Term
| What viruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in calves? |
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Definition
| -rotavirus and coronavirus |
|
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Term
| In addition to rotavirus and coronavirus causing diarrhea in calves, which other viruses have been isolated? |
|
Definition
| -Parvovirus, Torovirus, Norovirus |
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Term
| to which viral family does Rotavirus belong? Describe its physical characteristics. |
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Definition
-Reoviridae
-non-enveloped RNA virus with double-shelled capsid enclosing 11 segments of fneome |
|
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Term
| How many major groups of Bovine Rotavirus are there? How do we detect them? Which ones are most frequently isolated? |
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Definition
-7: A-G
-members of these groups share a common group Ag which can be detected by ELISA
-A, B, and C are most commonly isolated |
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Term
| What is the source of bovine rotavirus infection? |
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Definition
| -adult animals, especially at time of parturition |
|
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Term
| As many as ______ rotavirus particles may be present in 1 gm of feces. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is bovine rotavirus transmitted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is bovine rotavirus resistant or susceptible in the environment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the incubation period for bovine rotavirus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which cows are clincally affected by bovine rotavirus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When do calves develop a high degree of innate resistance to rotavirus infection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of bovine rotaviurs? |
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Definition
-acute onset of profuse liquid diarrhea that is pale yellow, mucoid, and may contain flecks of blood
-explosive outbreaks may occur with moret han 50% of calves 4-14 days being affected |
|
|
Term
| What cuases death in calves due to bovine rotavavirus? Describe the mortality rate. |
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Definition
-dehydration
-usually <5% but may be as high as 60% |
|
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Term
| What form of bovine rotavirus infection is most common? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What gross lesions are seen as a result of bovine rotavirus? What about microscropic lesions? |
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Definition
-dehydration, fluid filled intestnal tract, abomasal distension
-shortening of the length of the villi, VILLOUS ATROPHY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT LESION |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of bovine rotavirus. |
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Definition
| -infects the mature brush border villous solumnar epi cells of the SI resulting in the inability to utilize lactose in milk, net result is malabsorption, diarrhea, dehydration, loss of electorlytes, and acidosis |
|
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Term
| How are animals protected from bovine rotavirus? aRe they protected from disease or infection? |
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Definition
-protected from disease by neutralizing Ab in milk (IgA) and colostrum (IgA, IgG)
-disease |
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Term
| True or False: Circulating Ab absorbed systemically from the colostrum in the newborn does not prevent infection and disease. |
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Definition
| -TRUE, it is the neutralizing IgA in the intestinal lumen that inactivates and prevents disease (LACTOGNEIC IMMUNITY)but cow's milk contains very little IgA so calves are susceptible as soon as the colostrum is gone |
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Term
| In what weather is bovine rotavirus more likely to survive? |
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Definition
-cold humid condition
-hot dry weather will inactivate |
|
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Term
| What can result in more severe bovine rotavirus disease? |
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Definition
| -any condition that will cause inc virus excretion, inc viral survival rate, and inc uptake of virus |
|
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Term
| How does the presenc of other enteropathogens affect bovine rotavirus disease? |
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Definition
| -diarrhea is invariably exacerbated by multiple mixed pathogen infection |
|
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Term
| Which samples do we collect to diagnose bovine rotavirus? Which tests do we perform? |
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Definition
-fecal samples, sample of intestinal mucosa chilled (NOT FROZEN)
-ELISA, EM, FA, PCRR |
|
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Term
| What does the FA test for bovine rotavirus detect? |
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Definition
| -virus in the epi cells of the intestinal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bovine rotavirus? |
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Definition
| -oral and parenteral fluid therapy and no milkf or 24-48h |
|
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Term
| How do we vaccinate for bovine rotavirus? |
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Definition
| -inactivated and MLV vaccine IM and intrammammy for cows 2-3m before calving and repeated on day of calving |
|
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Term
| Too which family does bovine coronavirus belong? Physically describe it. |
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Definition
-Coronaviridae
-enveloped RNA virus |
|
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Term
| What are the 2 groups of Bovine Coronaviruses? Which age group is affected by each? |
|
Definition
-enteropathogenic strain: young calves and winter dysentery in adults
-respiratory strains: odler calves |
|
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Term
| What is the source of Bovine coronavirus infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is bovine coronavirus transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -fecal oral for EBVoV and resp route with RBCoV |
|
|
Term
| In what weather does bovine coronavirus survive best? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period of bovine coronavirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which age group of calves is affected by bovine coronavirus? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the clinical signs of the EBCoV. |
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Definition
| -acute onset of profuse voluminous liquid diarrhea, fecus are mucoi, slimy and light-brown to dark-green |
|
|
Term
| Does recovery take longer for bovine coronavirus diarrhea or bovine rotavirus diarrhea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes death in the case of EBCoV? describe the mortality rate. |
|
Definition
-dehydration
-usually <5% but may be asw high as 30% |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs seen in adult cattle due to EBCoV. Common name? |
|
Definition
-explosive diarrhea, often with small amounts of blood
-winter dysentery |
|
|
Term
| What are the gross lesions seen with bovine coronavirus infection? What about microscoic lesions? |
|
Definition
-dehydration, fluid-filled SI and LI
-villous atrophy |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Circulating Ab absorbed systemically from the colostrum in the newborn may play more of a role in protecting calves from EBCoV and RBCoV infections than against bovine rotavirus infeciton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What samples do we submite for diagnosis of bovine coronavirus? For which tests? |
|
Definition
-fecal sample and sample of intestinal mucosa chilled NOT FROZEN
-EM, FA, PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bovine coronavirus? |
|
Definition
| -oral and parenteral fluid therapy and witholding milk for 24-48h |
|
|
Term
| How do we vaccinate for bovine coronavirus? |
|
Definition
| -MLV vaccine and oil adjuvanted inactivated vaccine given to pregnant cows and heifers 2-12 weeks before parturition |
|
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Term
| What perceptange of adult cattle are seropositive for bovine parvovirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of adult cattle are seropositive for bovine torovirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To which viral family does bovine norovirus belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of adult cattle are seropositive for bovine norovirus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 viruses cause bovine malignant catarrhal fever? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What clinical signs are seen with bovine MCF? |
|
Definition
| -erozive stomatisi, mucopurulent nasal discharge, persistently high fever, corneal opacity, enlarged lymph nodes, diarrhea, die within 7-10 d |
|
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Term
| How do we diagnose bovine MCF? What is the histopathological lesion seen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| To which genus and family does rinderpest belong? Another name? |
|
Definition
-morbillivirus
-paramyxoviridae
-cattle plague |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of rinderpest seen in cattle of all ages? Describe the morbidity and mortality. |
|
Definition
-erosive stomatitis and severe diarrhea
-very high morbidity and mortality |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by Peste de Petitis Ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus is responsible for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which age group of cattle is affected by infectious vovine rhinotracheitis? Describe the fatality rate. |
|
Definition
-newborn calves <2w old
-90-100% |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lesions seen at necropsy of infectious bovine rhinotrachetiis. |
|
Definition
| -necrotizing lesions throughout the body (liver, lungs, CNS, GI_ and erosions of roal cavity, rumen, abomasum, cecum & colon |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by EHD? |
|
Definition
| -cattle and deer, NOT SHEEP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -high mortality characterized by an acute hemorrhagic disease only in dee, aprticular white tail deer in the US |
|
|
Term
| To which fenus does bovine papular stomatitis belong? Which age group is affected? |
|
Definition
-parapoxviruscattle from 2w-2y
-worldwide |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs seen in cattle due to bovine papular stomatitis? How do we diagnose it? |
|
Definition
-round red raised proliferative papules on muzzle and on dental pads
-scrapings for EM |
|
|
Term
| What virus is responsbile for winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
| -bovine coronavirus type B |
|
|
Term
| Does winter dysentery ever kill adult cattle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is te most important enteric virus associated with diarrrhea in foals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which age group of foals is most commonly clinically affected by equine rotavirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with equine rotavirus? |
|
Definition
| -profuse, watery, non-fetid diarrhea which results in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, depressed, failure to suckle, and become recumbent |
|
|
Term
| What vaccines do we have for equine rotavirus? |
|
Definition
| -inactivated equine rotavirus vx for mares during 8, 9, 10th month of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Which virus is ht emost important cuase of diarrhe in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus is responsible for ICH and diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which viruses cause diarrhea in kittens/cats? |
|
Definition
| -FPV-1, FeCoV, FeLV, FIV, Feline Rotavirus |
|
|
Term
| How does FeCoV affect the alimentary tract of infected cats? |
|
Definition
| -ileal or colonic pyogranulomas with voimiting and constipation |
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