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Exam 4
Lecture 5- Alzheimer's pathophys
56
Anatomy
4th Grade
12/10/2013

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Term
AD is an impairment of-
Definition
cognitive functions
Term
*AD will increase in % as size of elderly pop increases
Definition
Term
most frequnet cause of death with AD
Definition
pneumonia
Term
AD is the major dementia- what % is it?
_ leading cause of death
Definition
50%
4th (its also only human disease)
Term
primary risk factor forAD
what % is genetic?
Definition
age
10%
Term
sporadic AD or familial is more ocmmon
Definition
sporadic
Term
at what age is alzheimers early onset"?
what class is most common here
Definition
< 60 yrs old
familial
Term
when is alzhimer late onset
which class is more common
Definition
>60 yo
sporadic
Term
AD more common in men or women?
why
Definition
women
estrogens
Term
what increases risk of AD-3
Definition
hypercholesterol
obesity
trisomony 21
Term
what can reduce risk of AD? -2
Definition
NSAIDS
high education
Term
*no env factors have been proven to cause AD
Definition
Term
familial AD has what mutations assoc-
(in autosomal dominant)
Definition
presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 (beta amyloid produciton)
amyloid precursor rpotein
Term
mutations for AD are not causual, can have them and not have the disease*
Definition
Term
which is the best studied gene for AD
Definition
apolipo E
Term
Apolipio E4 allele does what-2
Definition
decrease age onset
increase seveirity
(more % is found in older age)
Term
* all with trisomy 21 will get AD, with amyloid plaques 3 decades earlier than other ppl
Definition
Term
AD is the presence of -
Definition
amyloid plaques
Term
what imaging can dx AD?
what does it look for?
what cant it do?
Definition
amyvid
vizamyl (come from Congo REd)
plagues
tx response or predict future AD
Term
where do amyloid plaques form in AD-2
Definition
neocortex
hippocampus
Term
what are the main amyloid beta plaques made of?
Definition
amyloid beta (BA4)
Term
whcih type of plaques have a core amyloid with a ahlp surrounding?
Definition
senile
Term
what plaques dont have halo?
Definition
diffuse
Term
which plaques appear with aging and whcih with AD?
Definition
aging= diffuse
AD= senile
Term
neurofibrillary tangles are aggreations of?
Definition
tau (paired helical filaments) PHF
Term
* in AD there is neuron death and brain atrophy!
Definition
Term
the selective vulneraility in AD is that the neurons in _ layers of the assoicative cortices are lost
Definition
III/V
Term
which regions of the brain are spared until later in the disease
Definition
primary motor and sensory
Term
which regions of the brain are the frist to show nuerofibril tangles?-2
Definition
enotohinol
hippocampal of temporal cortex )this stores memories)
Term
the loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucelus basalis of meynert and septum normally inmervate what? -2
Definition
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
Term
septal neurons promote learnign and meomry how?
Definition
rlease ACH-> synaptic plasitcity
Term
*hippocampus and septal neurons are among first neurons to be lost in AD
Definition
Term
amyloid paques appear first where
Definition
ventral of frontal and temporlal cortex
Term
amyloid appears later where?
examples of this region:-4
Definition
subcortical
hypothalmus, thalamus, striatium, brainstem
Term
neurofibrillary tangles first appear?
Definition
entorhinal->hippocampus->associaiton
Term
neurofibrillary has progressed to where when AD can be recognized in pts
Definition
association cortex
Term
*AD begins with plaques and neurotangles in cortical and in late stage the subcortical regions
Definition
Term
cardinal feature of AD is-
the reason they seek medical attneiton is-
Definition
neuroptathology
dementia
Term
is degree of dementia correlated to number of senile plaques?
Definition
no
Term
dementia is best correlate with what?
Definition
neurona nd synaptic loss
Term
whic occurs first metabolic or cognitive symtpoms?
Definition
metabolic dysfunnction
Term
as cognitive function decreases in AD, what also decreaases?
Definition
glucose utilization
Term
lesion of hippocampus will result in?
Definition
retrograde amnesia
Term
cholinergic cells in the _ facilitate neuron plasticity
Definition
basal forbrain
Term
the entorhinal cortex coneects the hippocampus to-
destruction of this interferes with?
Definition
neocortex
memroy consolidaiton
Term
due to entorhinal and hippocampus are frist reginos to be hit in AD, what are the first symtpoms?
Definition
memory
Term
the non amyloidgenic process of the amyloid precursor protein is
Definition
alpha secretase
Term
what proteases of the amyloi precurose rpotein make fibrils to become plaques
Definition
beta and gamma
Term
* BA4 makes glutamergic neurons more senstive to Ca overload and oxidative stress
Definition
Term
glu antagonists (dihydroperidines) can actually be helpful to block neurotoxic effects of BA4
Definition
Term
*mutaitons in APP cause more BA4 (neurotoxic) or a longer Ba49 which is amlyoidgenic
*mutations in presneilins do this too
Definition
Term
ApoE bind BA4 to prvent aggregation. E4 does this less than E3
Definition
Term
APP gene is located where?
Definition
chromosome 21
Term
APP HAS GREATER EXPERSSION WHERE?
Definition
hippocampus and associaiton cortex
Term
anti-infalmmatories prevent reactive O2 species
Definition
Term
estrogen is a trophic factors for the brain to counteract apoptpsis and antioxdiant
Definition
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