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Exam 4
FA Optho
95
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/29/2016

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the infectious disease that affect the eyes of food animals?
Definition
-Infectious Bovine KCS
-Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Conjunctivitis
-Malignant Catarrhal Fever KCS
-Histophilus somni Conjunctivitis and REtinitis
-BVD Congenital defects
-mycoplasma conunctivitis
-chlamydia
Term
What kinds of neoplasia affect the eyes of food animals?
Definition
-ocular squamous cell carcinoma
-malignant lymphoma
Term
What is the common name for Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?
Definition
-Pinkeye
Term
What is the most common etiology of pinkeye in cattle?
Definition
-Moraxella bovis
Term
Describe the organism, Moraxella bovis.
Definition
-gram-negative
-commensal
Term
What are the virulence factors of MOraxella bovis that are responsible for clincial signs?
Definition
-attachment to the cornea and colonization: type 4 pili
-corneal damage and subsequent ulceration
Term
True r False: Pathogenic strains of Moraxella bovis are alpha-hemolytic.
Definition
-FALSE, they are beta-hemolytic
Term
What are the clinical signs of acute IBK?
Definition
-epiphora, conjunctivitis
-photophobia, blepharospasm
-corneal edema
-LESIONS STARTS AT THE CENTER FO THE CORNEA
Term
What are the clinical signs of subacute IBK?
Definition
-keratitis
-central corneal opacification => ulceration
Term
What are the clinical signs of chronic IBK?
Definition
-severe KCS w/ or w/o anterior uveitis
-ocular rupture: spontaneous or trauma-induced
Term
What are the clinical signs of healing stage IBK?
Definition
-neovascularization
-re-epithelialization
-corneal scarring
Term
How do we diagnose IBK?
Definition
-usually based on clinical signs
-culture from swabs early in disease process
Term
What are the predisposing factors of IBK?
Definition
-UV light = damages corneal epi = inc incidence of disease in summer
-mechanical irritants: dust, plant seeds, tall grass/brush
-flies may serve as mechanical vector
Term
How is IBKtransmitted?
Definition
-direct contact, aerosols, fomites
-bacteria shed in nasal and ocular secretions
-nonclinically affected cattle may serve as carriers
Term
What are the systemic effects of IBK?
Definition
-dec weight gain
-dec milk yield
-cost associated with labor and treatment
-disfigurement of eyes = lower value
- welfare concerns
Term
How do you treat IBK?
Definition
-bovine cornea has tremendous ability to heal
-M. bovis has wide range of antibiotic sensitivities
-culture/sensitivity data, especially in outbreaks
-topical, subconjunctivial, and systemic treatments
Term
When do you use subconjunctival medication to treat IBK?
Definition
-useful when topical applicatio is not practical or possible
Term
What is the advantage of subconjunctival medication to treat IBK?
Definition
-maintains higher corneal concentrations than topical application
-administer in the dorsal bulbar conjunctiva
Term
What is the most practical route of medication application to treat IBK?
Definition
-systemic
-ex: Oxytetracycline or Tulathromycin
Term
What surgical methods can we use to protect and support an eye with IBK?
Definition
-third eyelid flap, tarsorrhaphy, eye patches
Term
Which anesthesia do we use for third eyelid flap?
Definition
-topical anesthesia and local block
Term
In general, describe tarsorrhaphy for IBK.
Definition
-local infusion with lidocaine at lid margins + auriculopalpebral block
Term
What are some medical therapies to treat IBK?
Definition
-corticosteroids
-NSAIDs
Term
What is the prognosis of IBK?
Definition
-good if treated early
-central corneal scar often persisits but animal is functional
-prognosis may be reduced in younger animals with severe disease
Term
What are some measures we can take to prevent IBK?
Definition
-provie shade
-minimize dust
-mow pastures
-fly control
-separate affected animals
-vaccination
Term
What is major downfall of vaccinaiton for prevention of IBK?
Definition
-limited cross-protection
Term
Which virus is responsible for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Conjunctivitis?
Definition
-Bovine Herpesvirus 1
Term
What are the clinical signs of IBR?
Definition
-conjunctival injection and chemosis
-serous to purulent ocular discharge iwth blepharospasm
-small white plaques on the conjunctiva
-perilimbal edema and opacification
Term
What are the main tow differences b/n IBR and IBK?
Definition
-IBR has perilimbal edema and NO corneal ulceration
Term
How do we diagnose IBR?
Definition
-clinical signs
-virus isolation, fluorescent antibody techniques, serology, PCR
Term
How do we treat IBR?
Definition
-spontaneous recovery in 10-20 days
-broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infecition
Term
How do we prevent IBR?
Definition
-vaccination
Term
What is the etiology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Keratoconjunctivitis?
Definition
-herpes virus
Term
How does MCF differ from IBR and IBK?
Definition
-it is a systemic illness
Term
What are the ocular signs of MCF?
Definition
-photophobia
-excessive alcrimation
-episcleral injection and scleritis
-severe conjunctivitis
-keratitis: periljmbal edema and opacification
-anterior uveitis
Term
How do we diagnose MCF?
Definition
-PCR test is available
Term
What is the prognosis of MCF?
Definition
-poor prognosis
Term
How do we prevent MCF?
Definition
-no vaccine
-keep cattle away from sheep in endemic areas
Term
What is the etiology of Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis?
Definition
-Histophilus somni
Term
What systemic effects of Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis?
Definition
-fatal septicemia of calves and young adults
-respiratory or cardiac disease
Term
What are the primary ocular signs of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?
Definition
-retinal hemorrhages
-chorioretinitis leading to retinal scars
Term
What are the congenital ocular defects that occur due to BVDV?
Definition
-retinal inflammation and necrosis
-microphthalmia
-cataracts
-retinal hemorrhage
-chorioretinitis
-retinal dysplasia and/or detachment
-optic neuritis
Term
When during pregnancy must the fetus be infected in order for congenital ocular defects to present in response to BVDV?
Definition
-b/n days 75 and 150
Term
What is the common name for Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Definition
-Cancer Eye
Term
What is the most economically important neoplasm of large animals?
Definition
-Bovine OSCC
Term
What is the etiology behind bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-UV radiation on areas that lack of circumocular pigment
Term
What are the premalignant clinical signs of bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-small, white elevated plaques
-papilloma like structures
Term
What are the clinical signs of malignant bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-irregular, nodular, pink, erosive
-become necrotic as tumor outgrows blood supply
Term
What are the common locations for Bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-lateral limbus
-eyelid margins
-nictitans
-medial canthus
Term
Is metastasis of bovine ocular SCC common? When it happens, describe it?
Definition
-rare
-local invasion of orbit and regional LN
Term
In which cows are bovine ocular SCC's most common?
Definition
-Herefords
-Holsteins
Term
Are younger or older animals more affected by bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-older
Term
HOw do we treat bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-radiofrequency hyperthermia
-cryotherapy
-surgical removal
-laser therapy
Term
Describe the use of radiofrequency hyperthermia to treat bovine ocular SCC.
Definition
-heat tissue to 50C for 30 secs
-lesions larger than 0.5 cm must be treated at multiple sites
Term
Describe the use of cryotherapy to treat bovine ocular SCC.
Definition
-liqued nitrogen with probe or spray delivery systems to freeze tissue twice
-allow complete thawing between freeze cycles
Term
Describe the surgical removal of bovine ocular SCC.
Definition
-surgical debulking combined with hyperthermia or cryotherapy
-third eyelid resection
0H-plasty for eyelid masses
-enucleation
Term
What are the recurrence rates of bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-30-40%
Term
What is the most economical option for treating bovine ocular SCC that recurs?
Definition
-cull
Term
How do we prevent bovine ocular SCC?
Definition
-select for pigment around the eyes
-select against lines of animals with high incidence of disease
-difficult to manage environmental factors
-role of papilloma virus unknown
Term
What are the options for anesthesia of the eye?
Definition
-topical
-auriculopalpebral nerve block
-line block
-supraorbital nerve block
-peterson eye block
-retrobulbar block
-4 point block
Term
What topicals do we use to anethetize the cornea in the cow?
Definition
-proparacaine hydrochloride: works in 30s & lasts for 15m
-Xylocaine HCL: toxic to corneal epithelium
Term
How does an auriculopalpebral nerve block work?
Definition
-branch of facial nerve
-motor paralysis ONLY: orbicularis oculi
Term
What are the indications for an auriculopalpebral nerve block?
Definition
-ocular foreing bodies
-bulbar subconjunctival infections
-cryo/hyperthermia + topical anesthetic
Term
Where do we do an auriculopalpebral nerve block?
Definition
-halway b/n lateral canthus of eye and base of ear (SC over zygomatic arch)
Term
What does a line block do?
Definition
-anesthesia of lid
Term
What are the indications for a line block?
Definition
-surgery of lid
-lacerations
Term
What does a supraorbital nerve block do
Definition
-sensory and motor to UPPER LID
-NOT orbicular oculi mm
Term
What are the indications for supraorbital nerve block?
Definition
-tarsorrhaphy
-lavage systems
-lacerations
Term
What are the advantages of a peterson eye block?
Definition
-safer than retrobulbar block
-more efficient
-less edema and inflammation
Term
What are the indications for the peterson eye block?
Definition
-enucleation/extirpation
-dehorning
-trephination of sinuses
-eye surgery
Term
How does a perterson eye block work?
Definition
-blocks nn leaving foramen orbitorotundum
-nn: oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal
Term
Does the Peterson eye block stop motor to the eyelid?
Definition
-NO
Term
What are the landmarks for the Peterson eye block?
Definition
-supraorbital process
-zygomatic arch
-coronoid of mandible
Term
What do we check for on aspiration before injecting Peterson eye block?
Definition
-check for CSF
Term
What are the complications of a peterson eye block?
Definition
-penetration of turbinates and nasopharynx: epistaxis
-injection into meninges
-KCS
Term
Where do we penetrate the lids for the retrobulbar block?
Definition
-medial and lateral canthus
-upper and lower lids
Term
Structures innervated by which nerves are blocked by a retrobulbar block?
Definition
-optic n
-oculomotor n
-trigeminal n
-abducens n
-facial n
Term
What are the adverse effects of a retrobulbar block?
Definition
-orbital hemorrhage
-pressure on globe
-penetration of globe
-optic nerve damage
-initiation of oculocardiac reflex
-injection into meninges
Term
What are the points of the 4 point block?
Definition
-medial and lateral canthus
-upper and lower lid
Term
What is the name for bovine lymphosarcoma?
Definition
-bovine leukosis
Term
What causes the exophthalmos with bovine lymphosarcoma?
Definition
-infiltration of neoplastic cells behind globe
-secondary expsure keratitis with corneal ulceration
Term
How do we treat bovine ocular lymphocarcoma?
Definition
-enucleation may extend life if only unilateral
-no treatmet so euthanize really
Term
What are the two big diseases with small ruminant optho?
Definition
-mycoplasma KCS
-chlamydial KCS
Term
What are the clinical signs of small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae?
Definition
-lacrimation
-conjunctival injectioon
-keratitis with neovascularization
-sometimes anterior uveitis
Term
What are the clinical signs of small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci?
Definition
-epiphora
-chemosis
-conjunctival hyperemia
-follicular conjunctivitis
Term
How do we diagnose small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae?
Definition
-culture, cytology, and PCR of conjunctiva
Term
How is small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae transmitted?
Definition
-direct transmission
-carrier animals
-animals may become reinfected
Term
How do we diagnose small rume KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci?
Definition
-cytology or culture of conjuntiva
-blood culture in systemically infected animals
Term
How is small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci tranmitted?
Definition
-direct
Term
How do we treat small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae?
Definition
-usually transient
-use oxytet
Term
How do we prevent small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjucntivae?
Definition
-isolation of new animals
-no vaccine
Term
How do we treat small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci?
Definition
-usually self-limiting
-oxytet
Term
How do we prevent small rum KCS due to CHlamydia psittaci?
Definition
-biosecurity
Term
What is the most common cause of camelid ocular disease?
Definition
-trauma
Term
Is congenital nasolacrimal duct atresia common in camelids? How is it treated?
Definition
-relatively common
-can be surgically corrected
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