Term
| Is potassium a mostly extracellular or intracellular cation? |
|
Definition
-98% intracellular
-2% ECF |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of potassium in the body? |
|
Definition
| -maintenance of resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| In which cows is hypokalemia frequently presented in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which cows is hypokelmia more common in? |
|
Definition
| -dairy cows in early lactation > heifers & calves |
|
|
Term
| What drug will cause iatrogenic hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
-recumbency
-skeletal muscles: extreme weakness, faccidity
-head resting against flank or S-shaped neck
-CArdiac arrhythmias: atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clinpath of hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
-K < 2.5 mEq/L
-inc CPK & AST
-/+ metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the major differential for hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat hypokalemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the max dose of IV KCl? |
|
Definition
-max CRI: 0.5 mEq/kg/hr
-supportive care |
|
|
Term
| When does ketosis most commonly occur in bovine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the volatile fatty acids in the rumen? What is the purpose of each? |
|
Definition
-Acetate: fat synthesis, ketone formation
-Propionate: glucose formation
-Butyrate: ketones production |
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|
Term
| Why are ruminants especially susceptible to ketosis? |
|
Definition
-tremendous demands for glucose: pregnancy or lactation
-low circulating blood glucose levels
-little glucose absorption from GI tract
- brain uses glucose as E source
-poor ability to export excess lipid from liver |
|
|
Term
| OUtline the pathophysiology of negative E balance leading to ketosis in the bovine. |
|
Definition
-hypoglycemia => dec insulin:glucagon ratio => hormone-sensitive lipase => induces lypolysis to pdc glycerol + fatty acids
-glycerol => glucose
-fatty acids => NEFAs => esterification to VLDL OR ketone pdn |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ketones in the bovine? |
|
Definition
-acetoacetic acids
-B-hydroxybutyric acid
=acetone |
|
|
Term
| Where are ketones pdcd in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major issue that ketone usage in the pdn animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are clinical or subclinical cases of ketosis more common in postpartum dairy cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors to post-partum dairy cows? |
|
Definition
-inc w/ age
-winter
-higher in animals received separated rations |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mortality of post-partum ketosis in dairy cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes primary ketosis? |
|
Definition
-negative energy balance
-Ex: peak lactation (4-6w) before peak DMI (8-10w) |
|
|
Term
| What causes secondary ketosis? |
|
Definition
-primary disease: LDA, mastitis, metritis
-ingestion of preformed ketones |
|
|
Term
| What is Type I Ketosis? When does it occur in relation to calving? |
|
Definition
-insulin deficiency
-3-6w after calving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dec tissues sensitivity to insulin
-typically in an obese cow right after calving |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of post-partum ketosis in dairy cows? |
|
Definition
-dec feed intake
-depression
-dry firm feces
-weight loss
-norma TPR
-dec rumen motiity
-sweet breath
-dec milk pdn
-nervous signs in 10% affected |
|
|
Term
| Which nervous signs can occur in dairy cows with post-partum ketosis? |
|
Definition
-excitement and hyperesthesia
-aggressive
-constant licking & chewing
-also: blindness, circling, CP deficits, ehad pressing |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic tests do we use to diagnose post-partum ketosis in dairy cattle? |
|
Definition
-total seru KB
-inc blood NEFAs
-also: urine B or milk ketones |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on clinpath of post-partum ketosis in dairy cattle? |
|
Definition
-dec Ca, Mg, +/- K (anorexia)
-inc liver enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are we trying to correct with treatment of post-partum dairy cattle ketosis? |
|
Definition
-PRIMARY DISEASE
-ketonemia
-hypoglycema
-hypoinsulinemia
-hydration status
-electrolytes & Acid-base imbalance
-negative E balance |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a mild case of post-partum dairy cattle ketosis? |
|
Definition
-glucose precursors: Propylene glycol
-stimulate appetite: transfaunation, buffet, force feeding
-B-vitamins |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a moderate to severe case of post-partum dairy cattle ketosis? |
|
Definition
-IV bolus of dextrose
-OR IV crystalloid fluid supplemented with dxtrose over 24h |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent post-partum ketosis in dairy cattle? |
|
Definition
-target body condition score
-transition period: promote grain intake 4w before calving + monensin |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent ketosis during early lactation? |
|
Definition
-highly palatable ration
-prevent and/or treat diseases promptly
-detect subclinical/clinical ketosis early |
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