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Exam III
Lung and Thorax, Samsam
571
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2011

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Cards

Term
true ribs
Definition
ribs 1-7 are considered the __
Term
false ribs
Definition
ribs 8-12 are considered the __
Term
floating ribs
Definition
ribs 11-12 are called the __
Term
four
Definition
the ribs contain of __ main parts
Term
1. head, 2. neck, 3. body, 4. tubercle
Definition
what are the four main parts that the ribs contain
Term
Scalene
Definition
the first rib is the only one with a __ tubercle
Term
first
Definition
it is very uncommon for the __ rib to fracture
Term
middle
Definition
the majority of rib fractures are the __ ribs
Term
lower
Definition
__ rib fractures are uncommon and very dangerous if this does happen
Term
pleura,
kidney,
liver,
and spleen
Definition
lower rib fractures can lead to damage of the __, the __, __, and __
Term
flail chest
Definition
__ occurs when you have multiple rib fractures, thoracic wall moves freely and is very painful with impaired ventilation.
Term
cervical
Definition
a __ rib occurs when the rib is attached to the cervical vertebrae
Term
thoracic
Definition
usually ribs are attached to the __ vertebrae
Term
subclavian artery
Definition
signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include ischemic muscle pain due to compression of the __
Term
ulnar
Definition
signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include pain in the __ side of the forearm and hand
Term
clavicle
Definition
signs and symptoms of a cervical rib include a palpable mass over the __
Term
brachial plexus,
cardiac,
neck
Definition
a cervical rib can cause pain in the __, __ pain, and __ pain
Term
inspiration
Definition
the thoracic cage is expanded during __
Term
widens
Definition
when you breathe in, the thorax therefore __
Term
1. costovertebral joints
2. sternum
3. manubrio-sternal joint
4. costal cartilages
5. kyphosis
Definition
what five things can cause expansion of the thoracic cage?
1. mobility in the __
2. elevation of the __
3. mobility at the __
4. elasticity of __
5. increased __ of the thoracic column
Term
costovertebral
Definition
the __ joints are joints in which the head of each rib articulates with 2 adjacent vertebrae and the disk between them
Term
kyphosis
Definition
__ occurs when the thoracic and sacral vertebrae are concave anteriorly, and therefore the person appears hunched over
Term
three
Definition
there are __ scalene muscles
Term
1. scalene anterior
2. scalene medius
3. scalene posterior
Definition
what are the three scalene muscles?
Term
thoracic cage
Definition
the scalene muscles are important because they help with the movement of the __
Term
thoracic cage
Definition
the scalene muscles help to elevate the __
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
the scalene muscles are innervated by the _
Term
brachial plexus
subclavian artery
Definition
the scalene gap consists of the __ and the __
Term
subclavian vein
Definition
the __ passes in front of the anterior scalene muscle
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
the __ passes over the anterior scalene muscle
Term
12
Definition
there are __ intercostal nerves
Term
internal
external
Definition
the 12 intercostal nerves consist of __ and __ intercostal nerves
Term
respiration
elevate
depress
Definition
the intercostal muscles function in __ and help to __ and __ the ribs
Term
external intercostal muscle
Definition
__ - starts as a muscle in the front, and then comes around to the back and becomes membrane
Term
internal intercostal muscle
Definition
__ - starts as membrane in the front, and then comes around to the back and becomes muscle
Term
1st - 11th intercostal nerves
Definition
the external intercostal muscles and the internal intercostal muscles are innervated by the __
Term
respiratory
Definition
the thoracic diaphragm is the main __ muscle
Term
double-layered membrane
Definition
both the heart and lungs are covered by a __
Term
pericardium
Definition
the heart is covered by a membrane called the __
Term
pleura
Definition
both the right and left lungs are covered by a membrane called __
Term
mediastinum
Definition
the space in the middle of the lungs is called the __
Term
1. superior
2. inferior
Definition
the mediastinum consists of what?
1. __ mediastinum
2. __ mediastinum
Term
supracardiac
Definition
the superior mediastinum is also called the __
Term
inferior mediastinum
Definition
the __ is found underneath the supracardia or superior mediastinum
Term
anterior,
middle,
posterior
Definition
the inferior mediastinum consists of an __, __, and __ portion
Term
five
Definition
the supra-cardiac mediastinum consists of __ layers of structures
Term
1. thymus
2. great veins
3. arch of aorta
4. trachea
5. esophagus
Definition
what 5 layers of structures does the supra-cardiac mediastinum consist of?
Term
thymus
Definition
the __ is found partially in the anterior mediastinum
Term
great veins
Definition
the __ are those that are found near and related to the phrenic nerves, the heart, and the thoracic duct
Term
arch of aorta
Definition
the __ includes its branches and the vagus nerves
Term
sympthetic
parasympathetic
Definition
the arch of aorta includes the __ and __ nerves of the heart
Term
trachea
Definition
the __ comes down in between the right and left lung
Term
pleura
Definition
the lungs are surrounded by a double-layered membrane called __
Term
parietal layer or membrane
Definition
the outer layer of the pleura is called the __
Term
visceral layer
Definition
the inner layer of the pleura is called the __
Term
pleural fluid
Definition
the pleural cavity contains __
Term
thorax
Definition
there is pressure inside the pleural cavity that leads to the expansion of the __
Term
-3 to -5 cm
Definition
during expiration, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is __ of water
Term
-6 to -8 cm
Definition
during inspiration, the pressure inside the pleural cavity is __ of water
Term
negative
Definition
__ pressure inside the pleural cavity is the driving force for expansion of the thorax
Term
compressed
Definition
a positive number for pressure inside the pleural cavity means that the lungs are __
Term
758
Definition
1 atm = __ mmHg
Term
air goes into the pleural cavity
Definition
what happens if the outside layer of the pleura is damaged?
Term
pnuemothorax
positive
Definition
air going into the pleural cavity leads to __ and the pressure inside the thorax now becomes __
Term
compresses
thorax
Definition
air going into the pleural cavity because the outside layer of the pleura is damaged __ the lungs and can lead to death if the person does not have the fluid inside his __ sucked out
Term
hemothorax
Definition
__ occurs when there is blood found in the thorax
Term
minutes
Definition
hemothorax is not as serious as when there is blood found in the liver. if one is bleeding from the liver, they can die within __
Term
sucking pneumothorax
Definition
__ occurs when air goes in but still comes out. it is not very serious but there is a mediastinal flutter that causes the mediastinum found between the right and left lungs to shift towards the normal side in inspiration but shift to the injured side in expiration
Term
tension pneumothorax
Definition
__ occurs when air goes in but doesn't come out. this is more damaging than the sucking pneumothorax. the patient usually has a blue tone to his or her face, or cyanosis
Term
pleural fluid
Definition
fluid found in the pleural cavity is called __
Term
pleural effusion
Definition
when excess fluid is found in the pleural cavity, it is called __
Term
hydrothorax
Definition
__ occurs when there is excess water found in the thorax
Term
congestive heart failure
Definition
an example of hydrothorax is __
Term
pyothorax
Definition
__ occurs when there is an infection, usually a pus infection that fills the thorax
Term
chylothorax
Definition
__ occurs where there is injury to the thoracic duct
Term
somatic nerves
Definition
your senses that allow you to feel something, such as warm coffee, are the __
Term
radial nerve
medial nerve
etc
Definition
what are some examples of somatic nerves
Term
autonomic
Definition
the __ nerves cannot convey pain
Term
autonomic
Definition
the visceral pleura, or inner layer of the pleura is innervated by __ nerves
Term
lungs
Definition
the __ are the organs of respiration
Term
anterior,
posterior,
inferior
Definition
the lungs are covered by an ___, __, and __ border
Term
6, 8, and 10 ribs
Definition
the inferior boarder of the lungs is at __
Term
midclavicular
Definition
the __ is at rib 6
Term
midaxillary
Definition
the __ is at rib 8
Term
scapular
Definition
the __ is at rib 10
Term
higher
Definition
in an x-ray the right lung is a bit __ than the left lung
Term
larger
shorter
smaller
longer
Definition
the right lung is __ and __, while the left lung is __ and __
Term
three
Definition
the right lung contains __ lobes
Term
two
Definition
the left lung contains __ lobes
Term
superior,
middle,
inferior
Definition
the right lung contains a __, __, and __ lobe
Term
superior
inferior
Definition
the left lung contains a __ and __ lobe
Term
percussion
Definition
__ - when you tap on the surface of the body to listen for resonance
Term
fluid is found in the cavity
Definition
percussion can usually measure how much __
Term
dextracardia
Definition
__ occurs when the heart is on the right side.
Term
left
right
Definition
95% of people have the heart on the __ side, but the heart is often found on the __ side of the body
Term
left
right
Definition
the __ lung also has an impression that the __ lung lacks
Term
cardiac impression
the heart
Definition
the large impression found in the left lung is called a __ and is due to __
Term
bronchi
Definition
the trachea is divided into __
Term
three
Definition
there are __ main branches of bronchi
Term
primary
Definition
the main bronchi is also called the __ bronchus
Term
lobar
Definition
the secondary bronchus is also called the __ bronchi
Term
segmental
Definition
the tertiary bronchus is also called the __ bronchi
Term
secondary bronchus, or the lobar bronchi
Definition
the main bronchi or primary bronchus divide into the __
Term
tertiary bronchus or the segmental bronchi
Definition
the secondary bronchus or lobar bronchi divide into the __
Term
carina
Definition
the __ is the division of the bronchi into two main primary bronchus
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
__ is the movement of the blood from the heart and to the lungs, and then back to the heart again
Term
deoxygenated blood
oxygentaed blood
Definition
pulmonary circulation is a circular system that consists of __ and __
Term
pulmonary trunk
arteries
pulmonary veins
Definition
in pulmonary circulation, the dexygenated blood leaves the heart through the __ and __, gets oxygenated in the lungs, and then travels back to the heart by the __
Term
pulmonary vein
Definition
the __ is the only vein that contains oxygenated blood
Term
pulmonary artery
Definition
the __ is the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood
Term
middle mediastinum
pericardium
Definition
the heart occupies the __ and is enclosed by the __
Term
two
Definition
the pericardium is composed of __ parts
Term
fibrous pericardium
Definition
the __ is the tough layer that is found on the outside of the pericardium
Term
serous pericardium
Definition
the visceral and the parietal layer combined form the __
Term
parietal cavity
Definition
there is a cavity or space that is found in between the visceral and the parietal layer and this is called the __
Term
fluid
Definition
the parietal cavity often contains __
Term
pericardial effusion
Definition
__ occurs when there is an excess amount of fluid around the heart.
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
in pericardial effusion, fluid from the perdicardial cappilaries flows into the __
Term
movement
compressible
ineffective
Definition
in pericardial effusion, fluid from the perdicardial capillaries flows into the pericardial cavity and it restricts the __ of the heart. the heart becomes __ and is __
Term
cardia tamponade
Definition
__ occurs when the pumping activity of the heart is blocked
Term
cardiac output
cardiac tamponade
Definition
if extensive pericardial effusion exists, or excess fluid is found inside the pericardial cavity, the volume of the sac does not allow full movement or expansion of the heart. this in turn reduces __ which causes __
Term
four
Definition
the heart consists of __ chambers
Term
1. right atrium
2. left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
Definition
what are the four chambers of the heart?
Term
propel blood to all parts of the body
Definition
the parts of the heart work to __
Term
deoxygenated
Definition
the right side of the heart receives __ blood
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the __
Term
inferior vena cava
Definition
the __ pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary trunk
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
from the __, the blood is sent to the lungs to be oxygenated
Term
oxygenated
Definition
the left side of the heart contains __ blood
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
the left side of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs through the __
Term
atria
Definition
the __ are chambers of the heart that pump blood into the ventricles
Term
right atrium
Definition
the __ forms the right border of the heart
Term
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinuses
Definition
the right atrium receives blood from the __ and the __ and __
Term
auricle
Definition
the right atrium contains a right __, a muscular pouch that project from this chamber
Term
right ventricle
Definition
the __ forms the largest part of the anterior surface of the heart
Term
inferior
Definition
the right ventricle covers almost the entire __ border of the heart
Term
right atrium
Definition
the right ventricle receives blood from the __
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through the __
Term
left atrium
Definition
the __ forms most of the base of the heart
Term
auricle
Definition
the left atrium contains a muscular left __ that projects from the chamber.
Term
left ventricle
Definition
the left atrium sends oxygenated blood that it receives from the pulmonary veins to the __
Term
apex
Definition
the left ventricle forms the __ of the heart
Term
right ventricle
Definition
the left ventricle has walls that are two to three times as thick of that of the __
Term
coronary arteries
cardiac veins
Definition
the blood vessels of the heart consist of the __ and the __
Term
myocardium
Definition
the coronary arteries and the cardiac veins (blood vessels of the heart) carry blood to and from most of the __
Term
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Definition
the blood vessels of the heart are affected by both __ and __ innervations
Term
aortic sinuses at the proximal part of the ascending aorta
Definition
the right and left coronary arteries arise from the corresponding __
Term
left and right atria and ventricles
Definition
the coronary arteries supply both the __
Term
right atrium
Definition
the right coronary artery supplies the __
Term
right marginal artery
right posterior interventricular artery
SA nodal artery
AV nodal artery
Definition
the right coronary artery branches consist of the __, the __, the __, and the __
Term
ventricles
interventricular septum
Definition
the left coronary artery supplies both of the __, along with the __
Term
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
left marginal artery
Definition
the left coronary artery branches consist of the __, the __, and the __
Term
circumflex artery
Definition
the left marginal artery is a branch of the __
Term
two
Definition
the right atrium has __ parts
Term
1. sinus venarum
2. pectinate muscle
Definition
what two parts make up the right atrium?
Term
sinus venarum
Definition
the __ is the smooth part of the right atrium that is found on the posterior side of the heart
Term
pectinate muscle
Definition
the __ is the rough part of the right atrium that is found on the anterior side of the heart
Term
externally
internally
Definition
the smooth and rough parts of the right atrium atrial wall are separated both __ and __
Term
sulcus terminalis
Definition
the sinus veranum and the pectinate are separated externally by a groove, called the __
Term
crista terminalis
Definition
the sinus veranum and the pectinate are separated internally by a vertical ridge called the __
Term
interatrial septum
Definition
the __ separates the atria in the heart
Term
fossa ovale
foramen ovale
Definition
the interatrial septum contains a depression about the size of a thumb-print called the __ in adults and __ in newborns
Term
hole
depressed area
Definition
foramen = __
fossa = __
Term
fossa ovale
Definition
you are born with a foramen ovale in the interatrial septum, this hole soon closes up and becomes the __
Term
atrial septal defect
Definition
__ occurs when there is an incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
Term
left atrium
right atrium
ventricle
Definition
atrial septal defect often allow oxygenated blood from the lungs to be moved from the __ into the __ and __
Term
pulmonary system
enlarge
Definition
when atrial septal defect occurs and the oxygenated blood from the lungs is moved from the left atrium into the right atrium and ventricle, this left to right shift of blood overloads the __ and often causes the right side of the heart to __
Term
right ventricle
Definition
the __ is the largest of the anterior part of the heart
Term
right atrium
Definition
the __ forms most of the inferior border of the heart
Term
conus arteriosus
Definition
the __ is the superior part of the right ventricle
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
the conus arteriosus leads into the __
Term
trabeculae carneae
Definition
the inside of the right ventricle contains irregular muscle elevations that are called __
Term
papillary muscles
cusps of the tricuspid valve
Definition
the tendinous cords extend from the __ to the __
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
the __ gaurds the right AV orifice
Term
tendinous cords
Definition
the __ arise from the papillary muscles
Term
conical muscular
Definition
the papillary muscles are __ projections
Term
three
Definition
there are __ papillary muscles
Term
1. anterior
2. posterior
3. septal
Definition
what are the three papillary muscles?
Term
myocardium
Definition
the three papillary muscles arise from the __
Term
cords (cordae tendineae)
cusps
Definition
the three papillary muscles are supplied by __ that attach to inferior surface of __
Term
tendinous cords
cusps
Definition
the contraction of the papillary muscles tightens the __ and draws the __ together
Term
AV valves
Definition
the contraction of the papillary muscles closes the __
Term
valve cusps
Definition
the backwards flow of blood is blocked by the __ which are closed in the contraction of the papillary muscles
Term
left atrium
Definition
the __ forms the base of the heart
Term
pulmonary veins
superior
inferior
Definition
the left atrium consists of two __, __ and __
Term
lungs
left atrium
Definition
the pulmonary veins in the left atrium bring blood from the __ to the __
Term
right atrium
Definition
the left atrium is very similar to the __
Term
auricle
Definition
the left atrium contains an ear-like __
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
when fetus' we have whats called a __ which is found in between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of aorta
Term
right atrium
left atrium
left ventricle
arch of aorta
Definition
fetal circulation allows blood to flow from the __ to the __ to the __ and to the __
Term
lungs
Definition
fetal circulation bypasses the __ because it already contains oxygenated blood
Term
ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
after fetal life (birth), the ductus arteriosus is converted to __
Term
ciculation of blood
Definition
the ductus arteriosus converting to ligamentum arteriosum allows for the normal __
Term
heart murmur
Definition
if the ductus arteriosus is not converted to ligamentum arteriosum, it can lead to a __
Term
turbulence
Definition
a heart murmur is __ in the flow of blood
Term
valve failing to open
Definition
a heart murmur is usually due to __
Term
two times
Definition
the left ventricle is __ thicker than the right ventricle
Term
through the body
Definition
the left ventricle works harder than the right ventricle because it has to produce a larger and stronger force to pump the blood __
Term
two
Definition
the left ventricle contains __ papillary muscles
Term
1. anterior
2. posterior
Definition
what are the two papillary muscles in the left ventricle?
Term
septal papillary muscle
Definition
unlike the right ventricle, the left ventricle lacks a __
Term
right ventricle
Definition
the wall of the left ventricle also contains trabeculae carneae which are more numerous than that found in the __
Term
mitral valve
Definition
the left ventricle contains a double-leaflet __
Term
gaurd the left AV orifice
Definition
the left ventricles mitral or bicuspid valve works to __
Term
two
Definition
the left ventricle mitral valve contains __ cusps
Term
anterior
posterior
Definition
the left ventricles mitral valves two cusps are __ and __
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
each of the cusps of the left ventricles mitral valve connects to the __
Term
impulse-conducting
Definition
the heart contains its own specialized __ system
Term
cardiac muscles
conducting fibers
Definition
the hearts impulse-conducting system consists of __ and highly specialized __
Term
conducting fibers
Definition
the __ of the hearts impulse-conducting system initiate impulses and conduct them rapidly throughout the heart
Term
contract
Definition
the conducting fibers of the impulse-conducting system of the heart stimulate the rest of the heart muscles to __
Term
sinuatrial
Definition
SA node = __
Term
atrioventricular
Definition
AV node = __
Term
sinuatrial (SA) node
Definition
the __ is located anterolaterally, or at the anterior margin of the orifice of the Superior vena cava
Term
sinuatrial (SA) node
Definition
the __ is a small collection of nodal tissue and specialized cardiac muscle fibers
Term
pacemaker
Definition
the sinuatrial (SA) node is also called the __ of the heart
Term
70
Definition
the sinuatrial (SA) node initiates and regulates the impulses for contraction, and it gives off an impulse approximately __ times per minute
Term
AV (atrioventricular) node
Definition
the sinuatrial (SA) nodes impulses for contraction is then sent to the __
Term
smaller
Definition
the atrioventricular (AV) node is a __ collection of nodal tissue than the sinuatrial node
Term
atrioventricular (AV) node
Definition
the __ is located in the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus
Term
right atrium
atrioventricular (AV) bundle (or Bundle of His)
Definition
the signal generated by the sinuatrial (SA) node passes through the walls of the __. the atrioventricular (AV) node then receives this signal and distributes the signal to the ventricles the __
Term
Bundle of His
Definition
the atrioventricular (AV) bundle is also called __
Term
slower
Definition
the atrioventricular (AV) node is a bit __ than that of the sinuatrial (SA) node
Term
60
Definition
the atriobentricular (AV) node has an impulse frequency of about __ per minute
Term
coronary artery bypass grafting
Definition
CABG = __
Term
death
Definition
coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of __ in America
Term
myocardial tissue
Definition
many things can cause coronary artery disease. all of them, however, end in a decrease in blood supply to the __
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
__ usually results from a decrease in the blood supply to the myocardial tissue
Term
infracted
virtually bloodless
Definition
in a myocardial infarction, a major artery is blocked and the vessels become __, or __
Term
necrosis
Definition
myocardial infarction leads to __, or death of the vessel
Term
angina
Definition
__ means that the pain that occurs from a pinched or narrowed artery
Term
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Definition
some patients with severe angina or obstruction of an artery have to undergo a __ procedure
Term
ascending aorta
Definition
a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure is when a part of the artery is cut and grafted onto the __
Term
great saphenous vein
Definition
in a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure, the artery used to graft onto the aorta is commonly the __
Term
great saphenous vein
Definition
the __ is a fairly large artery that can be easily taken from the lower limb if need be for a CABG procedure
Term
blocked area
Definition
in CABG, the grafted artery provides a detour for the blood to go around the __
Term
coronary angioplasty
Definition
__ is a procedure that often occurs when there is plaque found in an artery
Term
catheritization
Definition
a coronary angioplasty works to remove plaque from the artery through __
Term
catheter
Definition
in a coronary angioplasty, a __ is placed through the artery.
Term
small inflatable balloon
Definition
the catheter used for a coronary angioplasty has a __ attached to its tip
Term
deflated
Definition
during a coronary angioplasty, the catheter with a small inflatable balloon is __ at first as it approaches the blockage
Term
obstruction
blood to flow through
Definition
during a coronary angioplasty, the balloon is inflated once reaching the __ and the vessel is stretched so as to allow __
Term
percussion
Definition
__ is a way to determine the size and density of the heart using a tapping technique
Term
finger
Definition
the common technique of percussion is to create vibration by tapping the chest with a __. you then listen and feel for differences sounds
Term
absolute cardiac dullness
relative cardiac dullness
Definition
percussion of the heart ranges from __ to __
Term
auscultation
Definition
__ is when you listen for sounds in the body
Term
four
Definition
there are __ main areas in the heart that clinician's are interested in to hear valve sounds (auscultation)
Term
wide
Definition
the four main areas in the heart that clinician's hear valve sounds are pretty __ apart so the sound produced may be clearly distinguished from the others
Term
four
Definition
there are __ sites of auscultation
Term
1. aortic valve
2. pulmonary valve
3. tricuspid valve
4. mitral valve
Definition
what are the four sites of auscultation?
Term
aortic valve
Definition
the __ can be heard through the right second intercostal space
Term
pulmonary valve
Definition
the __ can be heard through the left second intercostal space
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
the __ can be heard through the left fifth rib
Term
mitral valve
Definition
the __ can be heard through the left fifth intercostal space
Term
systole
Definition
__ is the time period when the heart is contracting
Term
diastole
Definition
__ occurs when the heart is in the relaxation phase
Term
contract
Definition
in systole, an electrical impulse travels down the conducting fibers and triggers the heart to __
Term
right
left atria
Definition
during systole, the __ and __ contract at the same time
Term
right
left ventricle
Definition
during systole, the right and left atria work to pump blood through the __ and __
Term
closed
Definition
in systole, in the beginning of the contraction, all of the valves are __
Term
aortic valve
Definition
in systole, when blood is about to be ejected into the aorta, the __ opens. it closes again after the heart is done contracting
Term
left
right atria
ventricles
Definition
during diastole, blood fills both the __ and __ and then beings to fill the __
Term
AV
aortic valves
Definition
in the beginning of the relaxation phase (diatole), the __ and the __ are closed
Term
atrioventricular valve
Definition
during diastole, the __ then opens during the filling time of the ventricles
Term
esophagus
Definition
the __ is a large structure in the body that descends from the superior mediastinum into the posterior mediastinum
Term
esophageal hiatus
diaphragm
Definition
the esophagus is a large structure in the body that descends from the superior mediastinum into the posterior mediastinum. it then passes through the __ into the __ at the level of T10 vertebra
Term
T10 vertebra
Definition
the esophagus passes through the esophageal hiatus into the diaphragm at the level of __
Term
three
Definition
the esophagus has __ narrowings
Term
1. upper sphincter
2. aortic narrowing
3. diaphragmatic narrowing
Definition
what are the three narrowings of the esophagus?
Term
stomach
Definition
the esophagus is connected to the __
Term
cardia
Definition
the __ is the point where the esophagus enters the stomach
Term
relay food
bolus of food
Definition
the function of the esophagus is to __, or __, to the stomach
Term
T12
Definition
the aorta is found at __
Term
T12
Definition
the thoracic duct is found at __
Term
T8
Definition
the inferior vena cava is found at __
Term
cell
Definition
the __ is the basic structure of life
Term
unicellular
multicellular
Definition
cells range from __ to __
Term
cells
Definition
everything that is living is composed of __
Term
three
Definition
the cell has __ main regions
Term
1. nucleus
2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm
Definition
what are the three main regions of the cell?
Term
nucleus
Definition
the __ is the region of the cell that contains the genetic material
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
the __ forms the outer structure of the cell
Term
internal structure
environment
Definition
the plasma membrane separates the __ of the cell from the __
Term
selective barrier
Definition
the plasma membrane of the cell provides a __ between the environment and the cell's internal structures
Term
substances
chemicals
Definition
the plasma membrane allows certain __ and __ to move into and out of the cell
Term
bilayer of phospholipids
Definition
a cells plasma membrane is composed of a __
Term
polar
nonpolar
Definition
a cells plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids that have both a __ and __ part
Term
hydrophilic
water-loving
outside
Definition
the polar part of the bilayer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane is __, or __, and is therefore on the __ of the membrane
Term
hydrophobic
water-fearing
inside
Definition
the nonpolar part of the bilayer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane is __, or __, and is therefore on the __ of the membrane
Term
proteins
Definition
the plasma membrane of a cell contains __ that can arrange themselves differently within the membrane
Term
channels
Definition
the plasma membrane part of the cell has proteins that span the membrane and therefore act as __ and allow molecules to flow through the membrane
Term
inner
outer
Definition
the plasma membrane part of the cell has proteins that are found on the __ or __ surface of the membrane
Term
two
Definition
there are __ types of membrane proteins that the plasma membrane part of the cell has
Term
1. integral proteins
2. peripheral proteins
Definition
what are the two types of membrane proteins that the plasma membrane part of the cell has?
Term
integral proteins
Definition
__ span the membrane and extend into the lipid bilayer. they can act as receptors and usually form channels to permit the flow of molecules through the plasma membrane of a cell
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
__ are found on the inner and outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. they support the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of a cell
Term
two
Definition
__ types of transport are used to move substances throughout the membrane of a cell
Term
1. passive transport
2. active transport
Definition
what are the two types of transport are used to move substances throughout the membrane of a cell?
Term
passive transport
Definition
__ moves substances into and out of the cell down a gradient
Term
passive
Definition
no energy is needed for __ transport
Term
ATP
Definition
no __ is consumed during passive transport
Term
diffusion
osmosis
Definition
passive transport consists of both __ and __
Term
diffusion
Definition
__ is the movement of substances from a higher-concentration region to a lower-concentration region
Term
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Definition
only small chemicals, such as __ and __ freely diffuse throughout the membrane of a cell
Term
osmosis
Definition
__ is the diffusion of water from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower concentration
Term
active transport
Definition
__ is the movement of a substance across the membrane against the gradient
Term
active
Definition
energy is needed for __ transport
Term
cell
Definition
the energy needed for active transport is provided by the __
Term
ATP
Definition
__ is consumed during active transport
Term
organelles
Definition
there are plenty of __ that can be found within a cell
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
organelles are found in the __ of the cell
Term
1. ribosomes
2. lysosomes
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. mitochondrion ; etc
Definition
what are examples of organelles?
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
the __ is an organelle that contributes to the distribution of the cytoplasm
Term
lipids
proteins
Definition
the endoplasmic reticulum is the pathway for transporting __ and __ throughout the cell
Term
a cell needs them
Definition
the endoplasmic reticulum also stores lipids and proteins until __
Term
two
Definition
there are __ types of endoplasmic reticula
Term
1. rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticula?
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
the __ is the type of endoplasmic reticula that is covered by ribosomes
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
the __ is the type of endoplasmic reticula that is smooth and not covered by ribosomes
Term
protein
Definition
ribosomes are the sites for synthesizing __ on the rough endoplasmic reticulum within a cell
Term
ribosome
Definition
a __ is an organelle within the cell that synthesizes polypeptides, or proteins
Term
thousands
Definition
there are __ of ribosomes found within the cell
Term
protein
ribosomal RNA
Definition
a ribosome is comprised of subunits consisting of __ and __
Term
rRNA
Definition
ribosomal RNA = __
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
ribosomes can be found on the surface of the __
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
the __ is the packaging and distribution part of the cell
Term
UPS
Definition
think of the Golgi apparatus as the __ of the cell
Term
lipids,
proteins,
enzymes
Definition
the Golgi apparatus packages and delivers __, __, and __ throughout the cell and to the environment
Term
cisternae
Definition
the Golgi apparatus contains __ which are sacs or vessels that are then used to package the proteins or lipids and transport them to other areas of the cell
Term
lysosomes
Definition
__ contain enzymes that are used to digest molecules that have entered the cell
Term
digestive
Definition
lysosomes are the __ system of the cell
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
the __ is the organelle that is comprised of a series of folds
Term
cristae
Definition
the mitochondrion's seris of folds are called __
Term
energy production
cellular respiration
Definition
the mitochondrion's cristae is responsible for the cell's __ and __
Term
power house
Definition
think of the mitochondrion as the __ of the cell
Term
four
Definition
there are __ basic tissues in the body
Term
1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. nerve tissue
Definition
what are the four basic tissues of the body?
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
__ is responsible for covering the entire surface of the body
Term
closely
layers
Definition
cells in the epithelial tissue are __ packed together and range in __
Term
internal
external
Definition
the epithelial tissue forms the lining for the __ and __ body
Term
intercellular spaces
intercellular substance
Definition
epithelial cells are so tightly packed together that there is almost no __ and a small amount of __
Term
basement membrane
Definition
epithelial tissue is usually separated from the underlying tissue by the __
Term
connective tissue
Definition
the basement membrane = a thin sheet of __; it's what what separates the epithelial tissue from the underlying tissue
Term
structural support
Definition
the basement membrane provides a __ for the epithelium
Term
shape
number of layers of which it is composed
Definition
epithelial tissue can be divided into groups depending on whether you are looking at their __ or the __
Term
two
Definition
epithelial tissue can be divided into __ groups concerning the number of cell layers that it contains
Term
1. simple epithelium
2. stratified epithelium
Definition
what two groups can epithelial tissue be divided into concerning the number of cell layers that it contains?
Term
simple epithelium
Definition
__ is epithelial tissue that is only one cell layer thick
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
_ is the epithelial tissue that consists of multiple layers
Term
three
Definition
epithelial cells can also be divided __ groups according to the type of shape they form
Term
1. squamos
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
Definition
what three groups can epithelial cells be divided into according to the type of shape they form?
Term
squamos
Definition
__ epithelial cells have a flat appearance
Term
thin
flat plates
Definition
squamos epithelial cells consist of very __, __
Term
nucleus
Definition
the shape of the __ sometimes help to clarify what type of cell form the epithelial cell is
Term
flattened
horizontal
Definition
squamos cells tend to have __, __ nuclei due to the flattened form of the cell
Term
serous membranes
Definition
squamos cells are located in the __
Term
1. peritoneum
2. the pericardium
3. the pleura
Definition
what are examples of the serous membranes in which squamos cells are located?
Term
simplest
Definition
squamos epithelium is also the __ of the epithelia
Term
cavities
Definition
squamos epithelium form the lining of __
Term
1. blood vessels
2. heart
3. lungs,
4. mouth
Definition
what are some examples of squamos epithelium forming the lining of cavities?
Term
cuboidal
Definition
__ cells roughly take on a square shape
Term
cuboidal
Definition
cuboidal cells also take on a __ shape
Term
large
spherical central
Definition
the simple cuboidal epithelium contain a __, __ neuclei
Term
glands
lining of the kidney tubules
Definition
the cuboidal epithelium is found in the __ and also in the __
Term
ducts
secretory
Definition
the cuboidal cells are also found in the __ and __ portion of the small glands
Term
columnar
Definition
__ epithelial cells are usually located in the digestive tract
Term
noncilliated
Definition
the columnar epithelial cells are the __ type
Term
stomach,
anal canal,
gall bladder,
excretory ducts of the glands
Definition
the columnar epithelial cells are found in the __, __, __, and __
Term
elongated
base
Definition
the nuclei of the columnar epithelial cells is __ and usually located near the __ of the cells
Term
gobler
Definition
__ cells are unicellular glands that are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum
Term
secreting mucous
slime like lubricating substance
Definition
gobler cells are responsible for __, or a __
Term
surface smooth
Definition
the gobler cells secreting mucous, or a slime like lubricating substance works to keep the __
Term
protection
Definition
the epithelial tissue are responsible for __ of the underlying tissue
Term
chemicals
invading bacteria
Definition
the epithelial tissue can protect against harmful things such as __ or __ and keep the underlying tissue safe
Term
secretion
Definition
epithelial tissue are responsible for __ of the body
Term
chemical substances
Definition
in the glands, the epithelial tissue is specialized to secret __
Term
1. enzymes
2. hormones
3. lubricating fluids
Definition
what are examples of chemical substances that the epithelial tissue is secreting in the glands?
Term
sensory
Definition
epithelial tissue can also function in __ reception of the body
Term
olfactory epithelial cells
Definition
epithelial tissue work to protect the sensory reception, such as the __
Term
epithelial
Definition
sensory stimuli penetrate specialized __ cells
Term
eyes,
skin,
nose,
ears
Definition
specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the __, __, __, and __
Term
glands
Definition
__ are one or more cells that are specialized to secrete a certain product
Term
exocrine
endocrine
Definition
glands can be classified as either __ or __ types
Term
where they release their products
Definition
whether glands are classified as exocrine or endocrine depend on __
Term
endocrine
Definition
__ glands are glands that secrete hormones
Term
circulation
target tissue
Definition
endocrine glands are glands that secrete hormones, which end up entering into __ and reach the __
Term
embryological surfaces
ducts
Definition
during development, endocrine glands lose their contact with __, or __, and become isolated as small blocks of tissue
Term
'ductless' glands
Definition
endocrine glands are often called __
Term
pancreas
Definition
what is an example of an endocrine gland?
Term
onto body surfaces
Definition
exocrine glands secrete their products __
Term
ducts
body surfaces
Definition
exocrine glands are the glands that retain __ to __
Term
goblet cells
Definition
what is an example of exocrine glands?
Term
design
Definition
there is a great difference between the __ of glands, specifically between the different types of exocrine glands
Term
simple
compound
Definition
exocrine glands are classified into __ and __ types
Term
1. tubular
2. branched tubular
3. coiled tubular
4. branched alveolar
Definition
what are the simple types of exocrine glands?
Term
1. tubular
2. alveolar
(both look like tree branches with leaves)
Definition
what are the compound types of exocrine glands?
Term
products
where
Definition
endocrine and exocrine glands differ in the __ they produce and __ these are sent or released
Term
duct
surface to which the duct is in contact
Definition
in exocrine glands, products of these cells or secreted hormones collect in the __ of the gland and flow toward the __
Term
ducts
Definition
endocrine glands lack __
Term
interstitial spaces around the cells
Definition
since endocrine glands lack ducts, the product is released across the cell membrane into __
Term
1. adhesive proteins
2. contours of adjacent cell membranes
3. cell junctions
Definition
what holds epithelial cells together?
Term
adhesive
Definition
__ proteins are proteins that are responsible for linking the plasma membrane
Term
tight junctions,
adhering junctions,
desmosomes
Definition
the special junctions of the cell include __, __, and __
Term
Vagus Nerve (CNX)
Definition
What is the main parasympathetic nerve of the body?
Term
12
Definition
How many pairs of ribs total are there?
Term
they’re true since they are directly connected to the sternum
Definition
what makes true ribs true?
Term
they are indirectly joined to the sternum via the cartilage of the 7th rib
Definition
what makes false ribs false?
Term
they have no connection to the sternum at all
Definition
what makes floating ribs floating?
Term
middle ribs
Definition
Ribs most commonly fractured
Term
lower ribs
Definition
Which ribs fractures could lead to a damaged pleura and abdominal viscera?
Term
Cervical rib.
Definition
What is the leading cause of tharicc outlet syndrome?
Term
Upper 1/3 of the sternum; the hips (at the iliac crest)
Definition
Where can bone marrow be taken from in the body?
Term
Sternal angle
Definition
What is located on the sternum at the level of T4?
Term
Bronchi (Corina Biforkation)
Definition
What biforkates at the level of T4?
Term
When 2 parts of the sternum don’t fuse together leaving vital organs exposed (ex. Heart and lungs)
Definition
What is a complete sterna cleft?
Term
Scalene muscles., pectoralis major/minor, sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Which muscles elevate the thoracic cage?
Term
Forced expiration
Definition
What is one of the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall
Term
Internal mammary (internal thoracic artery) and great saphenous vein; if you’re not that good use the internal thoracic so that you only have to use 1 cut instead of 2
Definition
What are two vessels that can be used for coronary bypasses
Term
- When there’s a narrowing in the aorta so blood from the heart get wspumped more from the upper limbs to the head (heart) leading to a hemmorage.
Definition
What is coarcation of aorta
Term
- 45X0, female, hypogonadism/many cardiovascular problems
Definition
What is Turner’s Syndrome? (Genetically, which sex, problems associated with it)
Term
from 2nd-6th rib and from sternum to mid-axillary line
Definition
Where is the breast anatomically located
Term
pectoralis major muscle
serratus anterior
Definition
2/3 of the breast rests on the __ and 1/3 of the __
Term
Brown/piggish
Definition
Invasion of the lymphatic system of the breast causes discoloration of what color
Term
Superior and lateral
Definition
What is the most common place for timorous cells in the breast
Term
Orange peel
Definition
20) When breast cancer is present, what could the dimpling skin most likely resemble
Term
- Long Thoracic Nerve.
Definition
21) During a mastectomy which nerve might be in damage
Term
Nipple
Definition
What anatomical structure lies in dermatome T4
Term
Umbilicus (belly button)
Definition
23) What anatomical structure lies in dermatome T10
Term
Space in between the right and left lungs
Definition
24) What is the mediastinum
Term
Phrenic Nerve (C3-C4-C5)
Definition
25) What is the main innervations of the diaphragm and its roots
Term
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
26) Which nerve, if disturbed during surgery, could lead to a hoarse sounding voice
Term
- The lungs; parietal, visceral; visceral is closer to the lungs
Definition
27) What anatomic structure does the pleura surround and what are its layers
Term
- Negative
Definition
28) Pressure in the lungs is positive or negative at the beginning of inspiration
Term
- Negative pressure (pressure moves from high to low)
Definition
29) What is the driving force of inspiration?
Term
- Four
Definition
30) About how many fingers below the viscera of the lung is the costodiaphgramtic recess?
Term
- True, so it’s sharp angle when there is no pathology.
Definition
31) The costodiaphragmatic angle is blunt when there is a pnemo/heo thorax; t/f?
Term
When air is able to enter/.leave pleural cavity – not too severe
Definition
32) What is sucking pnemothorax? Is it severe
Term
- Air enters the pleural cavity but does not leave, very several build up pressure on lungs making breathing very difficult.
Definition
33) What is tension pneumothorax? Is it severe?
Term
- Dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cyanosis (blue), hyper-resonant percussion, black area in lungs on xray.
Definition
34) What are some signs of pneumothorax?
Term
- Catherization of Subclavian Vein, brachial pleux block, injures in the neck of the clavicle (apex of the lung extends past the clavicle), during kidney surgery
Definition
35) What are some ways in which the pleura could be accidentally damaged?
Term
- True; about 2.5 inches.
Definition
36) True/false; the lugns rise above the clavicle?
Term
- Inflammation of the pleura.
Definition
37) What is pleuritis?
Term
- When the parietal layer of the pleura is involved.
Definition
38) When would pleuritis cause pain?
Term
- Always go superior to the inferior rib. ***
Because there are no interocstals vessesl we want to make sure we don’t damage
Definition
39) When puncturing the intercostals space, what is the rule to puncture? why is this a rule?
Term
- A procedure to drain pleural fluid in pathological conditions.
Definition
41) What is thoracocentesis (aka Pleural tap)?
Term
- 1-2 ribs below fluid level (determined by percussion)
Definition
42) Where should a thoracocentesis be performed?
Term
- Below the 9th intercostals space, because there is a danger of possible damaging the liver.
Definition
43) Where should you never perform thorococentesis? Why?
Term
- to give local anesthesia in the case of rib fractures, herpes zosters (shingles ) knee surgery.
Definition
44) When would you give someone an intercostals nerve block?
Term
- both.
Definition
45) Is the pharynx part of the respirator or digestive tract?
Term
- naso, oro, hypo (laryngo) pharynx
Definition
46) What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Term
- epiglottis.
Definition
47) What, in the pharynx, reflexes to cover the airways when eating food?
Term
- piriform recess?
Definition
48) What in the esophagus expands laterally to allow the food to pass?
Term
- yes.
Definition
Are teeth important in how a singers voice sounds?
Term
- three.
Definition
19) How many lobes does the right lung contain?
Term
- Yes; sometimes the Azygous Vein makes an impression on the lung creating a “4th lobe”
Definition
50) Does the right lung ever contain a 4th lobe? If so, when?
Term
two
Definition
51) How many lobes does the left lung contain?
Term
- Lingual, left, when the heart beats.
Definition
53) What anatomical structure is known as the “dogs tongue” which lung is it found in?
Term
- Right because the liver pushes it superiorly.
Definition
54) Which lung is shorter and thicker? Why is this so?
Term
- 12 cm long. From C6-T4.
Definition
55) How long is the trachea? Where does it extend to/from?
Term
Right
Definition
56) Which bronchi is shorter/thicker/more vertical?
Term
Right
Definition
Which bronchi are foreign objects more likely to intrue
Term
- Deoxygentaed.
Definition
58) What kind of blood do Pulmonary Arteries carry?
Term
- Returns to the heart via the inferior/superior vena cava’s->right atrium->tricuspid->pulmonary semilunar valve->pulmonary arteries->lungs **oxygenated ->pulmonary veins ->left atrium->biscupid (mitral valves)->left ventricles->aortic semilunar valve->aorta.
- Blood barrers; pneomocytes; know the numbers.
- Vessel pressure of the oxygen is 46mm of mercury; inside is 98.
Definition
59) What is the circulation of blood through the heart?
Term
- Pnemocyte type 2-keeps alveoli open.
Definition
60) What type of pnemocytes produces surfactant? What does it do?
Term
- Line the aleveoli;
Definition
61) What do type 1 pnemocytes do?
Term
- from high to low pressure; from alveolas to the blood
Definition
62) Which direction does oexygen move in the blood air barrier?
Term
- From the blood vessels to the alveolus.
Definition
63) In which direction does CO2 move in the blood air barrier?
Term
- CO2 built up in the blood -> patient turns blue/dark; syanosis.
Definition
64) What happens when a person has chronic bonrchitis?
Term
- Blood clots in the lung originating mainly from veins to the lower limb (can happen after surgery)
Definition
65) What is pulmonary thromboemboism?
Term
- When blood clots block the pulmonary arteries, can get dislodged during forceful events. (ex. Defacation)
Definition
66) What is a saddle embolism?
Term
- Anteriorly.
Definition
67) In which direction does the left Vagus Nerve turn in fetal life once the digest tract starts to develop.
Term
- posteriorly
Definition
68) In which direction does the right Vagus Nerve turn in fetal life once the digestive tract starts?
Term
- Endocardium (inside)-myocardium (heart itself)-serrous pericardium (2 layers visceral aka epicardium and parietal)-fibrous pericardium (outermost later)
Definition
69) What are the layers of the heart?
Term
- Transverse sinus
Definition
70) From looking at the picture on page 2/slide 3/ppt 2 – where is the finger in the figure?
Term
- Oblique sinus.
Definition
71) What structure in the heart can a hand pass through?
Term
- Infection/inflammation of pericardium (can hear friction in the heart)
Definition
72) What is pericarditis?
Term
- Accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity.
Definition
73) What is pericardial effusion?
Term
- When fluid is removed from the area surround the heart; between 5th and 6th intercostalis (close to the xiphoid process; top)
Definition
74) What is pericardiocentesis and where is it performed?
Term
- 2 3 5 and 6; 2-3 incostals spaces; 6-6th costal cartilage; 5-5th intercostals space.at midclavicular line- find the apex of the heart here.
Definition
75) What are the boarders of the heart?
Term
- SA node -> av node -> of of His -> purkinje fibers
- Sa node – pacemaker
- Avnode – can be pacemaker but not efficient enough
Definition
76) What is the conduction system of the heart?
Term
- A foramen ( in embryonic life) that shunts blood way from the pulmonary system from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs; it is found on the interatrial septum.
Definition
77) What is the foramen ovale and where is it found?
Term
- Turns into the fossa ovale because of the pressure differences when the baby takes its first breath.
Definition
78) What does the foramen ovale turn into after birth and what causes this change?
Term
- Septomarginal trabecula.
Definition
79) What is another anme for the moderator band?
Term
- 1 umbilical vein, carries oxygenated blood to the fetus; pulmonary vein also carries oxygenated blood.
Definition
80) How many umbilical veins are there and what kind of blood do they carry?
Term
- 2 (one is obliterated) carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus.
Definition
81) How many umblicial arteries are there and what kind of blood do they carry?
Term
- It’s a canal to help the blood from the right ventricle bypass the lungs located between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of aorta in the fetus.
- Before baby is born it is called ductus arteriousus
Definition
82) What is the ductus arteriousus? Where is it located?
Term
- Ligamentum artrioursum, no function, just a ligament!
Definition
83) What does the ductus arteriousus turn into after birth? What is it’s function?
Term
- SA node.
Definition
84) Pacemaker of the heart?
Term
- Systole: pumping motion of heart pump blood into the entire body (last .4 seconds)
- Diastole: relaxation o the heart to refill ventricles with blood (last ,4 seconds)
Definition
85) Explain the difference between sytole and diastole?
Term
- Atrioventricular valves – “lub”
Definition
86) Which valves help produce the first heart sound? What is the first heart sound?
Term
- Aorticpulmonary valves – “dub”
- Semilunar valves.
Definition
87) Which valves help produce the second heart sound? What is the second heart sound?
Term
- Streptococcus infection
Definition
88) What is the cause of rheumatic fever?
Term
- Right left posterior
Definition
89) Which cusp does the aortic valve contain?
Term
- right left anterior
Definition
90) Which cusps does the pulmonary valve contain?
Term
-slow heart rate – below 60 bpm
Definition
91) What is brady cardia?
Term
- fast heart rate,
Definition
93) what is tachycardia?
Term
- in walls of the organs.
Definition
94) where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves located?
Term
- plaque buildup in the vessesl compromisisng blood flow (could lead to myocardial infection aka..?)
Definition
95) what is artherosceloris?
Term
- diagnostic method to view vessesl to determine where plaque buildup is.
Definition
96) what is an angiography?
Term
- angioplasty. Insert catheter ->inflate ballon -> push plaque to sides.
Definition
97) what is the method used to help alleviate atherosclerosis? Describe it…
Term
- NO if method was attempted it is possible to plaque can tear the vesses causing more problems.
basicilic vein, femoral artery
Definition
98_ can plaque be scraped from the vessel walls?
Term
- what are two vessesl that can be used to do catherization of the heart?
Definition
99) what are two vessesl that can be used to do catherization of the heart?
Term
- (APTM): aortic valve, pulmonary valve, tricuspid, mitral valve.
Definition
100) what are the sites of auscultation of the heart?
Term
- C6
Definition
101) at what level of the vertebrae does the esophagus start?
Term
- blow the diaphragm (t10-t12)
Definition
102) where does the esophagus end?
Term
- 1) upper sphincter 2) aortic narrowing 3) diaphragmatic narrowing.
Definition
103) what are the 3 narrowings of the sophagus?
Term
- where the esopophagus enters the stomach.
Definition
104) what is the cardia?
Term
- conveying bolus of food to the stomach.
Definition
105) what is the function of the esophagus?
Term
- at the junction of the left internal juglar and left subclavian veins aka left venous angle.
Definition
106) where (anatomically) does the lymphatic system empty into venous circulation?
Term
- the superior vena cava
Definition
107) where does the azygous sytem drain into?
Term
- formane for the inferior vena cava…inferior vena cava runs through it.
Definition
108) what hiatus of the diaphgram is located at TB/ what runs through it?
Term
Esophageal hiatus…esophagus and 2 vagus nerves.
Definition
109) what hiatus of the diaphgram is located at T10? What runs through it?
Term
- aortic hiatus…thoracic aorta
Definition
110) what hiatus of the diaphragm is located at T12? What runs through it?
Term
- chief muscle of inspiration
Definition
111) what is the function of the diaphgram?
Term
- phrenic nerve (C3-C4-C5)
Definition
112) what nerve innervaes the diaphragm?
Term
- cells
Definition
113) what are the basic structural functional nits of life?
Term
- plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
Definition
114) 3 main regions of the cell?
Term
- separates intracellular from xtracellular.
Definition
115) function of the plasma membrane?
Term
- phosolipid bilayer.
Definition
116) what is the plasma membrane made of?
Term
- false; hydrophilic
Definition
117) T/F the heads of phospholipids are hydrophobic
Term
- extending through the membrane (transmembrane)
Definition
118) where are integral proteins found in relation to the phospholipid bilayer?
Term
- on the cytoplasmic side.
Definition
119) where are the peripheral proteins found in relation to the phospholipid bilayer?
Term
- cell-to-cell binding/recognition
Definition
120) glycocalyx function?
Term
- clathrin.
Definition
121) during endocytosis what is the protein that is resonible for the deformation of the membrane?
Term
- inherited disease – cells cant bind to LDLs – build up of chloestorl in blood – can lead to stroke/myocardial infection.
Definition
122) what is familial hyperchloestroiemia?
Term
- proteins – transcription/translation.
Definition
123) produced inside of ribosomes? Via what processes?
Term
- drug detoxification.
Definition
124) function of the smooth ER in the liver?
Term
- FedEx of the cell – packs.ships products of the rER
Definition
125) main function of the golgi apparatus?
Term
- powerhouse of the cell – main site of ATP synthesis.
Definition
126) what is the main function of the mitochondria?
Term
- inherited – infants cant break down glycolipids which then accumulate (esp on neurons) – mental retardation/blindness?spastic movements/early death (within 1.5 years)
Definition
127) what is Tay-sachs disease?
Term
- degrade free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -> H2O2 degared into H2O and O2 by catalses that poisons
Definition
128) what is the function of peroxisomes?
Term
- liver/kidney.
Definition
129) know the function of the perxoisomes. Where they found?
Term
- false – microtubules are involved in cell division.
Definition
130) microtubes are not involve din cell division? T/F?
Term
- kinesisn/dyneins.
Definition
131) motor proteins associated with microtubules called?
Term
- movement – contraction.
Definition
132) what is the main function of an actin (micro)filament?
Term
- impermanent structures in the cytoplasm.
Definition
133) what are cytoplasmic inclusions?
Term
9
Definition
134) how many triplets of microtubules make a centriole?
Term
centrioles
Definition
135) whathelps form the bases of cilia and flagella?
Term
- thyroid gland – calcitonin.
Definition
136) where are parafollicular cells found? What do they secrete?
Term
- simple columnar epithelium.
Definition
137) where the esophagus joins the stomach (Cardia) what type of epithelium is continued in the anal canal.
Term
- finer-like projectsion, increase surface area for absorption.
Definition
138) what are villi? What is their function?
Term
- because where the cells are attached to the basement membrane it looks as though the nuclei are
Definition
139) makes cell pseudostratified?
Term
- nonshedding
Definition
140) what does nonkeratizined mean?
Term
- esophagus, mouth, vagina
Definition
141) where would you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Term
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Definition
142) before the esophagus meets the stomach (Cardia) what type of epithelium is found here?
Term
- stratified cuboidal epithelium.
Definition
143) what epithelium is found in large ducts of glands?
Term
- transitional epithelium.
Definition
144) what type of eptithelijm is found in the urinary tract?
Term
- flattened into an umbrella shape.
Definition
145) what happens to the transitional epithelium when urine passes over them?
Term
- endocrine.
Definition
150) glands are classified as ductless glands?
Term
- endocrine
Definition
151) which part of the pancreas is responsible for producing insulin and glucagons?
Term
exocrine
Definition
152) which part of the pancreas is responsible for prudocing enzymes that break down
Term
d. Pancoast’s Tumor
Definition
An apical lung tumor is the description of which of the following tumors
Term
b. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Definition
44. COPD is the abbreviation for which of the following?
Term
b. Inflammation of the hyperplasia
Definition
43. Chronic bronchitis is correctly described as which of the following?
Term
d. Autonomic Nerves
Definition
37. Which of the following correctly describes the pleural nerve supply to the visceral pleura
Term
b. Glossopharynx
Definition
36. The pharynx consists of three parts. Which of the following is NOT considered a part of the pharynx?
Term
a. Parietal Pleura
Definition
35. There is pain of the pleura only if which of the following is involved?
Term
d. It is related to the coarctation of Aorta
Definition
28. Which of the following is NOT correct concerning Gynecomastia?
Term
c. 75%
Definition
27. What percentage of the lymphatics is drained by the axillary nodes?
Term
b. Progesterone
Definition
26. Which hormone leads to the development of milk secreting lobules?
Term
a. Estrogen
Definition
25. Which hormone leads to the growth of the tubular system?
Term
a. Gynestomastia
b. Klinefelter syndrome
Definition
24. What is the most common congenital cause of infertility in males?
Term
b. Apocrine gland
Definition
23. The Mammary gland is what type of gland?
Term
c. 15-20
Definition
22. The breast is composed of lobules of how many glandular tissues, or mammary glands?
Term
a. Internal Thoracic artery
b. Axillary artery
c. Intercostal arteries
Definition
19. Which of the following supplies blood to the breast?
Term
a. Glandular Tissue
b. Adipose Tissue
Definition
17. The breast is composed of which type of tissue?
Term
d. Lactation
Definition
16. What is the function of the breast?
Term
b. Elevate and depress the ribs
Definition
12. What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
Term
a. Phrenic Nerve
Definition
9. Which of the following nerves passes over the Anterior Scalene Muscle?
Term
a. Subclavian Artery
Definition
6. Cervical rib is a condition of the compression of which artery?
Term
a. Subclavian Artery
b. Brachial Plexus
Definition
4. What passes over the groves of the first rib?
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