Term
| What is Phase I of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-day 0-70
-peak lactation occurs at 4-6 weeks |
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Term
| What problems occur during Phase I of lactation cycle in a diary cow? |
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Definition
-clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia
-ketosis, hepatic lipidosis, LDA, RFM |
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Term
| What is PHase II of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-day 70-140
-max feed intake at 8-10 weeks: begin gaining weight |
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Term
| What problems exist during Phase II of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-silent heats, cystic ovaries
-low milk fat test, early drop in milk production |
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Term
| What is PHase III of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-day 140-305 days
-mid to late lactation: replace body weight
-INSTITUTE PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR KETOSIS AND HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS |
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Term
| What is Phase IV of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-day 60 to 21-14 days prepartum
-dry period
-maitain body condition score for fetal development and colostrum production |
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Term
| What is Phase V of lactation cycle in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
=transition phase of dry period: 14-21 days prepartum to parturition
-INSTITUE HYPOCALCEMIA PREVENTIVE MEASURES
-rumen adaptation to concentrate diet |
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Term
| What are the other names for hypocalcemia in a pregnant dairy cow? |
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Definition
| -aka parturient paresis and milk fever |
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Term
| How common in milk fever in the US? Who is affected? |
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Definition
-5% in the US
-metabolic disease of adult dairy cows |
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Term
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Definition
-acute Ca deficiency that occurs during the periparturient period
-75% within 24h of calving |
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Term
| How does age and production levels affect incidence of milk fever? |
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Definition
| -inc age & inc pdn = inc incidence of milk fever |
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Term
| What is the physiology behind milk fever? |
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Definition
| -demand for Ca > resourced and availability |
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Term
| What is the physiology behind dec [Ca] wiht milk fever? |
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Definition
-dec feed intake at calving = dec Ca absorption from GI tract
-dec Ca mobilization = tissues refractory to PT => delayed Vit D pdn => dec # Vit D Rc |
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Term
| What is the common predisposing factor in the diet that leads to milk fever? |
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Definition
| -diet for dry cow: inc K, inc P, dec Mg |
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Term
| How does a diet high in K lead to milk fever in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
| -causes metabolic alkalosis which dec tissue response to PTH by changing Rc confirmaiton |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Stage I milk fever in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-less than 1 hr
-ataxic
-seak: shifting weight
-muscle tremors
-hypersensitivity/hyperesthesia
-anorexia
-mild tachycardia and hyperthermia
-tongue extension |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Stage II milk fever in a diary cow? |
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Definition
-1-12h
-sternal recumbency
-S-shaped curvature of neck
-muscle fasciculation
-mild bloat, constipation, full urinary bladder
-dilated pupils-tachycardia w/ dec heart sounds
-poor perfusion |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Stage III milk fever in a dairy cow? |
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Definition
-short time period
-lateral recumbency
-loss of consciousness
-severe bloat
-muscle faccidity
-tachycardia w/ inaudible heart sounds
-coma to death |
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Term
| What do we see on clin path with milk fever? |
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Definition
-hypocalcemia
-hypophosphatemia
-hypermagnesemia (due to dec P)
-hyperglycemia (Stress)
0inc CPK and AST
-stress lekogram |
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Term
| How does parturition change calcium homeostasis? |
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Definition
| -stim PTH = activate vitamin D = inc Ca and PO4 resorption from bone |
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Term
| What problems do we see with altered calcium metabolism due ot parturition? |
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Definition
-dec Vit D
-alkalosis due to high K in diet = dec Ca absorption |
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Term
| Why does hypocalcemia due to milk fever cuase flaccid paralysis? |
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Definition
-loss of membrane stabilization
-inability to release ACh and NMJ
-thus dec muscle excitaiton-contraction coupling
-enhaced by hypophosphatemia & hypermagnesemia |
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Term
| What treatment do we use to prevent Stage I milk fever? |
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Definition
-Ca gels or pastes PO
-Ca salts SC |
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Term
| How do we treat Stage II and III of milk fever? |
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Definition
-Ca salts IV SLOWLY over 15min
-OR Ca soln with P, Mg, K, dextrose |
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Term
| Which vessel is best for administration of Ca salts IV for treating stage II or III milk fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of successful treatment of stage II or III milk fever? |
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Definition
-inc mental awareness
-improve CO: dec HR, inc amplitude and heart sounds
-return of smooth and skeletal msucle funciton |
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Term
| How frequently do milk fever relapses occur after successful treatment? IN which animals? Clinical signs? |
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Definition
-25-30% w/in 24-48h
-in older cows deficient in P, Mg, and/or K
-anorexia, alkalosis, anitial PE missed a problem, new complication |
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Term
| What are possible complications of milk fever? |
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Definition
-bloat
-dystocia or uterine prolapse
-aspiration pneumonia
-musculoskeletal injury: crush, gastroc rupture, coxofemoral luxation
-peripheral nerve injuries
-coliform mastitis
-LDA |
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Term
| How do we prevent relapses and complications of milk fever? |
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Definition
-incomplete milking
-SC or oral admin of Ca
-good footing
-keep cow sternal
-provide fresh food, water, and shade |
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Term
| How do we prevent milk fever on a herd level? |
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Definition
-DCAD: dietary cation anion difference
-use acidogenid diet )inc Cl-/S- anions) to prevent milk fever |
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Term
| How do acidogenic diets prevent milk fever? |
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Definition
-dec blood pH: metabolic acidosis = inc bone resorption of Ca
-inc Vit D: inc Ca absorption in intestine
=defferential absorption of cations and anions in gut = inc Ca absorption |
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Term
| In addition to diet, how else do we avoid milk fever at a herd level? |
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Definition
-avoid alfalfa hay
-withold K fertilizaiton from field
-best - corn silage |
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Term
| What is the best anion to add to diet to prevent milk fever? |
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Definition
-ammonium chloride
-feed at least 2-3 weeks before parturition during transition phase of dry period |
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Term
| What is the major downside to ammonium chloride in the diet? |
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Definition
-unpalatable
-sulfate salts taste better |
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Term
| Which breeds of dairy cattle are predisposed to milk fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we monitor pregnant cows for milk fever? |
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Definition
-urine pH
-Holsteins: 6-6.5
-Jerseys: 5.5-6 |
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Term
| What is the best prevention method for milk fever? |
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Definition
| -oral calcium supplementation around calving: 12h pre to 12-24h post-calving |
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Term
| What is the second best prevention method for milk fever? |
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Definition
| -parenteral Ca admin around calving SC |
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Term
| What is the pathophysiology behind hypocalcemia in beef cattle? |
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Definition
| -inc Estrogen in late gestation = dec osteoclast activity |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology of hypocalcemia in beef cattle? |
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Definition
| -late gestation >>> periparturient |
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Term
| What is the etiology of hypocalcemia in pregnant beef cattle? |
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Definition
-inc getal skeeltal demands for Ca
-feed deprivation or inadequate nutrition |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology of hypocalcemia in pregnatn sheep? |
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Definition
| -late estation >> first 6w of lactation |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind hypocalcemia in pregnant sheep? |
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Definition
| -large fetoplacental units |
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Term
| What is the major differential for hypocalcemia in pregnant sheep? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat sheep with pregnancy hypocalcemia? How do we prevent it? |
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Definition
-Ca gluconate IV or SC
-Prevent: avoid stress 4-6w prior to lambing and maintain a balanced ration |
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Term
| What is the epidemiology oc hypocalcemia in a pregnant dairy goat? |
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Definition
-during lacation
-at parturition
-late estation with multiple kids |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of preganncy hypocalcemia in goats? |
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Definition
-hyperexcitability or mild depression
-ataxia |
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Term
| If the pH is still too high in a diary cow that is on a DCAD diet, what is wrong? |
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Definition
| -mixing error or she is not eating |
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