Term
| Is the queen monoestrus or polyestrus? Seasonal or nonseasonal? |
|
Definition
-seasonal polyestrus
-long-day |
|
|
Term
| Are queens induced or spontaneous ovulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age do queens reach puberty? |
|
Definition
-4-12 months of age
-in the Spring |
|
|
Term
| Which breeds of cats tend to reach puberty early? |
|
Definition
| -oriental and long-hari breeds |
|
|
Term
| How long does proestrus last in the queen? Describe the clinical signs. |
|
Definition
-0-2 days
-rising estradiol, vaginal cornification, rubbing head and neck on objects |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of estrus in the queen due to high estradiol? |
|
Definition
-swollen vulva
-scant, bloody discharge
-vocalization
-rolling
-lordosis
-tail deviation
-hindlimb treading
-receptive to tom
-vaginal cytology: 40-60% cornification |
|
|
Term
| When during their cycle do queens allow mating? Describe it. |
|
Definition
-allow during estrus
-5-50 seconds of mounting and grasping neck with coital cry
-after reaction is normal: rolling, screaming, licking, striking out at tom
-20-36 copulations over a 36 hr period |
|
|
Term
| How is ouvlation induced in the queen? |
|
Definition
-receptors in the vagina are stimulatedduring coitus
-LH is released in inutes |
|
|
Term
| Can queen ovulate spontaneous? |
|
Definition
| -yes in up to 60% of queens |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a queen is not mated during estrus? |
|
Definition
| =interestrous interval: 1-2 weeks and then return to proestrus or anestrus |
|
|
Term
| What hormone predominates during diestrus in the queen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the interestrous interval in a pregnant queen? What about in a non-pregnant queen? |
|
Definition
-Pregnant: 60-65 days
-Non-pregnant: 30-40 days |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to return to proestrus or anestrus from diestrus? |
|
Definition
| -7-10 dys after luteolysis |
|
|
Term
| How long is lactational anestrus in the queen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the seasonality of anstrus in the queen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the possible blood types in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are blood types important in pre-breeding exams? |
|
Definition
| -neonatal isoerythrolysis when an A or AB kitten from a B queen |
|
|
Term
| Which cat breeds are predisposed to neonatal isoerythrolysis? |
|
Definition
-Abyssinian
-persia
-Devon
-Himalayan
-Sphinx |
|
|
Term
| How many hours of daylight are necessary for cats to cycle? |
|
Definition
| -more than 14 hours of light per day |
|
|
Term
| Okay you queen is in estrus. NOw what do you do? Why? |
|
Definition
-bring queen to tom
-b/c toms are territorial |
|
|
Term
| If you have a shy male cat what do you do? |
|
Definition
| -try an experienced, calm queen |
|
|
Term
| If you have an inexperienced female what do you do? |
|
Definition
| -try an experienced, non-aggressive male |
|
|
Term
| What amount of sperm dilution do we need to AI a queen? |
|
Definition
-100 ul
-50 million total sperm |
|
|
Term
| How do we induce ovulation in a queen to prepare her for AI? |
|
Definition
-use hCG or GnRH on day of breeding
-stimulate vaginal mucosa with cotton swab |
|
|
Term
| Where do we vaginally AI a queen? |
|
Definition
| -anterior vagina or posterior cervix with or without anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| How do we perform an intrauterine AI in a queen? |
|
Definition
-anesthesia needed
-laparotomy
-trans-cervical |
|
|
Term
| What are the three methods of suppressing esturs in the queen? |
|
Definition
-progestogens
-androgens
-induction of ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Is the use of progestogens suggested to suppress estrus in queens? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
-not recommended
-Side effects: CEH, ammary hypertrophy, mammary neoplasia, DM |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of androgens as estrus suppression in queens? |
|
Definition
| -clitoral hypertrophy, urine spraying with romcat-scented urine |
|
|
Term
| HOw long is pregnancy in the queen? Average litter size? |
|
Definition
-65 days from mating
-4 kittens |
|
|
Term
| HOw does the diet of a pregnant queen change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is super-fecudation? |
|
Definition
-the presence of offspring from mor ethan 1 sire in a single litter
-common in cats |
|
|
Term
| Where does P4 come from during feline prgnancy? |
|
Definition
-CL (primary)
-placenta but minor |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose pregnancy in the queen? |
|
Definition
-failure to come back into heat after breeding
-palpation: 2-3w post breeding
-Relaxin assay
-Rads: 38-40 days post breeding
-US |
|
|
Term
| Is pregnancy common or uncommon in the queen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the infectious causes of pregnancy loss in the queen? |
|
Definition
-feline herpesvirus
-FIV
-FIPV
-FeLV
-FPLV
-Toxo |
|
|
Term
| What are some non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss in the queen? |
|
Definition
-nutritional: Taurine insufficiency
-chromosome defect
-maternal abnormalities: endocrine imbalance, non-infectious placental disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of pregnancy loss in the queen? |
|
Definition
-highly variable
-vaginal discharge
-maternal compromise |
|
|
Term
| How can we exogenously maintain pregnancy in the queen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we care for pregnant queens for parturition? |
|
Definition
-queening box
-nutrition: inc caloric intake week 4-6 of gestation and again in the end |
|
|
Term
| Which chemicals are teratogenic and shoudl be avoided in the medical treatment of pregnant queens? |
|
Definition
-Glucocorticoids/NSAIDs
-Abx: fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
-Griseofulvin, ketoconazole
-MLV feline panleukopenia |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence rate of dystocia in queens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the criteria for dystocia in a queen? |
|
Definition
-2-4 hours of stage 2 w/out kitten
-2-4h b/n kittens
>30 mins of contractions w/out delivery
-blue/green discharge prior to delivery of first kitten
-significant hemorrhagic vaginal discharge
-maternal compromise |
|
|
Term
| How do we medically treat dystocia in queens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we check for unwanted pregnancy in a queen? |
|
Definition
| -evidence of mating: scratches/bite marks, sperm on vaginal cytology |
|
|
Term
| How do we fix unwanted pregnancies in the queen? |
|
Definition
-OHE
-estrogen: causes closure of the TJ to prevent embryo transport |
|
|
Term
| Is the use of estrogen to avoid unwanted pregnancies in the queen suggested? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
-no
-causes bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat unwanted pregnancy in the queen if already late in gestation? |
|
Definition
-repeat injections of PGF2a
-Dopaime antagonists: cabergolineor bromocriptine
-P4 receptor antagonist: agleprostone = TOP PICK |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome in the queen? |
|
Definition
-can occur weeks to years after spay
-lordosis, vocalization, rolling, receptivity |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of ovarian remnant syndrome in the queen? |
|
Definition
-failure to remove the entire ovary during OHE
-dropped ovarian tissue in the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome in the queen? |
|
Definition
-clinical signs
-vaginal cytology: cornified epi cells
-induction of ovulation and documenting elevated P4
-LH test
-AMH |
|
|
Term
| What results do you get from an LH test if the queen is intact? What about a spayed queen? |
|
Definition
-intact = negative
-spayed = positive |
|
|
Term
| What is a queen with ovarian remnant syndrome at an increased risk for? |
|
Definition
-mammary neoplasia
-ovarian neoplasia
-stump pyometra |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat ovarian remnant syndrome in a queen? |
|
Definition
-surgical excision: during idestrus
-check both pedicles
-submit istopath to confirm |
|
|
Term
| How common is mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| -common but only 20% of cancer is benign |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in queens? |
|
Definition
-common in young, cycling queens
-pregnant/pseudopregnant
-queen/tom treated with progestins |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in queens? |
|
Definition
| -rapid (2-5 weeks) diffuse enlargement of all mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-clincial signs and signalment
-biopsy: benign, unencapsulated, fibroglandular proliferation |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat feline mammary fibroadenomout hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-OHE
-stp progestin tx
-P4 receptor antagonsit: Aglepristone |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyerplasia? |
|
Definition
| -may take weeks to months to resolve with or without treatment |
|
|
Term
| HOw commonis feline mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| -third most common tumor in cats |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of feline mammary adenocarcinoma? Is it usually benign or malignant? |
|
Definition
-intact queen
-90% malignant |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for feline mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
-repro hormones
-spayed older than 6 months
-Simese and Persian
-HER2 gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of feline mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
-multiple, large, poorly-demarcated nodules
-bleeding and ulceration can occur
-throacic and inguinal glands most commmonly affected |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose feline mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
-palpable mass is not freely moveable and attached
-FNA
-submit for histopath and grading |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat feline mammary adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
-bilateral or unilateral radical mastectomy
chemo |
|
|
Term
| Is feline pyometra more or less common than it is in dogs? Which hormone controls it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of feline cystic endometiral hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| -develops due to repeated, prolonged exposure of the E2-primed uterus to P4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of P4 that elad to feline cystic endometrial hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-inc endometrial glad secretory activity
-inc endometrial gland proliferation
-dec myometrial contractility
-causes cervical closure
-suppression of cellular immunity |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of feline pyometra? |
|
Definition
-high P4
-ascending infection as cevix is closing
-perfect environment for bacteria proliferation |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common etiology of feline pyometra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat feline pyometra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of medical treatment of feline pyometra? How do we do it? |
|
Definition
-reduce P4 and lyse CL
-PGF2a, Dopamine agonist (Cabergoline), P4 receptor antagonist (Aglepristone), antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| AT what age do toms reach puberty? At what age are the usable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we collect semen in a tom? |
|
Definition
-AV
-electrojac
-urethral catheterization
-post-mortem: epididymal semen collection |
|
|
Term
| What is the criteria for cryptorchidism in the tomcat? |
|
Definition
| -if not inscrotum by 7-8m |
|
|
Term
| Which type of feline cryptorchidism fertile? Which is sterile? |
|
Definition
-inguinal is fertile
-abdominal is sterile |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of cryptorghidism in tomcats? |
|
Definition
-thick skin on neck/shoulders
-broad face
-inc libido, aggression-urine marking |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is in control of penile spines in the tomcat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat cryptorchidism in the tom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some underlying medical conditions that can lead to poor libido? |
|
Definition
-dental
-CBC/Chem/UA
-FeLV/FIV
-DJD
-housing situation
-Diet/other meds |
|
|
Term
| What are the environental concerns to pairing a tom to a queen? |
|
Definition
-bring queen to tom
-pair with a calm, mature, experienced queen
-ouse separate from other toms
-good vertical and horizontal space
-reduce scented cleaners |
|
|
