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Exam 4
Chaps 12, 13, 14
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2010

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Cards

Term
The Central Nervous System is composed of the _____ and the ______ ____
Definition
Brain, Spinal Cord
Term
Cephalization: (3)
Definition
-Enhancement of the anterior portion of the CNS
- Increase in number of neurons in the brain
- Most advanced level is reached in the human brain
Term
Brain ventricles arise from expansion of the _____ of the neural canal
Definition
Lumen
Term
Brain ventricles are hollow spaces filled with _____________ _____
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Term
The ventricles are the paired C-shaped _______ __________ of the telencephalon
Definition
Lateral ventricles
Term
The _____ ventricle is found in the diencephalon
Definition
Third
Term
The ______ ventricle is found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons
Definition
Fourth
Term
What is the superior part of the brain and makes up 83% of its mass?
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
Ridges of the brain
Definition
Gyrus, gyri(pl)
Term
Shallow groove of the brain
Definition
Sulcus, sulci(pl)
Term
Deep groove in the brain
Definition
Fissure
Term
What structure in the body has two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure
Definition
The cerebrum
Term
What structure in the body has 3 basic regions called the cortex (grey matter), inner white matter, and basal nuclei?
Definition
The cerebrum
Term
Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes. Name them.
Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
5. Insula
Term
What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Definition
The Central sulcus
Term
What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Definition
parieto-occipital sulcus
Term
What sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes?
Definition
Lateral Sulcus
Term
What is superficial grey matter that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain?
Definition
Cortex
Term
What largely consists of neuron soma?
Definition
the cortex
Term
What part of the brain enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
Definition
the cortex
Term
Each hemispheres acts _______________, controlling the opposite side of the body
Definition
contralaterally
Term
Brain hemispheres are not equal in ________.
Definition
Function
Term
Conscious behavior involves the entire ______
Definition
Cortex
Term
The three cortical functional areas are:
Definition
1. Motor areas
2. Sensory areas
3. Association areas
Term
What is the general function of the frontal area of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Voluntary motor function and areas of planning, mood, and smell
Term
What is the general function of the parietal area of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Sensory reception and integration of sensory information
Term
What is the general function of the occipital area of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Visual reception and processing
Term
What is the general function of the temporal area of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Hearing, smell, learning, memory, and emotional behaviors
Term
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Definition
precentral gyrus
Term
What cortex allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements?
Definition
Primary Motor Cortex
Term
What is the caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each motor function?
Definition
Motor homunculus
Term
What controls learned repetitive motor skills (typing, playing instruments)?
Definition
Premotor cortex
Term
What area is involved in controlling muscles involved in speech?
Definition
Broca's Area
Term
What area is primarily involved in controlling muscles involved in eye movements?
Definition
Frontal eye field
Term
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Definition
Postcentral gyrus
Term
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Definition
-It receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
- Exhibits spatial discrimination
Term
What is the sensory areas?
Definition
- Somatosensory association cortex
- Visual and auditory areas
- Olfactory, gustatory, and vestibular cortices
Term
What is the the caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each sensory function?
Definition
Somatosensory homunculus
Term
What is it called when each hemisphere has abilities not shared by its partner?
Definition
Lateralization
Term
This designates the hemisphere dominant for language
Definition
Cerebral dominance
Term
What functions are primarily associated with the left hemisphere?
Definition
Language, Math, and logic
Term
What functions are primarily associated with the right hemisphere?
Definition
Visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
Term
White matter in the cerebrum consists of deep __________ ______ and their tracts
Definition
myelinated fibers
Term
The white matter of the cerebrum is responsible for the communication between...?
Definition
The cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers, and between areas of the cerebral cortex
Term
Connections between hemispheres are made by: (3)
Definition
1. Commissural fibers
2. Association fibers
3. Projection fibers
Term
Which fibers connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres?
Definition
Commissural Fibers
Term
Which fiber connects different parts of the same hemisphere?
Definition
Association fibers
Term
Which fibers enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers?
Definition
Projection fibers
Term
What are the masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter?
Definition
Basal nuclei
Term
The corpus striatum is composed of what three parts?
Definition
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Lentiform nucleus
3. Fibers of internal capsule
Term
What is the lentiform nucleus composed of?
Definition
-Putamen
- Globus pallidus
Term
What functions are associated with the basal nuclei? (4)
Definition
1. Influence and coordinate control of muscular activity
2. Regulate attention and cognition
3. Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
4. Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement
Term
What is the central core of the forebrain?
Definition
Diencephalon
Term
The diencephalon consists of what three parts?
Definition
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, epithalamus
Term
The diencephalon encloses which ventricle?
Definition
third
Term
Where do all afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
Impulses of similar function are______ ___, ______, and _______ as a group.
Definition
Sorted out, edited, relayed
Term
All imputs _________ to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus
Definition
ascending
Term
The thalamus plays a key role in these things (5)
Definition
Mediating sensation
motor activities
cortical arousal
learning
memory
Term
What brain structure is located below the thalamus, caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What is the stalk of the hypothalamus called that connects the pituitary gland?
Definition
Infundibulum
Term
The hypothalamus is the main ________ control center of the body
Definition
Visceral
Term
What structure regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract mobility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
The hypothalamus if involved with perception of ________, ____, and ____.
Definition
pleasure, fear and rage
Term
What brain structure controls the mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temperature (thermoregulation)?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Which structure regulates the feelings of hunger and satiety?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
The hypothalamus regulates _____ and the _____ cycle. (hint: 1 word for both blanks)
Definition
Sleep
Term
What is the most dorsal portion of the diencephalon that forms the roof of the third ventricle?
Definition
Epithalamus
Term
What gland extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin?
Definition
Pineal Gland
Term
What is melatonin?
Definition
a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
Term
What is the structure that secretes cerebrospinal fluid?
Definition
Choroid Plexus
Term
The _________ consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Definition
Brain Stem
Term
The brain stem is similar to the spinal cord but it contains ________ ______.
Definition
Embedded nuclei
Term
The brain stem controls _________ behaviors necessary for survival.
Definition
Automatic
Term
What structure provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers?
Definition
The brain stem
Term
This structure is associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Definition
brain stem
Term
The midbrain is located between which two structures?
Definition
between the diencephalon and the pons
Term
The midbrain structures include...(2)
Definition
Cerebral punducles, cerebral aqueduct, various nuclei
Term
The two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts in the midbrain are called what?
Definition
Cerebral punduncles
Term
What is the hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Definition
the cerebral aqueduct
Term
What are the functions of the midbrain? (4)
Definition
- Coordination of head/eye movement
- Startle reflexes
- Integration with the basal nuclei
- Relay "stations" for descending motor pathways
Term
What is the bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata?
Definition
Pons
Term
The ____ forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
Definition
pons
Term
What do the fibers of the pons do? (2)
Definition
- Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
- Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
Term
Sleep, hearing, balance, taste, facial expression and sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control and posture are all functions processed through which brain structure?
Definition
Pons
Term
The pons is the origin of which three nerves?
Definition
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
Cranial nerve VI (abducens)
Cranial nerve VII (facial)
Term
What is the most inferior part of the brain stem?
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
Along with the pons, what structure forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle?
Definition
the medulla oblongata
Term
The two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
Definition
pyramids
Term
Where do cranial nerves X, XI, and XII originate?
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
What are the nuclei that mediate and maintain equilibrium?
Definition
Vestibular nuclear complex
Term
What brain structure is located dorsal to the pons and medulla and protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
The cerebellum makes up __% of the brain mass
Definition
11%
Term
The cerebellum provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of ________ ______ contraction
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
Cerebellar activity occurs _____________
Definition
subconsciously
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