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Exam 5
Endocrine, Cardiac, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary
82
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2012

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Cards

Term
Purpose of endocrine system
Definition
Hormone secretion
Term
Where does the pituitary gland sit it
Definition
Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
thin stalk that connects pituitary to hypothalmus
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
Anterior pituitary (produces & secretes hormones)
Term
Neurohypophysis
Definition
Posterior pituitary (neural part)
Term
Function of pituitary gland
Definition
stimulates growth of target organs, secretion of other hormones, uterine contractions, etc...
Term
Function of thyroid gland
Definition
increases metabolism and lower plasma calcium levels
Term
Function of parathyroid gland
Definition
increases plasma calcium levels
Term
Function of Adrenal cortex
Definition
regulates metabolisim, especially during stress
Term
Function of Adrenal medulla
Definition
enhance "fight or flight" response
Term
Function of Pancreas
Definition
controls blood glucose
Term
Function of Pineal gland
Definition
circadian rhythm
Term
Function of Thymus
Definition
maturation of T lymphocytes
Term
Function of Gonads (Testes and Ovaries)
Definition
Maintain reproductive organs
Term
Functions of blood
Definition
Transports nutrients
Regulates body temp, pH, fluid levels

Protects body from infection with immune cells
Term
Components in Blood
Definition
Formed elements (Cells) 45%
Plasma (extracellular matter) 55%
Term
How much blood is in an average adult?
Definition
Between 4-6 liters
Term
What is plasma made of
Definition
Water (92%)
Ions
nutrients
wastes
oxygen
proteins
antibodies
Term
Serum
Definition
Plasma minus the clotting factors
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
RBC's
lack a nucleus
Biconcave discs
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
life of 120 days
removed by liver and spleen
Term
Blood types
Definition
A
B
AB
O
Term
Blood type A
Definition
Anti-B antibodies
Antigen A
Term
Blood type B
Definition
Anti-A antibodies
Antigen B
Term
Blood type AB
Definition
Antigen A and B
No antibodies
Term
Blood type O
Definition
Neither antigen A or B
Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Term
Rh+ blood type
Definition
has antigen D
Term
Rh- blood type
Definition
lacks antigen D
Term
Agglutination reaction
Definition
blood clumps when mixed with an incompatable type
Term
Universal blood donor
Definition
Type O blood
Term
Universal blood recipient
Definition
Type AB blood
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
WBC's
white blood cells
defense against disease
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
Phagocytize bacteria
1st to arrive to injury
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Phagocytize allergens & antibodies/antigens
(fight parasitic worms)
Term
Basophils
Definition
Release histomine
(increase inflammation/allergic response)
Term
monocytes
Definition
macrophages when out of blood vessel
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
coordinate immune cell activity

produce antibodies
Term
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
Definition
Manage direct immune response
Term
B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
Definition
stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies
Term
NK lymphocytes (Natural Killer cells)
Definition
Attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
Term
Platelets
Definition
"Thrombocytes"
Cell fragments
help initiate blood clotting

from megakaryocytes
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
Blood cell formation
blood cells continuously replaced
(8 million RBC's every second)
Term
Pulmonary circuit
Definition
takes blood from heart to and from lungs
Term
Systemic circuit
Definition
pumps blood from heart to and from body
Term
Pericardium
Definition
Serous membrane covering of heart
Term
Epicardium
Definition
Visceral
Term
Myocardium
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
Endocardium
Definition
Squamous epithelium that lines heart chambers
Term
Right atrium
Definition
receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit via 3 veins

Superior and Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Term
Coronary sinus
Definition
drains blood from heart wall
Term
Fossa ovalis
Definition
muscular flap that covers up the hole in the field interatrial septum
Term
Tricuspid valve
Definition
(Right Atrioventricular Valve)
Separates R. Atrium and R. Ventricle
Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs

(Pulmonary Trunk)
Term
Left ventricle
Definition
Pumps oxygen-rich blood from lungs
Term
Aortic semilunar valve
Definition
Superior end of ventricular cavity entrance into the aorta
Term
Chordae tendineae
Definition
thin strands of collagen fibers that prevent the right AV valve from flipping into the atrium while the ventricle is contracting
Term
Papillary muscle
Definition
muscular projections that anchor chordae tendinae
Term
Systole
Definition
Contraction of a heart chamber
Term
Diastole
Definition
Relaxtion of a heart chamber
Term
Conducting system
Definition
Signals chambers to contract in proper sequence

Sets heart rate

Sets heart rate
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Definition
Signal begins here
In right atrium
(Pacemaker)
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Definition
Floor of right atrium between right AV valve and opening of coronary sinus
Term
Atrioventricular bundle
(Bundle of his)
Definition
Recieves muscle impulse from the AV node and extends into interventricular septum before dividing into left and right bundles
Term
Bundle branches
Definition
Bundles conduct the impulse to conduction fibers (purkinje fibers)
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
begin with apex of heart, extend through the walls of the ventricles
Term
Coronary circulation
Definition
coronary arteries--> coronary veins
Term
Difference between Vein and Artery structure
Definition
Vein- Bigger lumen, walls are thinner

Artery-Smaller lumen; walls are thicker
Term
Arteries
Definition
Carry blood away from heart
(not always O2-rich blood)
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest blood vessels
tube of endothelium
Term
Veins
Definition
Carry bood toward the heart; walls are thinner and lumen is larger than arteries
Term
Lumen
Definition
central space (hole inside tube)
Term
Tunica interna
Definition
innermost layer of endothelium
simple squamous epithelium
Term
Tunica media
Definition
middle layer of smooth muscle & elastin

Contraction=vasoconstriction
relaxation=vasodilation
Term
Tunica externa
Definition
Outermost layer of connective tissue
Term
Vasa vasorum
Definition
blood supply to vessels
Term
Agina pectoris
Definition
Reduced blood flow to heart wall
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
Heart attack
Prolonged blockage of coronary artery with a blood clot
Term
Bypass surgery
Definition
take new vessle to bring blood vessel
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
Hardening of the arteries
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Specific type of arterial disease, thickening of the tunica intima with atherosclerotic plaques
Term
Varicose veins
Definition
dialated, tortous veins that become nonfuctional with aging, trauma, or stress
Term
Aneurysm
Definition
Weakening wall of a blood vessel
Term
Stent
Definition
wire mesh is expanded in artery to compact plaque so blood flow increases
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