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Exam IV
Neuro, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, and Locomotion
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/14/2014

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Term
Forebrain
Definition
Telencephalon
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Mesencephalon
Term
Hindbrain
Definition
Rhombencephalon
Term
Parts of Forebrain
Definition
Optic Veseicles (retina)
Pituitary
Cerebrum
Olfactory Bulbs
Lateral Ventricles
Thalamus
3rd Ventricle
Hypothalamus
Optic Chiasm
Term
Parts of Midbrain (Amphibian)
Definition
Optic Tectum (Mammalian is Superior Colliculi)
Torus Semicircularis (Mammalian is Inferior Colliculi)
Tegmentum
Term
Parts of Hindbrain
Definition
Cerebellum
Pons (Absent in reptiles and anamniotes)
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Mauthner Cells
Definition
In charge of startle response in fish
Term
Fish Telencephelon
Definition
Simple cerebral development
Laminar and elaborated
Term
Hypothalamal-Hypophyseal Portal System
Definition
Hypothalamus: endocrine system control
Pituitary: Hypophyseal
Neurosecretory Cells
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Term
Neuroypophysis
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
Stalk where pituitary attaches
Term
Sella Turcica
Definition
Depression in chondrocranium for pituitary protection
Term
Hypothalamic Hormones
Definition
Releasing Hormones: Cause anterior pituitary to release hormones
Release inhibiting hormones:Causes anterior to stop production of release hormones
Term
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Definition
TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
FSH/LH: Follide Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone
GH/Prl:Growth Hormone/Prolactin
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
MSH: Melanocyte Stimulating Horomone
Term
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Definition
AVT/ADH: Arginine Vasotocin/Anti-Diuretic Hormone
OXY: Oxytocin
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Function
(TSH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Metabolism
Growth
Body temperature
Term
Follicle Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone
(FSH/LH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Gonads
Germ cells
Adrogens
Estrogens
Term
Growth Hormone(GH)
Prolactin(Prl)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates brooding and milk production
Term
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
(ACTH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones
Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)
Definition
Stimulates integumentary to make melanin
Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)
Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates integumentary to make melanin
Term
Arginine Vasotocin
(AVT)
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Osmoregulation and water balance control
Term
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
(ADH)
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Prevents over production of urine
Term
Oxytocin
(OXY)
Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Contraction of smooth muscle especially in uterus and mammary glands
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Circadian Rhythms
Produces Melatonin (converted to serotonin with sunlight)
Term
Thyroid
Definition
Endocrine gland controlled by anterior pituitary
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Fight or Flight response
Epinephrine made in adrenal medulla
Term
Sex Hormones
Definition
Gonads: Estrogens and Androgens
Adrenal Cortex: Primary Androgens
Term
Divisions of Digestive System
Definition
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum
Term
Agnathans
Definition
Straight digestive tube
Coiled tube evolved with lengthening of tract
Term
Oral Cavity
Definition
Begins at mouth
Ends at pharynx
Tongue in floor/Palate in roof
Primary(hard) and Secondary(soft) palate
Teeth
Term
Primary Palate
Definition
In anamniotes: nasal passageways that empty into oral cavity
Term
Secondary Palate
Definition
In amniotes: extends to pharyngeal cavity
Internal nares
Term
Teeth
Definition
Normally on jaws
Cheeks in mammals for pocket
Bicuspid: Amphibians
Tricuspid: Lizards
Pleurodont: Snakes
Thecodont: Crocodilians
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Bird Teeth
Definition
Egg Caruncle (specialized egg tooth)
Not actual tooth
On tip of beak to penetrate egg shell to hatch
Term
Reptilian Teeth
Definition
Egg tooth found in lizards and snakes
Actual tooth
On upper jaw
Used to penetrate egg shell
Term
Snake Teeth
Definition
Aglyphous: no modifications for venom delivery
Solenoglyphous: retractable teeth, fangs
Proteroglyphous: fangs in front of mouth, modified for venom delivery
Opistioglyphous: fangs in back of mouth
Term
Deastema
Definition
In mammals
Space without teeth (usually canine area)
Term
Oral Glands
Definition
Labial: near the lips
Palatal: near the palate
Internasal:
Sublingual: releases venom
Parotid: salivary gland
Submaxillary:
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Eustachian Tube
Esophagus
Subdivided for food and air passage
Formen Cecum: groove on back of tongue
Term
Esophogus
Definition
Muscular tube connecting pharynx and stomach
Can be short or long
Term
Esophagus Crop
Definition
Specialization in birds
Outpocket of esophagus
Used to store food
Produces milk in pigeons and doves
Term
Ruminant Stomach
Definition
Ferments plant matter prior to digestion
4 Chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomsaum
Term
Human Stomach
Definition
Cardiac sphincter: esophagus meets stomach
Mostly lined with gastric epithelium
Term
Stomach Structures
Definition
Greater and Lesser curvatures
Cecum: increases surface area
Bird and crocodilian stomachs have 2 extra parts: proventiculus(glandular) and gizzard(grinding mill)
Term
Small Intestine Structures
Definition
Brunner's Glands: mucous glands
Peyer's Patches: lymphatic nodules
Crypts of Lieberkuhns: glands at base of villi
Lacteals: lymphatic vessels within villi
Valve of Kirckring: increases surface area
Term
Large Intestine Structures
Definition
Fish and Amphibians: short and straight
Ileocecal Valve: controls passage from small to large
Sigmoid Flexure: S-shaped region near rectum
Cecum: aids in absorption, terminates at vermifrom appendix
Term
Respiratory Membrane (amphibians)
Definition
Thin membrane for gas exchange
Optimizes diffusion for gas exchange
Term
Things affecting Rate of Diffusion across repspiratory membrane
Definition
Gas content in medium
Density/viscosity of membrane
Body size
Term
Pulse Pump Breathing
Definition
Used in lungfish and amphibians
Lungfish: long term breath holding, short periods of respiration
Term
Countercurrent Multiplier
Definition
In fish with swim bladder
Capillary network
Sets up a concentration gradient
Uses energy
Speeds up gas exchange
Term
Amphibian Breathing
Definition
Inspiration: Buccal cavity expands drawing air in from outside and lungs
Expiration: Buccal cavity contracts forcing air into lungs and out of nostrils
Term
Reptile Breathing
Definition
Pleuroperitoneal Cavity expands
Term
Kinesins
Definition
Motor proteins moving along microtubules that move to the + end of the microtubule to the periphery of the cell
Term
Dynesins
Definition
Motor proteins moving along microtubules that move to the - end of the microtubule to the interior of the cell
Term
Bird Breathing
Definition
2 cycles
First breath in brings air into posterior air sac. First breath out moves air into lungs
Second breath in moves air into anterior air sac. Second breath out air leaves body
Term
Mammal Breathing
Definition
Air flows in through trachea
Trachea to branchii
Branchii to alveoli
Alveoli passes air into alveolar capillaries
Term
Inhalation Pressure
Definition
Negative pressure
Diaphragm contracts
Air enters and travels to alveoli
Active breathing
Term
Exhalation Pressure
Definition
Positive pressure
Diaphragm relaxes
CO2 rich air leaves body
Passive breathing
Term
Breathing Control
Definition
Main control center is in medulla
Mechanoreceptors in chest wall and lungs monitor volume changes in lung
Chemoreceptors detect O2 and CO2within brain tissue
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Red blood cells
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
White blood cells
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