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Exam II Anatomy
Samsam, UCF
375
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/29/2011

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Term
S
Definition
clavicle takes on an __ shape
Term
medial
Definition
2/3 of the clavicle bone consists of the __ part, which takes on a convex shape.
Term
lateral
Definition
1/3 of the clavicle bone consists of the __ part, which takes on a concave shape
Term
medial and later
Definition
the weak point of the clavicle is found in between the __ and __ portions of the bone.
Term
fractures
Definition
the weak point of the clavicle is called the weak point because this is where __ usually take place
Term
intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
Definition
bone is ossified in two ways. what are they
Term
intramembranous
Definition
__ ossification is ossified without pre-existing cartilage
Term
intramembraneous
Definition
the clavicle is formed with __ ossification
Term
intramembraneous
Definition
the skull is formed with __ ossification
Term
cleidocranial dysostosis
Definition
__ occurs when there is a problem with the ossification
Term
epiphysis
Definition
the Humerus has a shaft and two ends, called __
Term
four
Definition
there are __ different fractures of the humerus
Term
axillary
Definition
fracture to the surgical neck of the humerus leads to injury of the __ nerve
Term
radial
Definition
fracture to the middle of the shaft leads to injury of the __ nerve
Term
Median
Definition
fracture to the distal end of the humerus leads to injury of the __ nerve
Term
Ulnar
Definition
fracture to the medical epicondyle leads to the injury of the __ nerve
Term
eight
Definition
there are a total of __ carpal bones.
Term
four
Definition
there are two rows of carpal bones that each contain __ bones
Term
proximal row and distal row
Definition
what are the two rows of the carpal bones
Term
proximal
Definition
the __ row of the carpal bones contains: 1. scaphoid, 2. lunate, 3. triquetrum, 4. pisiform
Term
distal
Definition
the __ row of the carpal bones contains: 1. trapezium, 2. trapezoid, 3. capitate, 4. hamate
Term
scaphoid
Definition
the __ bone is the largest in the proximal row of the carpal bones
Term
capitate
Definition
the __ bone is the largest in the distal row of the carpal bones
Term
scaphoid
Definition
the __ bone is the most frequent bone to fracture among the carpal bones
Term
lunate
Definition
the __ is the most dislocated carpal bone
Term
radial
Definition
the __ nerve is the nerve that passes on the back side of the arm and forearm
Term
arm
Definition
the radial nerve innervates all of those muscles found on the back side of the __
Term
elbow
wrist
Definition
the radial nerve is responsible for the extension of the __ and the extension of the __
Term
wrist
Definition
if the radial nerve becomes injured, the __ will drop
Term
Humerus
Definition
the radial nerve will be injured when the middle shaft of the __ is fractured
Term
median
Definition
the __ nerve is responsible for flexion of the wrist and the flexion of the finger
Term
distal
Definition
the median nerve is usually injured through fractures of the __ end of the Humerus
Term
ape hand
Definition
injury to the median nerve will lead to a condition called __
Term
ulnar
Definition
the __ nerve is the nerve that you can touch behind the medial epicondyle
Term
superficial
Definition
the ulnar nerve is __ nerve
Term
medial epicondyle
Definition
the ulnar nerve is usually injured through fracture of the __
Term
atrophy
Definition
the the ulnar nerve is damaged, the muscles won't work and it will lead to muscle __
Term
carpal tunnel
Definition
__ is where the two rows of the carpal bones produce the carpal groove
Term
concave
Definition
in carpal tunnel, the carpal groove is __ anteriorly
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
__ is usually due to pregnancy, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Term
median
Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that leads to the compression of the _ nerve and is very painful
Term
rotator cuff muscles
Definition
the __ muscles are the four muscles that connect to the shoulder joints. these protect the shoulder joint and help with stability
Term
1. supraspinatus, 2. infraspinatus, 3. teres minor, 4. subscapularis
Definition
what are the four rotator cuff muscles
Term
supraspinatus
Definition
the __ is an abductor of the arm and is innervated by the suprascapular nerve
Term
infraspinatus
Definition
the __ is the lateral rotator of the arm and is innervated by the suprascapular nerve
Term
teres minor
Definition
the __ is a lateral rotator of the arm and is innervated by the axillary nerve
Term
subscapularis
Definition
the __ is an adductor of the arm and medial rotator. it is innervated by the subscapular nerver
Term
serratus anterior
Definition
the __ is found by the longissimus dorsi muscle. it is more anterior however, and it goes beneath the subscapularis muscle
Term
above
Definition
elevation of the arm = __ 90 degrees
Term
below
Definition
abduction of the arm = __ 90 degrees
Term
winged scapula
Definition
the scapula is prominent and coming out. the long thoracic nerve is damaged and the patient is unable to elevate his or her arm
Term
rhomboid
Definition
if the patient can still elevate their arm and has a winged scapula, this means that the injury was to the __ muscles
Term
radial masectomy
Definition
removal of the breast, usually due to breast cancer
Term
cancer
Definition
in a radial masectomy, we can remove one breast, or both breasts, depending on how far the __ has spread
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
in a radial masectomy, we take all of the __ out
Term
auxillary
Definition
75% of the lymphatics of the breast goes to the __ nerve. during a radial masectomy these must also be removed
Term
pectoralis muscle
serratus anterior muscles
Definition
the breast is part of both the __ muscle and the __ muscles. therefore, during a radial masectomy, when on or both breasts are removed, we are disabled the functions of these muscles
Term
radial
Definition
dorsal side of the arm = __ nerve
Term
medial cutaneous antibrachial nerve
Definition
the medial side of the arm = __ nerve
Term
exaggeration of reflex
Definition
when a person has a stroke, the nerves are damaged. therefore when you tap on the upper biceps muscle, you are tapping on the tendons in this area and your muscles cause you to jerk. this is called an __ because your arm will jerk more than usual
Term
hypoflexia
Definition
this occurs when there is no response to the tendons. your nerves are damaged, however when you tap on the muscle or tendons in that area, there will be no response and therefore no jerk
Term
brachialis
Definition
the __ is located below the biceps brachia
Term
three
Definition
the triceps mucles are broken up into __ groups
Term
1. triceps long head, 2. triceps medial head, 3. triceps lateral head
Definition
what three groups are the triceps muscles broken up into?
Term
triceps lateral head
Definition
the __ head is found on the lateral, or side of the body and is also found superior to the other muscles
Term
triceps long head
Definition
the __ head is found on the medial side of the body and superior to the other muscles
Term
triceps medial head
Definition
the __ head is found on the medial side of the body and is inferior to the other muscles
Term
1. flexor digitorum superficiallis, 2. flexor pollicis longus, 3. median nerve, 4. flexor capri radialis
Definition
what are the contents of carpal tunnel
Term
flexor retinaculum
Definition
the carpal tunnel is produced by the __ which is found over the carpal bones and is located anteriorly
Term
"sandwiched"
Definition
with carpal tunnel, the median nerve is __ between the muscles
Term
hand muscles
upper wrist muscles
Definition
with carpal tunnel, only the __ muscles, not the __ muscles, are affected at the wrist
Term
guyons canal
Definition
the __ is where the ulnar nerve passes through the flexor retinaculum
Term
not possible
wrist
Definition
with damage to the radial nerve, extension of the elbow is __ and the __ drops
Term
elbow
Definition
with damage to the radial nerve, if you are injured in the upper arm, extension of the __ is not possible
Term
Humerus
Definition
with damage to the radial nerve, if you are injured in the lower arm, the wrist will drop, but you will still be able to extend your elbow because damage to the radial nerve is lower than the shaft of the __
Term
three
Definition
the ring finger is innervated by __ different nerves
Term
ring
Definition
the __ finger is the most complex finger on your hand
Term
1. median nerve, 2. superficial radial nerve, and 3. the ulnar nerve
Definition
the ring finger is innervated by the __ nerve, the __ nerve, and the __ nerve
Term
claw hand
Definition
injury of the ulnar nerve can result in __
Term
phalangial joints
Definition
in damage to the ulnar nerve that results in claw hand, there is hyperextension and flexion of the __ joints
Term
ulnar
Definition
ape hand is also a result of injury to the __ nerve
Term
flat
Definition
ape hand occurs when the tenor eminence is __
Term
1. brachioradialis, 2. extensor carpi radialis longus, 3. extensor carpi radialis brevis
Definition
what are the three main forearm muscles?
Term
brachioradialis; forearm muscle
Definition
__ is innervated by the radial nerve and functions in bringing the forearm into midposition between pronation and supination
Term
extansor carpi radialis longus; forearm muscle
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and functions in extensing and abducting the hand
Term
extensor carpi radialis brevis; forearm muscle
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and functions in extensing and abducting the hand
Term
radial nerve
Definition
all of the forearm muscles are innervated by the __ nerve
Term
longus
brevis
(forearm muscles)
Definition
the extensor carpi radialis __ and extensor capri radialis __ have the same function of the body
Term
dorsal forearm: superficial layer
Definition
the muscles in the __ group are innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and all of them function in extension of the fingers or hand
Term
1. extensor digitorum, 2. extensor digiti minimi, 3. extensor carpi ulnaris
Definition
what are the three muscles that make up the dorsal forearm: superficial layer?
Term
extensor digitorum; dorsal forearm: superficial layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and it functions in extension of four of the fingers
Term
extensor digiti minimi; dorsal forearm: superficial layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and it functions in extension of the fifth digit
Term
extensor carpi ulnaris; dorsal forearm: superificial layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and it functions in extension and adduction of the hand
Term
dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer
Definition
all the muscles in the __ group, except the supinator, are innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve. they all have differing functions
Term
1. supinator, 2. abductor pollicis longus, 3. extensor pollicis brevis, 4. extensor indicis
Definition
what four muscles make up the dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer group?
Term
supinator; dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve and it functions in supinating the forearm
Term
abductor pollicis longus; dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and functions in abduction of the first thumb
Term
extensor pollicis brevis; dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and it functions in extension of the thumb
Term
extensor indicis; dorsal forearm muscles: deep layer
Definition
this muscle is innervated by the posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve and it functions in extension of the index finger
Term
"snuffbox"
Definition
the dorsum of the hand contains what's called a __
Term
1. tendon of the extensor pollicis longus, 2. tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis, 3. tendon of the abductor pollicis longus
Definition
the dorsum of the hand contains a "snuffbox" and it borders what?
Term
extensor pollicis longus
Definition
the tendon of the __ is found superiorly, or above the snuffbox that the dorsum of the hand contains
Term
extensor pollicis brevis
Definition
the tendon of the __ is found within the snuffbox that the dorsum of the hand contains
Term
abductor pollicis longus
Definition
the tendon of the __ is found below, or inferior to the snuffbox that the dorsum of the hand contains
Term
1. radial artery, 2. superficial radial nerve
Definition
what are the contents of the snuffbox?
Term
1. neurocranium, 2. facial skeleton
Definition
the skull contains what two parts?
Term
eight
Definition
the neurocranium contains __ bones
Term
fourteen
Definition
the facial skeleton contains __ bones
Term
three
Definition
the temporal bone contains __ parts
Term
zygomatic
Definition
the __ bone forms with the zygomatic part of the temporal bone
Term
ethmoid bone
Definition
the __ bone is found in the middle of the nose. it has a horizontal and a longitudinal axis that divides it
Term
Bregma
Definition
the skull contains sutures on the top of the surface. the __ is the point in which the two sutures meet
Term
vomer
Definition
the __ bone is found in the nasal cavity
Term
sphenoid
Definition
the __ bone is the butterfly looking bone that has both a lesser and a greater wing
Term
mandibular fossa
Definition
the __ of the temporal bone articulates with the mandible
Term
Carotid foramen
Definition
the __ foramen transmits the Internal Carotid Artery
Term
Internal Carotid Artery
Definition
the __ is the major blood supply to the brain
Term
three
Definition
the Jugular foramen transmits __ nerves
Term
jugular foramen
Definition
the __ foramen transmits the cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11
Term
cerebro sinuses
Definition
cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 bring blood back form the brain into the __
Term
internal carotid artery
cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11
Definition
the __ brings blood to the brain, and the __ brings blood from the brain
Term
the foramen lacerum
Definition
the internal carotid artery passes over what structure?
Term
mandibular nerve
Definition
the foramen ovale transmits the __
Term
eye
Definition
both the opthalmic artery and the optic nerve are related to the __ functions
Term
opthalmic artery
Definition
the __ functions in bringing the blood supply to the eye
Term
optic nerve
Definition
the __ brings sensory information to the brain
Term
22
Definition
there are __ bones total in the skull
Term
neurocranium
Definition
the __ contains the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and the ethmoid bones
Term
facial skeleton
Definition
the __ contains the maxilla, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, and the vomer bone
Term
fontanels
Definition
__ are unossified membrane remnants in the skull. these are found in newborns
Term
four
Definition
there are __ major fontanels
Term
anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid
Definition
what are the four major fontanels?
Term
18-36 months
6 months
Definition
the anterior fontanel is ossified within __ months while the posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid fontanels are ossified within __ months
Term
sphenoid bone
Definition
the __ bone holds all of the cranial bones together
Term
keystone of the cranial floor
Definition
the sphenoid bone is like the glue of the skull and is therefore called the __ of the __
Term
maxillary nerve
Definition
the foramen rotundum transmits the __
Term
mandibular nerve
Definition
the foramen ovale transmits the __
Term
middle meningeal artery and vein
Definition
the foramen spinosum transmits the __
Term
internal carotid artery
Definition
the foramen lacerum transmits the __
Term
medulla and meninges vertebral arteries and CN XI
Definition
the foramen magnum transmits the __
Term
CN IX, X, and XI nerves
Definition
the jugular foramen transmits the __
Term
hypoglassal nerve
Definition
the hypoglossal canal transmits the ___
Term
cranial nerve
Definition
CN means what
Term
mimetic
Definition
the muscles of the head contain __ muscles
Term
displacement
Definition
the mimetic muscles of the head are facial expression muscles. they radiate into the skin of the face and head and when contracted, cause __ of the skin
Term
1. Muscles of the scalp, 2. muscles of the eyelid, 3. muscles of the nasal region, 4. muscles of the mouth
Definition
what four groups are the muscles of the head broken up into?
Term
CN VII
Definition
all mimetic muscles of the head are innervated by __
Term
two
Definition
there are __ muscles of the scalp
Term
1. epicranius muscle, 2. temporoparietalis muscle
Definition
what are the two muscles of the scalp?
Term
two
Definition
the epicranius muscles has __ bellies
Term
frontal and occipital
Definition
the epicranius consists of the __ and __ bellies
Term
Galae Aponeurotica
Definition
in between the frontal and occipital bellies lies the __
Term
wrinkles
Definition
the function of the Galae Aponeurotica is to produce __ in the forehead
Term
CN VII
Definition
the epicranius muscle and the temporoparietalis muscle are innervated by __
Term
two
Definition
there are __ muscles of the eyelid region
Term
1. orbicularis oculi muscle, 2. corrugator supercilli
Definition
what are the two muscles of the eyelid region?
Term
three
Definition
the orbicularis oculi contains __ parts
Term
1. the orbital, 2. the palpebral, 3. the lacrimal
Definition
what three parts does the orbicularis oculi contain?
Term
orbicularis oculi
Definition
the __ functions in producing the folds in the eyes. it is concerned with expressions of worry and concern
Term
corrugator supercilli
Definition
the __ pulls the eyebrow down. it contracts and protects the eye from the sun and light
Term
CN VII
Definition
the orbicularis oculi and the corrugator supercilli are innervated by __
Term
ten
Definition
there are __ muscles of the mouth
Term
1. orbicularis oris, 2. buccinator, 3. zygomaticus major, 4. zygomaticus minor, 5. risorius, 6. levator labii superioris, 7. lavator anguli oris, 8. depressor anguli oris, 9. depressor labii inferioris, 10. mentalis
Definition
what are the ten muscles of the mouth?
Term
orbicularis oris
Definition
the __ functions in contracting and closing the mouth
Term
buccinator
Definition
the __ functions in blowing air out of the mouth. contraction of this muscle gives the expression of satisfaction
Term
zygomaticus major
Definition
the __ functions in lifting the corners of the mouth upward. this muscles gives the expression of laughter or pleasure
Term
risorius
Definition
the __ is also called the laughing muscle
Term
risorius
Definition
the __ functions together with the zygomatic major to produce the nasolabial folds
Term
lavator anguli oris
Definition
the __ functions in giving the expression of self confidence
Term
depressor anguli oris
Definition
the __ functions in pulling the angle of the mouth downwards and producing the expression of sadness
Term
mentalis
Definition
the __ produces the chin-lip furrow and gives the expression of doubt and indecision
Term
CN VII
Definition
all ten muscles of the mouth are innervated by __
Term
four
Definition
there are __ parts of the infrahyoid muscles
Term
1. omohyoid, 2. sternohyoid, 3. sternothyroid, 4. thyrohyoid
Definition
what are the four parts of the infrahyoid muscles?
Term
Cervical ansa (C1-C3)
Definition
all of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the same nerve. they are innervated by the __
Term
two
Definition
the omohyoid muscle is split up into __ bellies
Term
superior and the inferior
Definition
the omohyoid muscle contains the __ and the __ belly
Term
omohyoid muscle
Definition
the __ is responsible for the fascia tensor, dilating the internal jugular vein to allow blood to flow back to the heart, opening the mouth, and lateral flexion of the head
Term
cervical ansa
Definition
the omohyoid muscle is innervated by the __
Term
hyoid
Definition
all of the infrahyoid muscles work together to approximate the thyroid bone to the __ bone
Term
infrahyoid muscles
Definition
the __ muscles stabilize the laryngeal cartilages and the hyoid bone when the mouth is open
Term
four
Definition
there are __ parts of the suprahyoid muscles
Term
1. digastric, 2. stylohoid, 3. myelohyoid, 4. geniohyoid
Definition
what are the four parts of the suprahyoid muscles?
Term
digastric muscle
Definition
the __ is responsible for raising the hyoid and stabilizing it in speaking and swallowing. it also depresses the mandible
Term
two different nerves
Definition
the digastric muscle is innervated by __ nerves
Term
trigeminal nerve
Definition
the anterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the __
Term
facial nerve
Definition
the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by the __
Term
stylohyoid muscle
Definition
the __ is responsible for elevating and retracting the hyoid bone. it also elongates the floor of the mouth
Term
facial nerve
Definition
the stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the __
Term
myelohyoid muscle
Definition
the __ is responsible for elevating the hyoid and floor of the mouth and tongue when swallowing and speaking
Term
cranial nerve V/3
Definition
the myelohoid muscle is innervated by the __
Term
geniohyoid muscle
Definition
the __ is responsible for pulling the hyoid anterosuperiorly. it also shortens the floor of the mouth and widens the pharynx
Term
hypoglossal nerve
Definition
the geniohyoid muscle is innervated by the __
Term
three
Definition
there are __ parts of the paravertebrals
Term
1. rectus capitis, 2. longus capitis, 3. longus colli
Definition
what are the three parts of the paravertebrals?
Term
rectus capitis
Definition
the __ is responsible for flexing the head
Term
cervical plexus
Definition
the rectus capitis is innervated by the __
Term
longus capitis
Definition
the __ is responsible for bending the head forwards and unilateral action which turns the head sideways
Term
cervical plexus
Definition
the longus capitis is innervated by the __
Term
longus colli
Definition
the __ is responsible for unilateral contraction which bends and turns the cervical column to the side. it also bends the cervical spine forwards
Term
Brachial and the cervical plexus
Definition
the longus colli is innervated by the __
Term
three
Definition
there are __ parts of the scalene muscles
Term
1. scalene anterior, 2. scalene posterior, 3. scalene medius
Definition
what are the three parts of scalene muscles?
Term
scalene muscles
Definition
__ muscles are important for quiet inspiration. they lift the superior part of the thorax.
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
the scalene muscles are innervated by the __
Term
30%
Definition
the scalene minimus is disregarded because it is only present in __
Term
anterior and posterior
Definition
the triangles of the neck are broken up into __ and __ parts
Term
1. submandibular triangle, 2. carotid triangle, 3. muscular triangle, 4. submental triangle
Definition
the anterior region of the triangles of the neck contains what?
Term
1. occipital triangle, 2. omoclavicular triangle
Definition
the posterior region of the triangles of the neck contains what?
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
the __ gland is the largest of the endocrine glands
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
the __ is responsible for calcium formation
Term
sternothyoid
sternohyiod muscles
Definition
the thyroid gland is found deep to the __ and the __
Term
C5-T1
Definition
the thyroid gland is found between the __ level
Term
sheath, an isthumus, and right and left lobes
Definition
the thyroid gland contains a capsule covered by a __, an __, and __.
Term
thyroxin and calcitonin
Definition
the thyroid gland produces both __ and __
Term
thyroxin
calcitonin
Definition
__ controls the metabolism which __ controls the calcium production and metabolism
Term
goiter
Definition
a __ is due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. it usually consists of swelling of the neck area due to a deficiency of Iodine in food
Term
thyroidectomy
Definition
__ is the removal of the thyroid gland due to cancer
Term
four
Definition
there are usually __ total parathyroid glands
Term
one
one
Definition
both thyroid lobes contain __ upper and __ lower parathyroid glands
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
__ are found internal to the connective tissue sheath and external to the thyroid capsule
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
the function of the parathyroid glands is a bit similar to that of the __
Term
calcium
Definition
the parathyroid glands and the thyroid gland both control the production of __
Term
parahormon
Definition
the parathyroid glands also produce __
Term
calcium and phosphorus
Definition
the parahormon that the parathyroid glands produce control both __ and __
Term
upper limb
Definition
the __ in the human is able to perform highly coordinated and skilled movement due to being exempted from locomotion function
Term
motor cortex
Definition
the hand, and especially the thumb occupy almost the largest area of the __ compared to the trunk or other areas
Term
scapula
clavicle
Definition
upper limb is connected by the shoulder (pectoral) girdle consisting of the __ and the __ that articulates with the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint
Term
shoulder girdle, upper arm (brachial), the elbow (cubital), forearm (antecrachial), wrist (carpal) region and the hand
Definition
the upper limb includes what regions?
Term
brachial
Definition
upper arm = __
Term
cubital
Definition
elbow = __
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm = __
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist = __
Term
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, the carpal bones, five metacarpal bones, five proximal phalanges, five distal phalanges, and four intermediate phalanges
Definition
what bones are included in the upper limb?
Term
two
three
Definition
the thumb has __ phalangeal bones, while the other fingers have __ phalanges
Term
scapula
Definition
__ is located on the back of the shoulder in humans and has two surfaces
Term
anterior (subscapular fossa) surface, and the posterior surface
Definition
what are the two surfaces of the scapula
Term
supraspinous and infraspinous fossae
Definition
the spine of the scapula divides the posterior surface into two parts: the __ and __
Term
acromion process
Definition
the spine of the scapula bears an expansion laterally called the __, which articulates with the clavicle
Term
the medial, lateral, and superior boarders
Definition
what are the three boarders of the scapula
Term
the superior, inferior, and lateral angles
Definition
what are the three angles of the scapula
Term
glenoid cavity
Definition
__ is the site of articulation with the head of the humerus, and is located at the lateral angle of the scapula
Term
coracoid process
Definition
the __ is above the glenoid cavity and extends anterolaterally
Term
1. the short head of the biceps brachii (origin), 2. the coracobrachialis muscle (origin), 3. the pectoralis minor (insertion)
Definition
the coracoid process gives origin to or is an insertion site for what three muscles
Term
suprascapular notch
Definition
beside the base of the coracoid process on the superior border of the scapula, is the __
Term
superior transverse scapular ligament
Definition
the suprascapular notch is bridged at its top by the __
Term
suprascapular nerve and vessels
Definition
the __ and __ run through the suprascapular notch
Term
supraglenoid tubercle
Definition
site of origin of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
Term
infraglenoid tubercle
Definition
site of origin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle
Term
sternal
acromial
Definition
the clavicle has two ends, the __ end and the __ end
Term
sternum
acromion
Definition
the two ends on the clavicle are covered by cartilage and form articular facets to articulate with the __ at the sternal end and with the __ at the acromial end
Term
acromion process
Definition
the acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the __ of the scapula
Term
ball-and-socket
Definition
the sternoclavicular joint is a __ type synovial joint that is supported by several surrounding ligaments
Term
plane-type
sliding/gliding
Definition
the acromioclavicular join is a __-type joint that permits __ movements
Term
superior and inferior
Definition
the clavicle has two surfaces, __ and __, that are the sites of attachment of the muscles and ligaments
Term
costoclavicular ligament
Definition
the __ ligament can be seen between the clavicle and the first rib
Term
endochondral
Definition
the two ends of the clavicle have __ ossification, which appears in the second decade of life, and the ossified centers fuse to each other after that
Term
proximal
Definition
the __ end of the humerus, bears the head of the humerus, which articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula in the shoulder joint
Term
distal
Definition
the __ end of the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna is the elbow joint
Term
cylindrical
triangular
Definition
the shaft of the humerus is __ in the upper section and __ in the lower section
Term
head
Definition
on the proximal end of the humerus is the __ of the humerus. it is a semi-ball-like structure with a smooth, articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage
Term
glenoid cavity
Definition
the head of the humerus on the proximal end, fits into the __ of the scapula and forms the shoulder joint
Term
anatomical neck
Definition
inferior to the head of the humerus on the proximal end, is where the articular surface ends and joins the shaft. this is known as the __ of the humerus
Term
greater
lesser
Definition
the __ is the laterally located tubercle on the humerus and the __ is the medially located tubercle on the proximal end of the humerus
Term
surgical neck
Definition
the __ of the proximal end of the humerus is found just inferior to the tubercles
Term
intertubercular (bicipital) groove
Definition
the __ groove of the proximal end of the humerus lies between the greater and lesser tubercles
Term
intertubercular (bicipital) groove of the proximal end of the humerus
Definition
the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle passes through the __
Term
deltoid tuberosity
Definition
the __ can be seen on the lateral aspect of the middle of the shaft of the proximal end of the humerus
Term
radial (spiral) groove
Definition
the __ lies on the posterior surface in the middle of the shaft of the proximal end of the humerus
Term
radial nerve and deep brachial vessels
Definition
the __ and __ pass through the spiral groove of the proximal end of the humerus
Term
suprachondylar endges
Definition
there are two sharp edges (ridge), the medial and lateral __ edges, which continue distally to the medial and lateral nonarticular epicondyles of the distal end of the humerus
Term
ulnar nerve
Definition
the medial epicondyle is larger and bears the ulnar groove posteriorly, through which the __ passes beneath the skin on the distal end of the humerus
Term
articular
Definition
the condyles of the distal end of the humerus are __
Term
radius
ulna
Definition
on the distal end of the humerus, the capitulum articulates with the head of the __ and the trochlea articulates with the __ at the trochlear notch
Term
radial fossa
coronoid fossa
Definition
on the distal end of the humerus, anteriorly, the __ is found above the capitulum and the __ above the trochlea
Term
flexed
Definition
the radial fossa and coronoid fossa of at the distal end of the humerus accommodate space of the edge of the circumference of the head of the radius and the coronoid process of the ulna, respecitively, when the elbow is __
Term
olevranon fossa
Definition
on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus, the bigger size __ can be seen.
Term
extended
Definition
the olecranon process of the ulna fits in the olecranon fossa when the elbow is __
Term
articular lip
Definition
the shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity, which is expanded by an __ at its border
Term
supraglenoid
Definition
the long head of the biceps brahii muscle originates from the __ tubercle, passing through the joint into the bicipital groove
Term
shoulder joint
Definition
the rotator cuff muscles help strengthen the __
Term
radius
Definition
the __ is a long bone that is found laterally in the forearm, and consists of a body and two ends
Term
proximal
Definition
the __ end of the radius consists of the head and the neck
Term
triangularlike
Definition
the body of the radius is __ and has three surfaces (anterior, lateral, and posterior) and three boarders (anterior, posterior, and medial)
Term
styloid process
Definition
the distal end of the radius is expanded and has a sharp tip inferiorly called the __ located laterally
Term
ulnar notch
Definition
on the distal end of the radius, the __ is located medially for articulation with the head of the ulna
Term
ulna
Definition
the __ is a forearm bone that is located medially in the anatomical position. it consists of a body and two ends
Term
trochlear notch
Definition
the proximal end of the ulna consists of the __ which articulates with the trochlea of the distal humerus
Term
coronoid process
Definition
the __ if found anteriorly, on the lower edge of the trochlear notch on the proximal end of the ulna
Term
radial notch
Definition
the __ is a lateral expansion of the articular surface close to the trochlear notch, for articulation with the head of the radius on the proximal end of the ulna
Term
olecranon process
Definition
the rough part of the proximal end of the ulna posteriorly is called the __
Term
ulnar tuberosity
Definition
the site of attachment of the brachialis muscle is the __ on the proximal end of the ulna
Term
three surfaces (anterior, medial, and posterior) three borders (anterior, posterior, and medial)
Definition
the triangularlike body of the ulna has __ surfaces and __ borders
Term
supinator crest
Definition
in the upper part of the body of the ulna the __ is seen
Term
radius
Definition
the distal end of the ulna bears the head for articulation with the ulnar notch of the distal __
Term
carpal bones
Definition
the ulna is not in direction contact to the __; rather, the radius has such connections
Term
synovial
Definition
the elbow joint is a __ joint
Term
the humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints
Definition
the capsule of the elbow joint comprises what three joints
Term
medial/ulnar and lateral/radial
Definition
the __ and __ ligaments restrict the movement of the elbow joint
Term
abduction
Definition
an ulnar collateral ligament injury in a sprain may lead to abnormal __ of the forearm
Term
adduction
Definition
a radial (lateral) collateral ligament injury in a sprain may lead to abnormal __ of the forearm
Term
colles' fracture
Definition
falling on the hand with the arm extended. the radius is fractured, giving a dinner fork shape to the forearm
Term
carpal bones
Definition
the __ are located near the wrist joint and are arranged in two rows, each row with four bones
Term
carpal groove
Definition
the carpal bones are firmly articulated together to form a unit called the __. it is covered by the flexor retinaculum, forming the carpal tunnel, through which several muscles and the median nerve pass
Term
flexor retinaculum
Definition
the __ consists of two different fibrous structures with different histological characteristics, which are present in the volar (anterior) aspect of the wrist
Term
carpal tunnel
Definition
the flexor retinaculum that covers the carpal groove forms the __, through which the tendons of some flexor muscles of the wrist and hand pass, along with the median nerve
Term
radius
articular disc
Definition
the wrist is an ellipsoid-type synovial joint whose joint surfaces are created proximally by the __ and __, and distally by the proximal row of carpal bones
Term
S
Definition
the joints between the carpal bones is __ shaped. there is little movement between the bones of the first row, but almost no movement between the second row, and between these joints and the metacarpal bones, except for the thumb
Term
axilla (armpit)
Definition
the pyramid-shaped space in the axillary region is known as the __, which houses the neurovasculature of the upper limb
Term
C5-T1
Definition
the brachial plexus originates from the __ roots
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
the __ is found in the posterior triangle of the neck, between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the scalene triangle; it then runs behind the clavicle at the root of the neck. passing into the axillary region, it then branches out into its terminal nerves, including major nerves such as the median, radial, ulnar, axillary and musculocutaneous nerves
Term
deltoid
Definition
triangular-shaped muscle in a superficial layer lateral to the trapezius muscle, whose base lies superior and whose apex is pointed inferiorly. it is located on the posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of the shoulder, and makes up the bulk of the muscle around the shoulder joint
Term
deltoid muscle
Definition
Origin: the lateral one third of the clavicle, the acromion process, and the lower border of the spine of the scapula.
Insertion: the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerus
Function: abduction of the arm, up to 90 degrees
Innervation: axillary nerve (C5-C6)
Term
supraspinatus muscle
Definition
lies on the dorsal aspect of the scapula above the spine of the scapula, deeper to the trapezius and deltoid muscles
Term
Supraspinatus
Definition
Origin: the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: the upper facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Function: acts as an abductor of the arm, and belongs to the rotator cuff muscle group
Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)
Term
infraspinatus
Definition
lies inferior to the spine of the scapula, and deeper to the spinal fibers of the deltoid muscle
Term
infraspinatus
Definition
Origin: the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: the middle part of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Function: acts as a lateral rotator of the arm, and belongs to the rotator cuff muscle group
Innervation: the suprascapular nerve (C4-C6)
Term
teres minor
Definition
Origin: the lateral border of the scapula
Insertion: the lower facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
Function: acts as a lateral rotator of the arm, and belongs to the rotator cuff muscle group
Innervation: the axillary nerve (C5-C6)
Term
teres major
Definition
Origin: the lateral border of the scapula, near the inferior angle
Insertion: just inferior to the lesser tubercle of the humreus
function: adduction and medial rotations of the arm
innervation: the lower subscapular nerve (C6-C7)
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
vast muscle found in the superficial layers of the back
Origin: the spinous process of T7-T12, the thoracolumbar fascia, the iliac crest, the lower ribs (10-12), and the inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: beneath the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus
functions: involved in medial rotation, extension and adduction of the arm by acting on the humerus. also involved in coughing and forces expiration
Innervation: the thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8), a branch of the posterior cord coming from the brachial plexus
Term
subscapularis muscle
Definition
located anteriorly on the scapula, along with the ribs and intercostal muscles, is covered by the serratus anterior
Origin: the anterior surface of the scapula
Insertion: the lesser tubercle of the humerus
function: aids in arm adduction and medial rotation
innervation: the subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
most superficial muscle found on the upper part of the thoracic wall anteriorly
Origin: originates from 3 sites, the clavicle (medially), the sternum and upper costal cartilages, and the abdominal portion originates from the rectus sheath.
Insertion: the muscle fibers merge laterally and insert onto the crest of the greater tubercle
Function: adduction and medial rotation of the arm, and also lowers the arm when it is raised. assists respiration by expanding the thoracic cage during forced respiration
Innervation: the lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5-T1), originating from the lateral and medial cord of the brachial plexus
Term
pectoralis minor
Definition
deep to the pectoralis major in the anterolateral aspect of the thoracic wall
Origin: the anterior surface of the upper (3-5) ribs.
Insertion: the coracoid process of the scapula
Function: pulls the scapula forward and downward, also invovled in rotation of the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces downward
Innervation: the medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
Term
serratus anterior muscle
Definition
belongs to the trunk muscles that insert onto the bones of the shoulder girdle
Origin: from the lateral aspect of the first 8-9 ribs, the muscle takes a backward course around the chest toward the scapula
Insertion: the medial border of the scapula from the superior to the inferior angle
function: elevation of the arm over 90 degrees. also acts as an accessory muscle during respiration by lifting the ribs.
Innervation: the long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7), extending down from the proximal parts of the brachial plexus, and lying on the medial wall of the axillary region between the lymph node. may be injured during surgical removal of the lymph nodes
Term
biceps brachii muscle
Definition
located in the anterior aspect of the upper arm. it connects with the shoulder, it is an upper limb muscle that originates via its short and long heads from the scapula
Origin: short head of the biceps brachii muscle arises from the coracoid process of the scapula, and the long head arises from the supraglenoid tubercle. the tendon of the long head passes through the shoulder joint and the intertubercular (bicipital) groove above the belly of the muscle
Insertion: long head inserts to the radial tuberosity of the radius, and the short head tendon flattens and forms the bicipital aponeurosis, and merges into the forearm fascia
Function: acts on two joints. both heads aid in flexion of the shoulder joint; on the elbow joint, they are the flexor and strong supinator of the forearm. long head acts an an abductor and medial rotator of the arm, while the short head is an adductor of the arm
Innervation: by the musculocutaneous (C5-C6) nerve, branching from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
Term
C5-C6
Definition
biceps jerk: __
Term
brachialis
Definition
lies inferior to the biceps brachii muscle in the anterior aspect of the arm
Origin: originates from the lower half of the humerus anteriorly and extends laterally, where it embraces the insertion point of the deltoid
Insertion: the ulnar tuberosity and, in part, the coronoid process of the ulna
function: powerful flexor of the elbow joint
innervation: by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) and, to some of its lateral parts, by the radial nerve
Term
coracobrachialis
Definition
located medial to the biceps brachii. innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and is an antervertor of the arm
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
made up of heads: the long, lateral, and medial heads
Origin: long head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle, lateral and medial heads originate from the body of the humerus, above and below the radial groove
Insertion: three heads fuse together and form one tendon, which inserts onto the posterior part of the upper surface of the olecranon process
function: strong extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint. long head acts on two joints: shoulder joint, it aids retroversion and adduction of the arm
innervation: radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Term
C7-C8
Definition
triceps jerk: __
Term
anconeus
Definition
small triangular muscle in the posterior aspect of the elbow region, between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the upper ulna. assists the triceps brachii muscle in the extension of the elbow. is innervated by the radial nerve
Term
palmaris longus
Definition
seen superficially on the flexors of the forearm, and has a long tendon running toward the center of the palm of the hand.
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: the palmar aponeurosis
Function: flexes the hand and tenses the palmar aponeurosis
innervation: median nerve (C7-C8)
Term
pronator teres
Definition
extends from the medial (ulnar) side of the elbow to midway of the lateral (radial) side of the forearm
Origin: arises by two heads from the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle and from the coronoid process of the ulna
Function: pronation of forearm and flexion of the elbow
innervation: median nerve (C6-C7), which passes between the two heads of the muscle
Term
flexor carpi radialis
Definition
extends from the medial (ulnar)side of the elbow to the lateral (radial) side of the forearm, near the thumb
Origin: anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle
Insertion: base of the second metacarpal bone. runs in the carpal tunnel in a groove on the trapezium
Function: palmar flexion and radial abduction of the hand. also flexes and in involved in pronation of the elbow
Innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)
Term
flexor digitorum superficialis
Definition
extends fro the medial (ulnar) side of the elbow to the middle of the palm, just inferior to the palmaris longus, but still lies within the superficial layer. muscle has 3-4 bellies connected to each other, which end in four tendons that run within the carpal tunnel and insert onto the middle phalangeal bones. the median nerve is found beneath this muscle in the forearm
Origin: anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, coronoid process of the ulna, and a small part of the radius
Insertion: tendons insert onto the middle of the lateral aspects of the intermediate phalangeal bones of the second to fifth digits. before insertion, the tendons have a dichotomy (split) and insert by two ends on the sides of the phalanx.
Function: flexion of the elbow, wrist, and the fingers
Innervation: median nerve (C7, C8, T1)
Term
flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition
found in the ulnar side of the forearm. its tendon doesn't run inside the carpal tunnel
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna
Insertion: the pisiform bone and indirectly to the hammate and fifth metacarpal bone
Function: flexor and adductor of the hand
Innervation: ulnar nerve (C7-C8)
Term
flexor pollicis longus
Definition
found in the radial side of the forearm and runs through the carpal tunnel.
Origin: radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Function: flexor of the terminal phalanx (thumb)
Innervation: median nerve (anterior interosseous branch) C8-T1
Term
flexor digitorum profundus
Definition
extends from the medial (ulnar) side of the elbow to the middle of the palm, just inferior to the flexor digitorum superficialis. muscle has a few bellies connected to each other that end in four tendons, which run within the carpal tunnel and insert into the distal phalangeal bones. median nerve is found above this muscle in the forearm
Origin: anterior aspect of the ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion: tendons insert onto the base of the phalangeal bones of the second to fifth digits by passing between two heads of the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis
Function: flexes the wrist
Innervation: median nerve laterally (C8 and T1) and the ulnar nerve medially (C8-T1)
Term
pronator quadratus
Definition
found on the anterior aspect of the forearm, near the hand
Origin: distal part of the ulna
Insertion: distal part of the radius
Function: pronates the forearm
Innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)
Term
brachioradialis
Definition
most superficial in the radial group muscles of the forearm. superficial branch of the radial nerve is found beneath this muscle.
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge (crest) of the humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of the styloid process of the radius
Function: pronate or supinate the forearm and bring the forearm into a mid-position between pronation and supination; acts as a flexor at the elbow joint
Innervation: radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)
Term
extensor carpi radialis longus
Definition
origin: lateral supracondylar ridge (crest) of the humerus, inferior to the origin of the brachioradialis muscle.
Insertion: base of the second metacarpal bone
Function: extension and radial abduction of the hand at the wrist joint. weak flexor of the elbow, aids in pronation and supination of the forearm
Innervation: the radial nerve (C6-C7)
Term
extensor carpi radialis brevis
Definition
lies beneath the extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring ligaments
Insertion: base of the third metacarpal bone
Function: extensor and abductor of the hand at the wrist joint and a weak flexor of the elbow
Innervation: deep branch of the radial nerve (C7)
Term
extensor digitorum
Definition
Origin: originates from the common head for extensors; the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring ligaments, and the fascia of the forearm
Insertion: base of the distal phalangeal bones of the medial four digits (not the thumb)
Function: extends the four medial fingers (not the thumb) responsible for dorsiflexion of the hand at the wrist
Innervation: posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve (C7-C8)
Term
extensor digit minimi
Definition
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring ligaments
Insertion: posterior aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the fifth digit
Function: extension of the fifth digit and dorsiflexion of the hand
Innervation: posterior interosseous branch of deep radial nerve (C7-C8)
Term
extensor carpi ulnaris
Definition
Origin: common head for extensors and the ulna
Insertion: base of the fifth metacarpal bone
Function: extends and adducts the hand at the wrist
Innervation: posterior interosseous branch of the deep radial nerve (C7-C8)
Term
supinator
Definition
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the supinator crest of the ulna
Insertion: encircles and inserts on the upper part of the radius.
Function: supinates the forearm
Innervation: deep branch of the radial nerve (C5-C6)
Term
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Definition
Origin: dorsal surface of the ulna and radius, as well as the interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of the first metacarpal bone
Function: abduction of the thumb and its extension at the carpometacarpal joint
Term
extensor pollicis brevis
Definition
Origin: dorsal surface of the ulna and radius, as well as the interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Function: extension of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint
Term
extensor pollicis longus
Definition
Origin: dorsal surface of the ulna and the interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
Function: extends the thumb using the crest on the radius as a fulcrum
Term
extensor indicis
Definition
Origin: dorsal surface of the ulna and the interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the index finger
Function: index extension and hand dorsiflexion
Term
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Definition
Origin: tubercle of the scaphoid and the flexor retinaculum
Insertion: radial sesamoid bone beneath the head of the first metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx of the thumb
Function: abduction of the thumb
Innervatoin: median nerve (C8-T1)
Term
flexor pollicis brevis
Definition
muscle has two heads
Origin: superificial head arises from the flexor retinaculum, deep head from the trapezium, trapezoid, and the capitate
Insertion: radial sesamoid bone
Function: flexion of the thumb
Innervation: superficial head is innervated by the median nerve (C8-T1), and the deep head by the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
Term
apponens pollicis
Definition
Origin: flexor retinaculum and the tubercle of the trapezium
Insertion: lateral aspect of the first metacarpal bone
Function: thumb opposition
Innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)
Term
adductor pollicis
Definition
Origin: transverse head originates from the third metacarpal bone, while the oblique head originates from the capitate and neighboring carpal bones
Insertion: into the ulnar sesamoid bone, beneath the head of the first metacarpal bone
Function: thumb adduction
Innervation: deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
Term
abductor digiti minimi
Definition
Origin: pisiform bone and the flexor retinaculum
Insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit
Function: abducts the fifth digit
Term
flexor digiti minimi
Definition
Origin: flexor retinaculum and the hamulus of the hamate
Insertion: base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit
Function: flexes the fifth digit
Term
apponens digit minimi
Definition
Origin: the flexor retinaculum and the hamulus of the hamate
Insertion: medial (ulnar) aspect of the fifth metacarpal bone
Function: opposition of the fifth finger to the thumb
Term
lumbrical muscles
Definition
two lateral (radial) and two medial (ulnar)
Origin: tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: lateral sides of the dorsal aponeurosis
Innervation: two lateral innervated by the median nerve (C8-T1) two medial innervated by the ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
Term
palmar interossei muscles
Definition
origin: second, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones
insertion: corresponding proximal phalanges and the dorsal aponeurosis
function: adduction of digits and assisting the lumbrical muscles
Term
dorsal interossei muscles
Definition
Origin: opposing sides of the metacarpal bones
Insertion: base of the second through fourth proximal phalanges and the dorsal aponeurosis
Function: abduction of digits
Term
scalp
Definition
skull covered by skin (called the __) and subcutaneous tissues that overlay a thing layer of muscle
Term
calvaria
Definition
upper part of the skull is the __, consisting of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones
Term
sutures
Definition
__ are the sites of articulation between bones of the skull
Term
coronal suture
Definition
junction between the frontal and parietal bones
Term
saggital suture
Definition
between the parietal bones
Term
lambdoid suture
Definition
between the parietal bones and the occipital bones
Term
fontanelles
Definition
unossified areas between the bones that are found during infancy and early childhood are called __
Term
nasion
Definition
in the center, the frontal bone articulates with the nasal bones at the __, and the glabella is directly in the center above it
Term
oribits
Definition
several bones, including the frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, and maxillary bones, join together to form the __
Term
pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
the __ can be exposed by removing the zygomatic arch and the upper part of the ramus of the mandible
Term
incisive foramen
Definition
__ transmits the nasopalatine nerve and vessels
Term
anterior cranial fossa
Definition
bears the foramen ceacum that transmits an emissary vein, with the cribriform plates flanking the crista galli in the middle
Term
middle cranial fossa
Definition
structures in the __ include the optic canal, which lies on both side of the chiasmatic groove, anterior to the hypophyseal fossa, and transmits the optic nerver and ophthalmic artery
Term
posterior cranial fossa
Definition
the __ contains the internal acoustic meatus on the petrous bone that transmits the cranial nerves (CN) VII and VIII, and the labyrinthine artery
Term
mandible
Definition
the __ is a bone of the facial skeleton consisting of a body, an angle, and a ramus, which forms the anteroinferior, lateral, and inferior borders of the face
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