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Exam III
Abdomen, Pelvis, Reproductive
166
Anatomy
Graduate
07/22/2010

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Term
Aponeurosis (of the external oblique)
Definition
- attaches to inguinal ligament
- connects muscle to part it moves
Term
Linea Alba
Definition
- runs midline down body
- connection for the aponeurosis' of all 3 abdominal wall muscles (external, internal, and transversus abdominis)
- higher incidence of tears when attached to aponeurosis
Term
Actions of Muscles of Abdominal Wall
Definition
- lateral flexion and rotation of trunk
- helps promote urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, screaming, and forced expiration by compressing abdominal contents
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
plexus below L4-L5
Term
Lumbar Plexus, ventral rami (L1-L4)
Definition
- innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle
1. Femoral n. (L2-L4) - innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg
2. Obturator n. (L2-L4) - passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles.
Term
Sacral Plexus, ventral rami (L4-S4)
Definition
1. Sciatic n. (ventral rami of L4, L5, S1-S3)
a) Tibial n. (L4-S3)
b) Common Fibular n. (L4-S2)
2. Pudenal n. - ventral rami of S2-S4
- large branch off of sacral plexus, in pelvic region
- innervates bladder, rectum, and external genitalia.
Term
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Definition
innervates
- skin of ant. and medial thigh, leg, and foot.
- hip and knee joints via saphenous branch
- motor to anterior muscles (quads)
Term
Obturator (L2-L4)
Definition
- motor to adductor muscles of leg, sensory for skin of medial thigh, hip, and knee joints
Term
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2, L3)
Definition
- skin of lateral thigh, some sensory branches to peritoneum
Term
Iliohypogastric (L1)
Definition
- innervates skin of lower abdomen and hip, muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall (internal obliques, transversus abdominus)
Term
Ilioinguinal (L1)
Definition
- innervates skin of external genitalia and proximal aspect of thigh and inferior abdominal muscles
Term
Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
Definition
- skin of scrotum in males, of labia majora in females, and of ant. thigh inferior to middle inguinal region, cremaster muscle in males
Term
Dermatomes
- L1
- L2
- L3
- L4
- L5
Definition
- inguinal
- medial upper thigh
- lateral upper thigh and medial lower thigh
- lateral lower thigh, medial lower leg, patella
- lateral lower leg
Term
Referred pain - where can pain from the liver be felt? gallbladder? appendix? kidney?
Definition
Liver - right clavicle and RUQ
Gallbladder - right shoulder and RUQ
Appendix - RLQ
Kidney - can be felt almost anywhere, but usually in the groin or thigh pain.
Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition
- linked to CNS via AFFERENT visceral fibers
- long ANS fibers synapse with enteric plexuses
a) SNS impulses inhibit secretion & motility (dec. digestion)
b) PNS impulses stimulate (rest & digest)
Term
Sympathetic nerve supply to stomach? Jejunum & Ilium
Definition
1. T6-T9
2. T5-T9
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Right Upper Quadrant
Definition
1. RUQ - liver, gallbladder, small intestine, duodenum, distal portion of stomach(pyloric), ascending colon, transverse colon, head of pancreas, kidney, ureter
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Left Upper Quadrant
Definition
2. LUQ - liver, esophagus(both upper quadrants), stomach, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, kidney, ureter
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Left Lower Quadrant
Definition
LLQ - small intestine(ilium), large intestine(cecum), ascending colon, appendix, rectum, anal canal, anus, ureter, bladder, urethra
Term
4 Quadrants of the body (and contents)
Right Lower Quadrant
Definition
RLQ - small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus, ureter, bladder, urethra
Term
Abdominal regions (planes)
Definition
- transverse line (separates upper and lower) goes through umbilicus
- above ASIS is abdomen
- MCL through midpoint of inguinal ligament
- midsagittal line separates left and right halves of body
Term
2 groups of organs for Digestion
Definition
1. Alimentary Canal(GI tract)
- cont. muscular tube
- digests and absorbs food
- organs inc: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intesting

2. Accessory (digestive organs)
- teeth, tongue, gallbladder
- digestive glands
a) salivary
b) liver
c) pancreas
Term
6 Essential Digestive Processes
Definition
1. ingestion - taking food in, usually by mouth

2. mechanical digestion - physically preparing food for digestion by enzymes (chewing, mixing food w/ saliva, churning food(mixing), segmentation/local constriction of small intestine

3. chemical digestion - food molec. broken down to building blocks

4. propulsion - moves food through alimentary canal (swallowing, peristalsis)

5. absorption - passage of digested end products from lumen of GI tract through mucosal cells by active/passive transport into blood or lymph

6. defecation - eliminating indigestible substances from body via anus in the form of feces
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
A) Visceral - covers external surface of most organs

B) Parietal - lines the body wall
Term
Peritoneal Cavity
Definition
- lies b/w 2 peritoneums
- serous membranes secrete fluid which allows the digestive organs to be mobile (move across one another)
Term
Regions of stomach
Definition
1. Cardiac Region
- surrounds cardiac orifice
- contains Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

2. Fundus
- dome-shaped region below diaphragm

3. Body
- midportion

4. Pyloric(antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus) - the pylorus is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter.

5. Greater curvature - convex lateral surface

6. Lesser curvature - concave medial surface
Term
Stomach Layers (external muscles)
Definition
- longitudinal
- circular
- oblique
Term
Stomach Regions (lesser and greater curvatures)
Definition
1. Greater curvature(inferior,lateral)
2. Lesser Curvature (superior,medial)
Term
Lesser Omentum and Greater Omentum
Definition
1. Lesser - holds stomach in place b/w the liver, duodenum, and stomach
- from the liver to the lesser curvature and proximal part of the duodenum

2. Greater - drapes inferiorly from greater curvature, anterior to small intestine (abdominal policeman) b/c it keeps bacteria out.
Term
ANS nerve supply to stomach
Definition
Sympathetic via splanchnic nervers and ciliac plexus (T6-T9)

Parasympathetic via vagus nerve (CNX)
Term
Cell types in Stomach
Definition
1. Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
2. Parietal - secretes HCl (denatures protein in food, activates pepsin, and kills bacteria) and secretes Intrinsic factor(absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine
Term
Blood Supply to Stomach
Definition
Abdominal Aorta -> celiac trunk -> left & right gastric arteries = supplies lesser curvature
R. gastroepiploic a. - supplies greater curvature
Term
Pernicious Anemia
Definition
lack of intrinsic factor (absorption of B12 in small intestine is dec.)
Term
Peptic(gastric) ulcers
Definition
- erosion of stomach wall
- usually caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria
- chronic NSAID use can cause ulcers
Term
Hepatopancreatic Duct
Definition
- Ampulla is an enlargement on the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct converge and enter duodenum.
Term
Ducts of the GI tract
Definition
1. Right & Left Hepatic Duct = common hepatic duct
2. Common Hepatic Duct & Cystic Duct = common bile duct
3. Common Bile Duct & Pancreatic Duct = Hepatopancreatic Duct
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
- major organ of digestion and absorption
Subdivisions
a) duodenum (retroperitoneal, cannot be cause of peritonitis)
b) jejunum
c) ileum - attaches to large intestine at cecum
Term
Retroperitoneal Organs
Definition
- bladder
- urethra
- kidney
- adrenal cortex
- duodenum
- pancreas
- rectum
- ureters
Term
What increases SA of proximal part of small intestine for nutrient absorption
Definition
1. Circular folds (plicae circularis)
2. villi
3. microvilli - on top of villi
Term
Digestion in small intestine
Definition
1. chyme from stomach contains
- partially digested CHO and proteins
- undigested fats
2. Motility
- peristalsis
Term
Vitamin absorption in small intestine
Definition
- fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
- water-soluble vitamines (C and B)
- Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor and is absorbed.
Term
Large Intestine Regions
Definition
A) Cecum
- where ileum of small intestine attaches (ileocecal valve)
- vermiform appendix attaches
Term
Large Intestine(unique features)
Definition
a) Teniae Coli - 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis
b) Haustra - pocket-like sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli
c) Epiploic appendages - fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
Term
Functions of Large Intestine
Definition
- vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed
- propulsion of feces toward the anus is the MAJOR function
- synthesizes B complex vitamins and vitamin K(clotting factor)
Term
Rectum and Anus
Definition
a) rectum - storage of feces
b) anal canal - last segment of large intestine
c) sphincters
- internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle
- external anal sphincter - skeletal muscle
Term
Defecation (parasympathetic signals)
Definition
- distention initiates spinal defecation reflex
- stimulate contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum
- relax the internal anal sphincter

**conscious control allows for relaxation of external anal sphincter
Term
Appendix
Definition
- located in RLQ
- deep to a point 2/3 the way along an oblique line from the umbilicus to the ASIS

or
- deep to a point 1/3 the way from the ASIS to the umbilicus
Term
Liver characteristics
Definition
- lesser omentum anchors liver to stomach
4 lobes of liver
1. right
2. left
3. caudate - from inferior aspect
4. quadrate
Term
Ligaments of the liver
Definition
A) Falciform Ligament
- separates right(larger) and left(smaller) lobes
- suspends liver from the diaphragm and ant. abdominal wall

B) Round Ligament
- remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament
Term
What is the Portal triad found at each corner of a lobule of the liver?
Definition
1. bile duct - receives bile from bile canaliculi
2. Portal arteriole - branch of hepatic artery, supplies O2 rich blood to liver
3. Hepatic venule - carries venous blood, is a branch of the hepatic portal vein
Term
Hepatocyte functions
Definition
- process blood-borne nutrients
- store fat-soluble vitamins
- perform detoxification
- produces bile (bile is only stored in the gallbladder)
Term
Bile Contains
Definition
- yellow/green alkaline sln containing
a) bile salts - function in fat emulsification and absorption
b)bilirubin(pigment formed from heme)
c) cholesterol, PL, electrolytes
Term
Regulation of bile Secretion
Definition
- gallbladder contraction is stimulated by Cholecystokinin(CCK) from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat in chyme
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
- stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
- releasese bile via the cystic duct, which flow into the bile duct
- cystic duct is bi-directional
Term
Pancreas
Definition
- mostly retroperitoneal
- head(medial) is encircled by the C loop of the duodenum
- tail(lateral) abuts the spleen
Term
Pancreas(Endocrine function)
Definition
A) Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells
1) Alpha cells produce Glucagon which increases glucose (hyperglycemic)
2) Beta cells produce Insulin which decreases glucose levels (hypoglycemic)
Term
Pancreas(Exocrine function)
Definition
- secreted into duct and goes to a specific organ
1. Acinar Cells - produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
glycogen -> glucose
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non CHOs.
Term
Effects of Insulin
Definition
- lowers blood glucose levels
- enhances the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
- inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Term
3 cardinal signs of DM
Definition
1. Polyuria - huge urine output
2. Polydipsia - excessive thirst
3. Polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption
Term
Hyperinsulinism
Definition
- excessive insulin secretion results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, and possible unconsciousness.
Term
Spleen
Definition
- largest lymphoid organ
Functions
a) site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
b) cleanses the blood of aged RBCs, platelets, and debris
c) stores breakdown products of RBCs(ex. Iron) for later reuse
Term
Structure of the Spleen, 2 areas(white pulp & red pulp)
Definition
1) white pulp - around central arteries, mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions
2) red pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords - rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens
Term
Adrenal Glands(suprarenal), 2 glands in one
Definition
1. Adrenal Medulla - nervous tissue, part of SNS
2. Adrenal Cortex - 3 layers of glandular tissues that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids
Term
3 Layers of Adrenal Cortex
Definition
1. Zona Glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids
2. Zona Fasciculata - glucocorticoids
3. Zona Reticularis - gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
Term
Mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa)
Definition
- regulates electrolytes (Na+,K+ in ECF)
- Aldosterone is the MOST potent mineralocorticoid. It stimulates Na+ reabsorption & H2O retention by the kidneys
Term
Adrenal Medulla (short term stress response)
Definition
- chromaffin cells secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
A) Epinephrine inc. metabolic rate, bronchial dilation, blood flow to skeletal muscles & heart
B) NE influences peripheral vasoconstriction, inc. BP
Term
Hypothalamus Axis
Definition
1. Hypothalamus - CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone)
2. Anterior Pituitary - ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone)
3. Adrenal Cortex - mineralcorticoids & glucocorticoids
2.
Term
Urinary System Organs
Definition
1. Kidneys - major excretory organ
2. Urinary Bladder - temporarty storage reservoir for urine
3. Ureters - transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
4. Urethra - transports urine out of the body
Term
Kidney Functions
Definition
- removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions from the blood
- regulation of blood volume, chemical composition, and pH
- Renin: regulation of bp and kidney function
- Erythropoietin: regulation of RBC production
- activation of vit. D
Term
Kidney Anatomy
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- right kidney is lower than the left b/c of liver
- renal hilum leads to renal sinus (ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter/exit at hilum)
Term
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney
Definition
1. Renal Cortex - granular, superficial region
2. Renal Medulla - cone-shaped medullary pyramids separated by renal columns
3. Lobe - a medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue
4. Papilla - tip of pyramid, releases urine into minor calyx
5. Renal Pelvis - funnel-shaped tube within renal sinus
6. Major Calyces
a) branching channels of the renal pelvis that collect urine from minor calyces and empty urine into pelvis
Term
Nephrons
Definition
-structural and function units that form urine
2 parts
1) Glomerulus - a tuft of capillaries(where filtration first takes place)
2. Renal Tubule - begins as a cup-shaped(Bowman's Capsule) surroinding the glomerulus, filtration takes place here as well
Term
Renal Corpuscle =
Definition
glomerulus and its glomerular capsule
Term
Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium
Definition
-allows filtrate to pass from plasma into the glomerular capsule
Term
Proximal Convoluted Tubule(PCT)[renal tubule]
Definition
- cuboidal cells with dense microvilli and large mitochondria
- functions in reabsorption and secretion(into body)
confined to renal cortex
Term
Loop of Henle(only tubule in renal medulla)
Definition
1. Descending limb - thin, freely permeable to H2O
- simple squamous epithelium

2. Ascending (thick)
- cuboidal to columnar cells
Term
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)[renal tubule]
Definition
- function more in SECRETION than reabsorption
- confined to renal cortex
Term
Collecting Ducts
Definition
- receive filtrate from many nephrons
- fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
Term
Nephron blood flow
Definition
Aorta -> Renal artery -> Afferent arteriole -> GLOMERULUS(capillaries) -> Efferent Arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries & vasa Recta -> renal vein -> IVC (after vasa recta, it is venous blood)
Term
Blood pressure in capillary beds is high b/c:
Definition
- afferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than efferent arterioles
- arterioles are high resistence vessels
Term
Vasa Recta
Definition
- long vessels parallel to long loops of henle
- function in formation of conentrated urine
Term
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus(in distal portion of ascending limb of loop of henle and lies against afferent arteriole)
Definition
- one per nephron
- important in regulation of filtrate formation and bp.
- JG cells act as mechanoreceptors that sense bp, secretory granules contain renin
- Macula Densa act as chemoreceptors that sense NaCL content in filtrate
- Extraglomerular mesangial cells are interconnected by gap junctions and pass signals b/w macula densa and granular cells
Term
Mechanisms for Urine Formation
Definition
a) Tubular Reabsorption (body absorbs)
- returns all glucose and AA, H2O, salt, and other components to the blood
b) Tubular Secretion
- reverse of reabsorption, substances move into filtrate and is added to urine.
Term
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration (GFR)
Definition
A) Intrinsic controls(renal autoregulation)
- inc. BP = constriction of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
- dec. BP = dilation of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
B) Extrinsic Controls - nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain bp, also affect kidney function
- under extreme stress, NE is released from SNS & Epi is released from adrenal medulla.(both cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibit filtration, & trigger release of renin)
Term
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration (GFR)
Definition
A) Intrinsic controls(renal autoregulation)
- inc. BP = constriction of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
- dec. BP = dilation of afferent arterioles = normal GFR
B) Extrinsic Controls - nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain bp, also affect kidney function
- under extreme stress, NE is released from SNS & Epi is released from adrenal medulla.(both cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibit filtration, & trigger release of renin)
Term
Reabsorptive capabilities of renal tubules/collecting ducts
Definition
A) PCT - site of most reabsorption
- Na+, H2O, ions, SMALL PROTEINS
B) Loop of Henle
- descending limb = H2O
- ascending limb = Na+, K+, Cl-
C) DCT/collecting duct - reabsorption is HORMONALLY regulated
- Ca2+(PTH), H2O(ADH), Na+(aldosterone)
Term
Physical Characteristics of Urine
Definition
- clear, pale to deep yellow(due to urochrome)
- large proteins and [high] are abnormal
Term
Ureters
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- enter the base of the bladder through the post. wall(inc. pressure, distal ends of ureters close to prevent backflow)
Term
Lymphatics
Definition
Abdomen(intestinal & lumbar trunks) drains into thoracic duct through cisterna chylii
Term
Bones of the Pelvis
Definition
1. Sacrum - S1-S5 fused
- forms posterior wall of pelvis, articulates with L5 superiorly and with hip bones laterally
2. Coccyx - C1-C4 fused, kyphotic curve
- articulates superiorly with sacrum
Term
Pelvic(hip) girdle
Definition
- 2 hip bones(each called coxal bone or os coxae)
- transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs and support for pelvic organs
- each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones(ilium, ischium, and pubis
- sacrum + coccyx + hip bones = bony pelvis
Term
The Female Pelvis
Definition
- tilted forward, bones are lighter, thinner, and smoother.
- pubic arch is broader/wider
- acetebulum is smaller, further apart
- sacrum is wider, shorter, more post. and straighter
- coccyx is more movable, straighter, more post.
Term
The Male pelvis
Definition
- heavier, thicker bones
- pubic arch is narrower
- acetebulum is larger
- sacrum and coccyx is more ventral
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
- 31 pairs
a) 8 cervical
b) 12 thoracic
c) 5 lumbar
d) 5 sacral
e) 1 coccygeal(Co1)
Term
Dermatomes
Definition
a) L1 - inguinal ligament
b) L5 - buttocks
c) S1 - buttocks
d) S2 - buttocks
e) S3 - groin
f) S4 - perineum and genitals
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
- arises from ventral rami L1-L4
- caudal equina is superior to sacral plexus
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
- arises from ventral rami L4-S4
- innervates buttocks, lower limb, pelvic structure, and perineum
Term
Sciatic Nerve
Definition
- composed of 2 nerves(tibial and common fibular)
- L4-L5 and S1-S3
- longest and thickest bone in body
- innervates hamstring, adductor magnus, and most muscles of the leg and foot
Term
Sciatic Nerve
Definition
- 2 nerves(tibial and common fibular)
- Spinal Nerves: L4, L5, S1-S3
Term
Superior gluteal n.
Definition
- motor branches
- spinal nerves: L4, L5, S1
Term
Inferior gluteal n.
Definition
- motor branches to gluteus maximus
- L5-S2
Term
Post. femoral cutaneous
Definition
- skin of buttock, post. thigh, and popliteal region
- spinal nerves: S1-S3
Term
Pudendal n.
Definition
- supplies most of skin and muscles of perineum and external anal sphincter
- spinal nerves: ventral aspect, S2-S4
Term
Quadrants RUQ
Definition
- liver
- gallbladder
- small intestin
- duodenum
- distal portion of stomach
- pyloric sphincter
- ureter
Term
Quadrants LUQ
Definition
- liver
- esophagus
- LES
- stomach
- pancreas
- spleen
Term
Mesentery
Definition
- a membraneous fold connecting any number of organs to the abdominal wall
Term
Quadrants RLQ
Definition
- small intestine
- ileum
- cecum
- appendix
- rectum
- anus
- urethra
Term
Quadrants (LLQ)
Definition
- small intestines
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
Term
Urinary System Organs
Definition
- kidneys are major excretory organs
- bladder is temporary storage reservoir
- ureters transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
- urethra transports urine out of the body
Term
Ureters
Definition
- retroperitoneal
- enter base of bladder through posterior wall
- as bladder pressure increases, distal ends of the ureters close, preventing backflow of urine
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
- retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
a) males - prostate gland surrounds the neck inferiorly
b) females - anterior to the vagina and uterus

- Trigone: smooth triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra. Infections persist in this area

- when empty it collapses, rugae appear
Term
Female Urethra
Definition
Sphincters
a) internal urethral sphincter
- involuntary at bladder-urethral junction
- contracts to open, allows voiding
- inc. PNS
b) external urethral sphincter
- voluntary(skeletal m.) surrounding the urethra
- contracts to close, prevents voiding, inc. in somatic motor nerve activity
Term
Male Urethra
Definition
- carries semen and urine
3 Regions
a) Prostatic urethra
b) Membranous - passes through urogenital diaphragm
c) Spongy urethra - passies through penis and opens via the external urethra orifice
Term
Micturition (3 simultaneous events)
Definition
1. contraction of detrusor muscle by ANS
2. closure of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
3. opening of external urethra sphincter by somatic nervous system
Term
Inlet of pelvis and Outlet of pelvis
Definition
inlet = superior aspect at ASIS
outlet = childbirth, inferior aspect
Term
Arteries of Pelvis
Definition
- R. Common Iliac supplies the right side of pelvis
- L common Iliac supplies the left side of pelvis
Term
Veins of Pelvis
Definition
- left side of pelvis drains into L. common iliac vein
- right side of pelvis drains into R. common iliac vein
Term
Primary Sex Organs(male)
Definition
- gonads (testes)
- they produce sex cells
- secrete steroid sex hormones(androgens)
Term
Accessory reproductive organs(male)
Definition
- ducts(seminal vesicles)
- glands (prostate, bulbourethral glands - empties secretions into ducts during ejaculation)
- external genitalia
Term
Sperm movement
Definition
- testes produce sperm
- sperm goes to seminiferous vesicles -> epididymis -> Vas(ductus) Deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra -> penis
(SEVENUP)
Term
The Scrotum
Definition
a) sac of skin and superficial fascia
- covered with sparse hair
- outside the abdominopelvic cavity
- contains paired testes(kept lower temp. than core for sperm production)
Term
The scrotum
Definition
temp is kept constant by 2 sets of muscles
a) Dartos m. - smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin
b) Cremaster m. - bands of skeletal m. that arise from the internal oblique m. and they elevate the testes.(innervated by the genitofemoral n. L1, L2
Term
The Testes
Definition
Seminiferous tubules - site of sperm production
sperm is moved by cilia through:
- seminiferous tubules
- tubulus rectus
- testis
- efferent ductules
- epididymis(maturation occurs here)
Term
Interstitial Cells(Leydig cells)
Definition
- soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

- produce androgens (testosterone)
Term
Spermatic Cord
Definition
- encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes
Term
The Penis
Definition
A) Root(crus) - proximal end, surrounded by ischiocavernosus m., anchors penis to the pubic arch
B) Glans penis - distal end
C) Prepuce(foreskin) - loose skin covering the glans penis
- circumcision is removal of the glans penis
Term
The Penis(Corpus Spongiosum)
Definition
- surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of penis
- spongy urethra
Term
The Penis(Corpora Cavernosa)
Definition
- paired dorsal erectile bodies
- proximal ends form crura(crus)of penis
Term
Male Duct System (Epididymis)
Definition
a) non-motile sperm enter & leave motile
b) Microvilli(stereocilia) absorb testicular fluid & pass nutrients to stored sperm(nutrients while maturing)
Term
Male Duct System (Ductus Deferens)
Definition
- expands to form the ampulla & then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
- vasectomy is when you cut/ligate ductus deferens
Term
Male Duct System (Urethra)
Definition
- transports urine and semen, but at different times

3 regions
a) prostatic urethra
b) membranous urethra
c) spongy(penile) urethra
Term
Male Duct System (seminal vesicles)
Definition
- produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid, proteins, fructose,....
- ductus deferens + duct of seminal vesicle = ejaculatory duct
Term
Prostate
Definition
- secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid
- neutralizes vaginal tract
- contains prostate-specific antigen(PSA)
- you cannot detect cancer with PSA b/c it is elevated in enlarged prostates
Term
Bulbourethral Glands
Definition
- pea-sized, inferior to prostate
- produces thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation
- lubricates glans penis
- neutralizes trace amounts of acidic urine in the urethra
Term
Semen
Definition
- mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Term
Erection
Definition
a) PNS reflex promotes release of nitric oxide(NO)
- NO causes erectile tissue to fill with blood
b) expansion of the corpora cavernosa occurs
- compresses drainage veins and maintains erection
- corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open
Term
Erection - the response
Definition
a) neurological input
b) blood input
c) psychological input
Term
Sperm
Definition
1) head - genetic region, nucleus and helmet-like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the egg
2. Midpiece - metabolic region, mitochondria
3. Tail - locomotor region(flagellum)
Term
HPG (hypothalamus/pituitary/gonadal) Axis
Definition
- hypothalamus releases GnRH
- GnRH stimulates ant. pit to release FSH & LH
- FSH causes cells to release androgen-binding protein, makes cells receptive to testosterone
- LH stimulates cells to release testosterone
testosterone is FINAL trigger for spermatogenesis
Term
Inhibition of HPG axis
Definition
- rising levels of testosterone
- Inhibin is released when sperm count is too high
Term
Female Gonads
Definition
- produce female gametes(ova)
- secrete female sex hormones(estrogen,progesterone)
Term
Female Accessory Ducts
Definition
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina(an opening, not an organ!)
Term
Female internal genitalia
Definition
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina - vaginal area is an opening, not an organ
Term
External Genitalia (female)
Definition
- hymen(tissue covering vaginal opening)
- labia minora
Term
Ovarian Ligaments
Definition
1. Ovarian ligament - anchors ovary medially to the uterus
2. Broad ligament - supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina' also contains the suspensory ligament and mesovarium
3. suspensory ligament - anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall
Term
Broad ligament =
Definition
suspensory and mesovarium
Term
Ovulation
Definition
- ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follice
Term
Corpus Luteum
Definition
- develops from ruptured follicles after ovulation
- produces progesterone which inhibits the uterus from shedding its lining, can cause ovarian cysts
Term
Fertilization of an oocyte occurs where?
Definition
the ampulla
Term
Uterine/Fallopian Tube
Definition
- isn't physically attached to ovary
- the fimbrae is what branches off of uterine tube to the ovary
Term
Female duct system
Definition
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
Term
Uterine Tubes
Definition
a) ampulla
- site of fertilization
- fibriae of infundibulum create currents that move oocyte into the uterine tube from the ovary
b) isthmus - constricted region where tube joins uterus
Term
Uterus
Definition
a) Body - major portion
b) Fundus - rounded superior portion
c) Isthmus(of uterus) - narrowed inferior region, superior to cervix
d) cervix - narrow neck/outlet, projects into vagina
Term
cervical canal communicates with vagina by way of:
Definition
- external os (site of pap smears)
Term
Perineum
Definition
- diamond-shaped region b/w the pubic arch and coccyx
- bordered by ischial tuberosities, laterally
Term
Ovarian Cycle (2 phases)
Definition
1. Follicular phase - period of follicle growth(days 1-14), oocyte in ovary
**ovulation occurs midcycle(mittelschmerz is twinge of pain sometimes felt)
2. Luteal phase (days 14-28) - period of corpus luteum activity, oocyte out of ovary
Term
Luteal phase
Definition
- secretes progesterone and estrogen (prevents menstrual cycle)
- if fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days
- if fertilization does occur, the luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over at 3 months
Term
Cause of menstruation
Definition
- surge of LH
Term
hormonal interactions during ovarian cycel
Definition
day 1: GnRH releases LH & FSH -> inc. estrogen
day 14: LH surge triggers ovulation
days 26-28: corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop sharply
Term
Menstrual cycle (3 phases)
Definition
1. days 1-5: menstrual phase
2. days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory)
3. days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory)
Term
Hypothalamus axis
Definition
a) posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin
- contractions of the uterus
- milk "let down"
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
- modified sweat glands
- areaola: pigmented area around nipple
- lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli(lobes in breast) that produce milk
- prolactin -> milk production
- oxytocin -> milk letdown
Term
Prolactin
Definition
- controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hormone(PIH), dopamine
Term
breast cancer risk factors
Definition
- early onset of menstruation/late menopause
- no pregnancies or pregnancies late in life
- family hx of breast cancer
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