blood. |
|
Definition
| 80) How many umbilical veins are there and what kind of blood do they carry? |
|
|
Term
| - 2 (one is obliterated) carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus. |
|
Definition
| 81) How many umblicial arteries are there and what kind of blood do they carry? |
|
|
Term
- It’s a canal to help the blood from the right ventricle bypass the lungs located between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of aorta in the fetus.
- Before baby is born it is called ductus arteriousus |
|
Definition
| 82) What is the ductus arteriousus? Where is it located? |
|
|
Term
| - Ligamentum artrioursum, no function, just a ligament! |
|
Definition
| 83) What does the ductus arteriousus turn into after birth? What is it’s function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 84) Pacemaker of the heart? |
|
|
Term
- Systole: pumping motion of heart pump blood into the entire body (last .4 seconds)
- Diastole: relaxation o the heart to refill ventricles with blood (last ,4 seconds) |
|
Definition
| 85) Explain the difference between sytole and diastole? |
|
|
Term
| - Atrioventricular valves – “lub” |
|
Definition
| 86) Which valves help produce the first heart sound? What is the first heart sound? |
|
|
Term
- Aorticpulmonary valves – “dub”
- Semilunar valves. |
|
Definition
| 87) Which valves help produce the second heart sound? What is the second heart sound? |
|
|
Term
| - Streptococcus infection |
|
Definition
| 88) What is the cause of rheumatic fever? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 89) Which cusp does the aortic valve contain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90) Which cusps does the pulmonary valve contain? |
|
|
Term
| -slow heart rate – below 60 bpm |
|
Definition
| 91) What is brady cardia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - in walls of the organs. |
|
Definition
| 94) where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves located? |
|
|
Term
| - plaque buildup in the vessesl compromisisng blood flow (could lead to myocardial infection aka..?) |
|
Definition
| 95) what is artherosceloris? |
|
|
Term
| - diagnostic method to view vessesl to determine where plaque buildup is. |
|
Definition
| 96) what is an angiography? |
|
|
Term
| - angioplasty. Insert catheter ->inflate ballon -> push plaque to sides. |
|
Definition
| 97) what is the method used to help alleviate atherosclerosis? Describe it… |
|
|
Term
- NO if method was attempted it is possible to plaque can tear the vesses causing more problems.
basicilic vein, femoral artery |
|
Definition
| 98_ can plaque be scraped from the vessel walls? |
|
|
Term
| - what are two vessesl that can be used to do catherization of the heart? |
|
Definition
| 99) what are two vessesl that can be used to do catherization of the heart? |
|
|
Term
| - (APTM): aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid, mitral valve. |
|
Definition
| 100) what are the sites of auscultation of the heart? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 101) at what level of the vertebrae does the esophagus start? |
|
|
Term
| - blow the diaphragm (t10-t12) |
|
Definition
| 102) where does the esophagus end? |
|
|
Term
| - 1) upper sphincter 2) aortic narrowing 3) diaphragmatic narrowing. |
|
Definition
| 103) what are the 3 narrowings of the sophagus? |
|
|
Term
| - where the esopophagus enters the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - conveying bolus of food to the stomach. |
|
Definition
| 105) what is the function of the esophagus? |
|
|
Term
| - at the junction of the left internal juglar and left subclavian veins aka left venous angle. |
|
Definition
| 106) where (anatomically) does the lymphatic system empty into venous circulation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 107) where does the azygous sytem drain into? |
|
|
Term
| - formane for the inferior vena cava…inferior vena cava runs through it. |
|
Definition
| 108) what hiatus of the diaphgram is located at TB/ what runs through it? |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal hiatus…esophagus and 2 vagus nerves. |
|
Definition
| 109) what hiatus of the diaphgram is located at T10? What runs through it? |
|
|
Term
| - aortic hiatus…thoracic aorta |
|
Definition
| 110) what hiatus of the diaphragm is located at T12? What runs through it? |
|
|
Term
| - chief muscle of inspiration |
|
Definition
| 111) what is the function of the diaphgram? |
|
|
Term
| - phrenic nerve (C3-C4-C5) |
|
Definition
| 112) what nerve innervaes the diaphragm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 113) what are the basic structural functional nits of life? |
|
|
Term
| - plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus. |
|
Definition
| 114) 3 main regions of the cell? |
|
|
Term
| - separates intracellular from xtracellular. |
|
Definition
| 115) function of the plasma membrane? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 116) what is the plasma membrane made of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 117) T/F the heads of phospholipids are hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| - extending through the membrane (transmembrane) |
|
Definition
| 118) where are integral proteins found in relation to the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
|
Term
| - on the cytoplasmic side. |
|
Definition
| 119) where are the peripheral proteins found in relation to the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
|
Term
| - cell-to-cell binding/recognition |
|
Definition
| 120) glycocalyx function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 121) during endocytosis what is the protein that is resonible for the deformation of the membrane? |
|
|
Term
| - inherited disease – cells cant bind to LDLs – build up of chloestorl in blood – can lead to stroke/myocardial infection. |
|
Definition
| 122) what is familial hyperchloestroiemia? |
|
|
Term
| - proteins – transcription/translation. |
|
Definition
| 123) produced inside of ribosomes? Via what processes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 124) function of the smooth ER in the liver? |
|
|
Term
| - FedEx of the cell – packs.ships products of the rER |
|
Definition
| 125) main function of the golgi apparatus? |
|
|
Term
| - powerhouse of the cell – main site of ATP synthesis. |
|
Definition
| 126) what is the main function of the mitochondria? |
|
|
Term
| - inherited – infants cant break down glycolipids which then accumulate (esp on neurons) – mental retardation/blindness?spastic movements/early death (within 1.5 years) |
|
Definition
| 127) what is Tay-sachs disease? |
|
|
Term
| - degrade free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -> H2O2 degared into H2O and O2 by catalses that poisons |
|
Definition
| 128) what is the function of peroxisomes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 129) know the function of the perxoisomes. Where they found? |
|
|
Term
| - false – microtubules are involved in cell division. |
|
Definition
| 130) microtubes are not involve din cell division? T/F? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 131) motor proteins associated with microtubules called? |
|
|
Term
| - movement – contraction. |
|
Definition
| 132) what is the main function of an actin (micro)filament? |
|
|
Term
| - impermanent structures in the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
| 133) what are cytoplasmic inclusions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 134) how many triplets of microtubules make a centriole? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 135) whathelps form the bases of cilia and flagella? |
|
|
Term
| - thyroid gland – calcitonin. |
|
Definition
| 136) where are parafollicular cells found? What do they secrete? |
|
|
Term
| - simple columnar epithelium. |
|
Definition
| 137) where the esophagus joins the stomach (Cardia) what type of epithelium is continued in the anal canal. |
|
|
Term
| - finer-like projectsion, increase surface area for absorption. |
|
Definition
| 138) what are villi? What is their function? |
|
|
Term
| - because where the cells are attached to the basement membrane it looks as though the nuclei are |
|
Definition
| 139) makes cell pseudostratified? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 140) what does nonkeratizined mean? |
|
|
Term
| - esophagus, mouth, vagina |
|
Definition
| 141) where would you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
|
Term
| - non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
Definition
| 142) before the esophagus meets the stomach (Cardia) what type of epithelium is found here? |
|
|
Term
| - stratified cuboidal epithelium. |
|
Definition
| 143) what epithelium is found in large ducts of glands? |
|
|
Term
| - transitional epithelium. |
|
Definition
| 144) what type of eptithelijm is found in the urinary tract? |
|
|
Term
| - flattened into an umbrella shape. |
|
Definition
| 145) what happens to the transitional epithelium when urine passes over them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 150) glands are classified as ductless glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 151) which part of the pancreas is responsible for producing insulin and glucagons? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 152) which part of the pancreas is responsible for prudocing enzymes that break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An apical lung tumor is the description of which of the following tumors |
|
|
Term
| b. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
Definition
| 44. COPD is the abbreviation for which of the following? |
|
|
Term
| b. Inflammation of the hyperplasia |
|
Definition
| 43. Chronic bronchitis is correctly described as which of the following? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 37. Which of the following correctly describes the pleural nerve supply to the visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 36. The pharynx consists of three parts. Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the pharynx? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 35. There is pain of the pleura only if which of the following is involved? |
|
|
Term
| d. It is related to the coarctation of Aorta |
|
Definition
| 28. Which of the following is NOT correct concerning Gynecomastia? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 27. What percentage of the lymphatics is drained by the axillary nodes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 26. Which hormone leads to the development of milk secreting lobules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25. Which hormone leads to the growth of the tubular system? |
|
|
Term
a. Gynestomastia
b. Klinefelter syndrome |
|
Definition
| 24. What is the most common congenital cause of infertility in males? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 23. The Mammary gland is what type of gland? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 22. The breast is composed of lobules of how many glandular tissues, or mammary glands? |
|
|
Term
a. Internal Thoracic artery
b. Axillary artery
c. Intercostal arteries |
|
Definition
| 19. Which of the following supplies blood to the breast? |
|
|
Term
a. Glandular Tissue
b. Adipose Tissue |
|
Definition
| 17. The breast is composed of which type of tissue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16. What is the function of the breast? |
|
|
Term
| b. Elevate and depress the ribs |
|
Definition
| 12. What is the function of the intercostal muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9. Which of the following nerves passes over the Anterior Scalene Muscle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6. Cervical rib is a condition of the compression of which artery? |
|
|
Term
a. Subclavian Artery
b. Brachial Plexus |
|
Definition
| 4. What passes over the groves of the first rib? |
|
|
