sperm development

temperature outside is slightly lower than normal boy temperature

lined with seminiferous epithelium

site of spermatogenesis

spermatogenic cells

sertoli cells

interstitial cells

epididymus

vas (ductus) deferens

ejaculatory duct

tightly coiled tube emerging from each testis

site of final sperm maturation steps

formed when vas deferens fuses with seminal vesicle

empties into urethra

seminal vesicle

prostate gland

Cowper's or bulbourethral gland

major fluid component of semen (60%)

high sugar solution (fructose) for sperm energy

prostaglandins

required for sperm motility

neutralizes acidic vaginal environment

pea-sized gland that empties into middle portion of urethra

stimulated by sexual arousal

neutralizes any urine residue within urethra

precedes ejaculation but can contain many sperm

root

tubular shaft

glans penis

corpora cavernosa

corpus spongiosum

fill with blood to produce an erection

parasympathetic control centers in brain and spinal cord

reflex reaction due to touch receptors of the penis

emission

expulsion

• sympathetic nerve impulses to epididymus and vas deferens cause sperm to enter ejaculatory duct
• fluid from seminal vesicles and prostate mixed with sperm
• cowpers gland releases semen into urethra

stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone

works with FSH for spermatogenesis

• inhibin from Sertoli cells inhibits FSH release when the lumen is full of sperm

• testosterone inhibits GnRH release

production of estrogens and progesterone

production of eggs

process by which mature oocytes are produced

primary follicle → secondary follicle → graafian follicle

developing follicles

corpus luteum

follicular phase

luteal phase

• moves egg via peristalsis
• conducts permatozoa from uterus toward oocyte
• conducts zygote to uterus
• site of fertilization

fundus

body

cervix

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

outer covering of uterus

analogous to serosa

inner glandular epithelial layer

alternates in growth and death cycles with menstrual cycle

basalis layer of endometrium

2 functions

2 details

regenerates functional layer

always present

not lost with menstruation

regrows to prep for new possible implantation

varies in thickness due to hormonal control

lost during menstruation

secretory phase

4 characteristics

maximum thickening of endometrium to form thick glandular layer

ready for implantation

stimulated by progesterone

uterine glands produce thick mucous

female copulatory organ

birth canal

exit site of menstrual bleeding

labia

clitoris

stratified squamous epithelium and endogenous bacteria

acidic environment

motility enhanced

thinning of sperm membrane

enzymes exit sperm to degrade oocyte membrane

zona pellucida become impermeable to other sperm to prevent cofertilization

egg completes final stages of meiosis II

sperm deposited near cervix

capacitation

contact with egg

migration of zygote through oviduct to uterus

prevents degeneration of corpus luteum

causes corpus luteum to secrete large levels of progesterone which maintains the uterine endometrium

bypasses progesterone-LH feedback loop

amnion

yolk sac

allantois

chorion

provides space

provides thermal/trauma insulation

first site of RBC production

becomes part of umbilical cord

allow exchange between maternal and fetal blood without physical mixing of blood

production of hormones

HCG

estrogens

progesterone

lactogen

relaxin

teratogens

pathogens

agents that may cause congenital abnormalities or death

alcohol, nicotine, some prescription drugs, etc

infect eyes during delivery

don't cross placenta but can infect during birth

fetal anterior pituitary releases ACTH

fetal adrenal cortex releases cortisol

placenta releases large amounts of estrogens

myometrial cells develop oxytocin receptors

fetal posterior pituitary released oxytocin

placenta releases prostaglandins

synergistic effect causes uterine contractions

release of maternal oxytocin

dilation

expulsion stage

placental stage

from onset of labor until cervix dilation is adequate for passage of infants head

(approx 10 inches)

period beginning as the fetal head begins to enter the birth canal

uncontrollable maternal urge to push

necessary to reassemble placenta

any pieces left would result in uncontrollable maternal bleeding

also count placental blood vessels

prepare breasts during late pregnancy

colestrum production

ovarian and uterine cycles not immediately re-established

makes it more difficult to become pregnant

ball of cells develops fluid-filled core

contains inner cell mass and trophoblasts

placenta

major internal organs

external body structures

early structure within embryonic stage

three primitive germ layers from which all tissues are derived

ninth week through birth

period of rapid growth plus significant changes in proportional sizes of body parts

significant differences from adult circulation

umbilical veins

umbilical arteries

right to left shunts

shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

will close after birth and become fossa ovalis

forceful due to significant sympathetic response to the birthing process

breathing much easier after initial breath

unable to produce concentrated urine

requires relatively large amounts of water

chromosomes 1-22

homologous

each cell contains ___

each cells espresses ____

identical chromosomes

a certain group of genes

region of chromosome that codes for one protein

different cells express different genes

unit of inheritance

mitosis

meiosis

will always be expressed when present

denoted with capital letter

only expressed if dominant allele is absent

denoted with lower case letter

both alleles are the same

two dominant or two recessive

what alleles are present

actual genetic composition

what alleles are expressed

actual visal characteristics

when two alleles are equally expressed

both alleles are presnet and visible

contains very few genes

genetic diseases are very rare

traits not necessarily related to gender

many non-gender genes on X

recessive traits always expressed in males

always inherited from mother

cystic fibrosis

tays sachs disease

PKU

huntington's

achondroblastic dwarfism

red-green color blindness

hemophilia

duchenne muscular dystrophy