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Exam 3- Skin and Bones
n/a
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/02/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the functions of the skin?
Definition
1) Protection of underlying tissues & organs 2) Excretion of salts, water, & organic wastes (glands) 3) Maintenance of body temp 4) Production of Melanin 5) Production of keratin 6) synthesis of vitamin D3 7) Storage of lipids 8) Detection of touch, pressure, pain, & temp
Term
Sequence of epidermis layers from superficial to deep
Definition

Epidermis

Dermis (papillary layer, reticular layer)

Hypodermis

Term
Is the skin vascularized? each layer?
Definition

epidermis- avascular (stratified squamous epithelium)

dermis- vascular (areolar & dense irregular)

subcutaneous- vascular (elastic areolar & adipose tissues)

Term
Where does mitotic activity occur in the skin? what layer?
Definition
Term
What are the 4 phases of deep wound healing?
Definition

1) inflammation phase

2) migratory phase

3) proliferation phase

4) maturation phase

Term
Which phase of deep wound healing is granulation tissue formed?
Definition

Migratory phase

 

granulation tissue- the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network

Term
What happens during injury? Which cells migrate?
Definition
the cells of the stratum basale migrate along the edges of the wound
Term
What is the end of a long bone called? What covers the ends of the long bone?
Definition
Epiphysis- mostly spongy bone, covered with compact bone (cortex)
Term
Do dark skinned individuals have more melanocytes?
Definition
No, everyone has the same amount. It is the pigment inside that makes the color darker
Term
What are epidermal ridges ?
Definition
finger prints
Term
What are the 4 different cell types in the skin?
Definition
Term
What are macrophages? What do they respond to and how?
Definition
Macrophages- patrol the damaged area of the dermis, phagocytizing any debris and pathogens
Term
What are Langerhan's cells? Where are they found and where are they produced?
Definition

(dendritic cells) active in immune response

 

found in epidermis in the stratum spinosum

Term
What are the most numerous cells in the epidermis? Where are they produced? How are they categorized?
Definition

keratinocytes

 

Term
Know the different layers of epidermis and what type of cells are located in each
Definition

Stratum basale- merkel cells, melanocytes

Stratum spinosum-keratinocytes, Langerhan's cells

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum corneum

Term
What type of tissue is bone? What is its embryonic percursor?
Definition
dense supportive connective tissue
Term
What are the functions of bone?
Definition

1)Support

2)Storage of Minerals (calcium) and Lipids (yellow marrow)

3) Blood Cell Production (red marrow)

4) protection

5) leverage (force of motion)

Term
What are the four types of cells found in teh bone?
Definition
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoclasts
  4. Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic)
Term
What are osteoblasts? Where do they come from? What do they produce? Where are they found?
Definition

Osteoblasts- immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds. produce new bone marrow in a process called ossification or osteogenesis.

 

osteoid- matrix produced but not yet calcified to form bone

 

osteoblasts surrounded by bone become osteocytes

Term
What are osteoclasts? What is their function?
Definition

cells that remove and recycle bone matrix

Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Giant, multinucleate cells
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals(osteolysis)Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

 

Term

What are the components of long bone?

diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, endosteum, periosteum, hyaline cartilage, etc

Definition

diaphysis-shaft

metaphysis- region between diaph & epiph

epiphysis- end  

endosteum- an incomplete cellular layer, active bone in growth and repair

periostuem- covers outer surfaces of bones, consists of fibrous & inner cellular layers

hyaline -

Term
osteon, lacuna, central canals, trabeculae, canniculi
Definition

osteon- basic functional unit of compact bone

lacuna-organized around blood vessels that branch through bony matrix; pockets

central canals- contain 1 or more blood vessel that carry blood to and from osteon

trabeculae-meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers

canniculi- narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases

Term
Which bones are part of the axial skeleton ?
Definition

80 bones total

 

skull- 8 cranium, 14 face

6 auditory ossicle, 1 hyoid

 

thoracic cage- 1 sternum, 24 ribs

 

vertebral column- 24 vertebrate, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

Term

What are the 8 cranial bones?

 

Definition

occipital bone

2 parietal bones

frontal bone

2 temporal bones

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

Term
Which bone articulates with all the cranial bones?
Definition
sphenoid - keystone bone
Term
Which bones have sinuses?
Definition
Term
Where is the sella turcica? What bone is it one?
Definition
on the temporal bone
Term
What bones do each of the sutures join?
Definition

lamboidal-parietal & occipital

coronal- parietal & frontal

saggital- left & right parietal bone

squamous sutures-parietal & temporal

Term
What are the bones of the hard palate ?
Definition
palatine bone & maxilla
Term
What are the 14 facial bones?
Definition

2 maxillary bones

2 palatine bones

2 nasal bones

2 inferior nasal conchae

2 zygomatic bones

2 lacrimal bones

1 vomer

1 mandible

Term
What bones make up the nasal septum?
Definition

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone & vomer

 

 

(vomer is posterior part)

Term
Describe the ribs. How many are there? Which are considered false and why? What are the floating ribs?
Definition

There are 24 ribs

1-7 are true ribs - they reach the anterior body wall and are conencted to the sternum by seperate cartilaginous extensions (costal cartilages)

 

8-12 are false ribs - do not directly attach to sternum

 

11 & 12 are floating - have no conenction w/ the sternum or vertebral ribs, they are attached only to the vertebrate and muscles of body wall

Term
What is coastal cartilage? Where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrate?
Definition
Coastal cartilage is cartilaginous extensions that connect true ribs to the sternum
Term
What bones make up the vertebral arch ?
Definition
pedicle & lamina
Term
What are the bones of the vertebral foramen?
Definition

transverse process

transverse coastal facet

superior coastal facet

vertebral body

superior articular facet

lamina

spinous process

 

 

?

Term

Kyphosis

lordosis

scoliosis

 

Definition

kyphosis- normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated posteriorly producing a "round back" appearance (humpback)

 

lordosis- both the abdomen and the buttocks protrude abnormally causing an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature. may occur during pregnany or weak abs

 

scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more of the movable vertebrate

Term
What are the primary and secondary spinal curves?
Definition

cervical curve- secondary- develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrate of the neck

 

thoracic curve- primary- accomodates the thoracic organs

 

lumbar curve- secondary- balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs, develops with ability to stand

 

sacral curve- primary- accommodates the abdominopelvic organs

Term

Spinous processes of cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrate

How are they different?

Definition

cervical- support skull, stabilize relative positions of brain and spinal cord and allow controlled head movement- long; split tip; points inferiorly

 

thoracic-support weight of head, neck, upper limbs, chest; articulate w ribs to allow changes in volume of thoracic cage- long, slender; not split; points inferiorly

 

lumbar-support weight of head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk- short; no articular facets or transverse foramina

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